Old Cumbria Gazetteer

---

	placename:-	Carlisle
	other name:-	Luguvalium
	other name:-	Carel
	parish	Carlisle city, once in Cumberland
	county:-	Cumbria
		building/s -- market town;
	coordinates:-	NY403558
	10Km square:-	NY45
	coordinates:-	2d 52.6m W 54d 51.4m N
	place code:-	Crls
	1Km square	NY4055
		Carlisle -- Carlisle -- Cumbria / -- Market Place. -- 19.4.2006
		Carlisle -- Carlisle -- Cumbria / -- City coat of arms, used on Tullie House. -- 19.4.2006
	source:-	Burrow 1920s
		Road strip maps with parts in Westmorland, Cumberland etc, now Cumbria, irregular scale about 1.5 miles to 1 inch, by E J Burrow and Co, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, 1920s.
		Carlisle, like Lancaster, has that stern, cold look that belongs to northern towns built to resist weather and hard knocks. But that is now only a superficial impression and beneath one finds in Carlisle a great wealth of historical and artistic interest. ...
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1920=1929
	period:-	1920s
	old map (vignette):-	Burrow 1920s
		Road strip maps with parts in Westmorland, Cumberland etc, now Cumbria, irregular scale about 1.5 miles to 1 inch, by E J Burrow and Co, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, 1920s.
	date:-	1920=1929
	period:-	1920s
	old map:-	Nurse 1918
		Map, The Diocese of Carlisle, Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire North of the Sands, now Cumbria, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Rev Euston J Nurse, published by Charles Thurnam and Sons, 11 English Street, Carlisle, Cumberland, 1918 and 2nd edn 1939.
	site name:-	Diocese of Carlisle
	date:-	1939
	period:-	1930s
	text:-	Mason 1907 (edn 1930)
		Page 25:-
		...
		The Eden ... winds round the old castle of "merrie Carlisle" - "merrie" in the days of border warfare, and now a busy town with glass, cotton, and iron works. It has a very large railway station, for the lines of four important companies meet here.
	other name:-	Merrie Carlisle
	date:-	1907
	period:-	1900s
	old map:-	OS County Series (Cmd 23 3) OS County Series (Cmd 23 4) OS County Series (Cmd 23 7) OS County Series (Cmd 23 8)
		County Series maps of Great Britain, scales 6 and 25 inches to 1 mile, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, from about 1863 to 1948.
		County Series maps of Great Britain, scales 6 and 25 inches to 1 mile, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, from about 1863 to 1948.
		County Series maps of Great Britain, scales 6 and 25 inches to 1 mile, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, from about 1863 to 1948.
		County Series maps of Great Britain, scales 6 and 25 inches to 1 mile, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, from about 1863 to 1948.
		building/s
	date:-	1890=1899
	period:-	19th century, late; 1890s
	old map:-	OS County Series (Cmd 23 7)
		County Series maps of Great Britain, scales 6 and 25 inches to 1 mile, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, from about 1863 to 1948.
	placename:-	Luguvallium
		antiquity
	date:-	1890=1899
	period:-	19th century, late; 1890s
	old map:-	Garnett 1850s-60s H
		Map of the English Lakes, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, 1850s-60s.
		CARLISLE
		blocks, minimal street plan, city
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1850=1869
	period:-	19th century, late; 1850s; 1860s
	old map:-	Ford 1839 map
		Map of the Lake District, published in A Description of Scenery in the Lake District, by William Ford, published by Charles Thurnham, London, 1839.
		CARLISLE
	placename:-	Carlisle
	county:-	Cumberland
	date:-	1839
	period:-	19th century, early; 1830s
	descriptive text:-	Ford 1839 (3rd edn 1843)
		Description of Scenery in the Lake District, by William Ford, published by Charles Thurnham, London, et al, 1839; published 1839-52.
		...
		THE order in which the Lakes should be visited, if seen in any prescribed order at all, can be pointed out much more easily than satisfactorily. Lancaster and Kendal in the south, Carlisle and Penrith in the north, formerly offered the readiest facilities of access to this Northern Elysium; but since the improvement of steam navigation, Whitehaven and other ports have become equally suitable as starting places. One advantage, however, remains in favour of the old routes, that the direct lines are better, especially for carriages, although to the pedestrian this will not be a matter of any great importance.
		Page 100:-
		... Hence [Dalston Hall] the city of Carlisle is in sight the whole way, till you enter it by the suburbs of Shaddongate.
		CARLISLE.
		The limits of this work will not allow of a large and minute description, but only of such particulars as shall appear to be most interesting to the lake tourist.
		The city has lost many objects of antiquity, and wears as neat, clean, and stately an aspect, as any within the Borders. It stands on a gentle eminence in the midst of an extensive plain, watered by the Petteril and Caldew, which here unite with the Eden, and from their banks as foregrounds join in pleasing combinations with the distant city. Approach it as you may, it is seen to great advantage. From the south, after passing through the suburbs of Botchergate, adorned with the new edifice of Christ Church, the entrance is between the Court-houses, impressing the stranger with the not im-
		Page 101:-
		[im]probable idea that he is entering through the bastions of a fortified city. The entrance from the west is graced by Trinity Church of Gothic architecture, while admiration is excited by the Infirmary, a noble Doric building, and in front frown the ramparts and massy keep of the Castle. The road from Glasgow approaches the city from Stanwix Bank, where the east or Newcastle road joining it, they pass into the town over the substantial bridge crossing the Eden. From the Newcastle road is presented the most picturesque view: the meadows and woods of Rickerby, the bridges, and over them the castle and cathedral, are the most striking objects.
		The city is well supplied with public walks lying around in various directions: these the tourist should by all means perambulate, particularly those on the northern banks of the river, along which passed the Roman Wall. From Etterby Scar, lying on this side of the river, a mile down the stream, is perhaps the most extensive and lovely. On the brink of the precipice the stranger takes his stand. At his feet roll the rapid waters of the Eden, which he sees forming a large semicircular sweep. Full in front over a beautiful level tract of meadow, intersected by the Caldew and partially divided by hedge-rows, lies the city, the long high roof and square tower of the cathedral crowning its highest ground. The castle, with its towers, and walls, and buttresses, occupies the whole centre. On the right are the suburbs of Caldewgate, the church, the canal basin,
		Page 102:-
		and shipping, with the Infirmary: and over all, far away, are seen the range of mountains, amongst which we have been so long roaming, Helvellyn just discernible, Blencathra peeping over the Stack between Carrick Fell and High Pike, beyond which towers the noble Skiddaw. On the left again of the cathedral, lies the densest part of the city, in whose serrated ridge may be distinguished Saint Cuthbert's Church, and the Town Hall, the round towers of the Court Houses, and the slender spire of Christ Church, in Botchergate. Over the lengthened bridge is a tract of rich land, sprinkled with farm-steads and seats; and beyond the woods of Corby, the eastern fells terminating in the distant but aspiring Crossfell. Nearer at hand, the high banks are enlivened with the ancient village of Stanwix and the hamlet of Etterby. By moving into the field behind, and looking in the contrary direction, the panorama is completed, from Criffel rising in azure over the long silvery tide of the Solway, which is visible, Burnswark, and the distant range of Scotch mountains, to the crags, bounding the wastes of Gilsland and Bewcastle.
		The Castle is at the north-west corner of the city, on a bold eminence overlooking the river Eden. ...
		Page 103:-
		... There is something very interesting in its appearance, and it is chiefly valuable as a massy feature, giving character to the distant appearance of the city.
		The Cathedral is a noble building, deprived, indeed, of the greatest part of its nave. ...
		Page 105:-
		... The north side of the Cathedral forms a fine street-scene, with row of trees around its church-yard wall, which has lately been rebuilt and surmounted by cast-iron rails, the very elegant design for which was handsomely furnished by R. W. Billings, Esq.
		The Church of St. Cuthbert is a plain modern building. Trinity Church, in Caldewgate, and Christ Church, are new, having been lately built by the aid of subscriptions from the inhabitants and from the Church Building Commissioners. The former is of the Tudor, the latter of early English architecture, and both have spires, rising from square towers, though in a different manner.
		At the head of Castle-street, near the Market-
		Page 106:-
		[Market-]place stands that excellently-conducted inn and posting-house, the Crown and Mitre Hotel and Coffee House, better known by its latter name. Opposite the Bush Inn, which is also well-known on the road as a superior posting-house and hotel, stands the News-room and Library, built by private subscription, from the designs of Mr. Rickman, who was also architect for the churches. The County Gaol and Court-houses were designed by Smirke. One of the circular towers forms the Nisi Prius Court; the other, connected with the prison, the Crown Court. The prison is on the radiated plan, the governor's house being in the centre, and communicating by means of galleries with the different wards. The Infirmary, near the canal, will repay the walk, besides the fresh views of the town gained in this direction. It is built on a very convenient plan, and has a centre portico of four large Doric pillars, supporting a pediment. The merits of its situation have been a subject of much dispute; but what is still worse, owing to litigation between the contractor and the building committee, although finished in 1832, it was not opened for the reception of patients until nine years thereafter.
		The city of Carlisle has a police establishment, is lighted with gas, and is under the municipal control of a corporation, composed of mayor, aldermen, and common councilmen. It returns two members to Parliament, and is now the nomination place for the eastern division of the county.
		It is a place of great manufacturing bustle,
		Page 107:-
		chiefly in cotton, hats, and whips. The cotton trade gives employment to numbers of persons engaged in spinning and hand-loom weaving. The markets are well supplied with almost every thing that can gratify the palate of the gourmand, and rates so low as to render it, in these respects, a very desirable place of residence for persons of limited fortune, but accustomed to luxurious indulgences. The Grammar School, founded by Bishop Smith, affords an opportunity of obtaining an economical English and classical education. With regard to institutions for promoting the education of the poor, supplying their necessities, whether in food, or medicine, or medical attendance, the Infirmary, the Dispensary, and House of Recovery, the National School, the Lancastrian School, and others, fully attest that Carlisle is no whit behind the most favoured towns. It is also an excellent place whence conveyance may be obtained to all parts of the kingdom; mails daily leave the city for Portpatrick and Belfast, Glasgow, Edinburgh, and London by way of Leeds and Manchester; besides several other stage-coaches. The Newcastle and Carlisle Railway offers opportunities four times a-day of travelling between those places; and from the canal basin, a swift fly-boat conveys passengers to Bowness on the Solway, whence they can be comfortably and safely conveyed to Liverpool either by the Royal Victoria or Newcastle steam-packets, in a single tide.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1839
	period:-	19th century, early; 1830s
	old map:-	Bell 1833
	date:-	1833
	period:-	19th century, early; 1830s
	descriptive text:-	Otley 1823 (5th edn 1834)
		Guidebook, Concise Description of the English Lakes, later A Description of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, published by the author, Keswick, Cumberland, by J Richardson, London, and by Arthur Foster, Kirky Lonsdale, Cumbria, 1823 onwards.
		goto source.
		Page 78:-
		STATION II.- SKIDDAW.
		Latitude 54° 39′ 12″ N. Longitude 3° 8′ 9″ W. Height 3022 feet.
		...
		goto source.
		Page 163:-
		... From Maryport towards Carlisle, and thence to Penrith, is a large tract of red sandstone of unknown depth. ...
	date:-	1823
	period:-	19th century, early; 1820s
	old map:-	Baker 1802
		Perspective road map with sections in Lancashire, Westmorland, and Cumberland through Kendal and Penrith ending at Carlisle, by J Baker, London 1802.
		Carlisle / 304
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1802
	period:-	19th century, early; 1800s
	descriptive text:-	Baker 1802
		Perspective road map with sections in Lancashire, Westmorland, and Cumberland through Kendal and Penrith ending at Carlisle, by J Baker, London 1802.
		Page 27:-
		[approaching from Penrith] ... a wide champaign country opens in great breadth towards the north, in the centre of which the antient city of Carlisle seems lifting its sacred gothic grandeur to the distant view of the traveller. Few places are more commonly noticed in the history of our country than this city, first as a place of celebrity among the Britons, then amongst the Romans, who had a considerable fort here. The famous Picts Wall also crossed the kingdom by this place. It was destroyed by the Romans, but rebuilt by Egfrid, King of Northumberland. It hath been the residence of many feudal princes, and some kings of England and Scotland have alternately possessed themselves thereof. Here Edward King of England held his Parliament, and here David King of Scotland died. It was taken by the rebels in the year [1]745, but retaken by the Duke of Cumberland six weeks after, when one Coppock, whom the pretended had made bishop, was hung on the walls. Some say the first see was established by the Northumbrians, and others by Henry the 1st. The cathedral is a stately structure, ... The walls of the town are of prodigious thickness, and about a mile in circumference. It hath three entrances by gates, strongly fortified; that to the west is called the English gate, one to the south is called the Irish gate, and another nortward is called the Scotch gate. It hath large markets, copiously supplied with provisions, many wealthy inhabitants, large inns, some manfactories in cotton, and numbers of reputable traders.
		The sketch of the place from the engraved plan was taken on a green bank, which riseth towards the north, upon a level with the scite of the adjacent town. The several rivers Eden, Candy, and Pentorel, join their liquid embraces in the intervening leaves. The castle from hence on one side, looks like a complete fortress; on another, comely bridges are seen that cross the above rivers, whilst the numerous buildings of the town, its watch towers and walls unite in the view, and form, collectively, materials sufficiently interesting for the largest landscape that ever appeared on canvas; ...
	person:-	: Cumberland, Duke of
	person:-	: Egfrid, King of Northumbria
	person:-	: David, King of Scots
	person:-	: Edward I
	date:-	1802
	period:-	19th century, early; 1800s
	old text:-	Camden 1789 (Gough Additions)
		Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition by Richard Gough, published London, 1789.
		Page 193:-
		...
		"The City of Cairluell is in compass scant a mile, and is walled with a right fair strong wall ex lapide quadrato subrufo. In the wall be three gates Bocher or S. Calden or W. and Richard or N. ... The Irishmen call Bale a town, and so peradventure did the old Scots. Thus might be said that Lugubalia soundeth Luel's town. ... In digging to make new buildings in the town often times hath bene and now a late found divers foundations of the old city, as pavements of streets, old arches of doors, coyne, stones squarid, painted pots, money hid in pots so old and muldid that when it was strongly touched it went almost to moulder. The whole site of the town is sore changed, for whereas the streets were the great edifices now be vacant and garden plotts. The cite standeth in the forest of Ynglewood. ... In the fields about Cairluel in plowing hath been found divers Cornelines and other stones, well entailed for seals, and in other places of Cumberland hath been found brickes containing the prints of antique works."
		CARLISLE is very pleasantly situated; the walls in bad repair, and the walks on them ill kept. ... The city has three gates, the French, English, and Scotch; the principal street very spacious has a guard house built by Cromwell. ...
		Page 194:-
		...
		The first half of Caerleol signifying a city, the other may have some resemblance to Luguvallium, softened into Luol, Leol, and then into Leel, mistaken for the French termination L'isle. Dr. Gale derives it from Lle an army, and Gual the wall, as Lugdunum from Llu and dun a hill, ... The Saxon Chronicle says that Rufus, after placing a garrison here, returned into the south, and sent hither [myccle maenige Eyrhrcen folces mid thisane & othre thaerto thunigene that land sent many men and their women and to thane - Anglo Saxon livestock there to settle and till the land?], which bishop Gibson in his edition of the Chonicle, had translated a great multitude of English, but in his Camden proposes reading [Lyrhrcen - Anglo Saxon], q.d. Husbandmen, as better agreeing with the tillage there mentioned, and all the records ascribe the first improvement of the country to this colony.
		The first inscription given here by Mr. Camden is now built up in the back wall of the house at Drawdikes, and was originally brought from Stanwicks. Horsley's copy is most correct, and reads in the 3d line Augustiani a name frequent in Gruter, and in the 5th Aelia Ammilla Lusima. It appears to be of the lower empire, though k for l is common on inscriptions older than any in Britain. The armed horseman is not now on the stone. The other fine and beautiful inscription is in the garden at Naworth.
		The copper crescent P.XI. fig.3, 4. was found 1728 in digging a cellar over against the Bush inn in this city, and communicated to Mr. Horsley by Mr. Richard Goodman of that place, who supposed it an ornament or symbol of Isis or a fibula. Mr. Gale explained it to be a part of horse trappings hung at the horse's breast by the ring, and a pendant fixed to it from the hole in the shank.
		Andrew de Harcla created earl of Carlisle 15 Edward II. being intoxicated with his sudden elevation, and, out of pique to the Spensers, caballing with the Scots, was executed next year. The title was revived 1362 in the person of Charles great grandson of lord William Howard 3d son of Thomas duke of Norfolk, who by marriage with the heiress of Dacre became possessed of Naworth castle. He died 1686, and was buried at Graystock. He was succeeded by his son Edward, buried at Wickham; he 1692 by his son Charles; he 1738 by his son Henry, and he by his only son Frederick 5th and present earl. The two last earls are buried at Castle Howard in Yorkshire, where Charles the 3d built a noble house and mausoleum, of which see before, p.84.
		Carlisle was burned by the Scots in the reign of Henry III. and twice by accident in that of Edward I. A parliament met here 31 Edward I. and what great things they did in opposing the papal extortions, furthering the expedition against Scotland, concluding the marriage of prince Edward with a daughter of France, and other public transactions, our historians abundantly inform us. Edward I. continued here from January to June, when he set out on his expedition against Scotland, and died at Burgh on Sands. Robert Bruce burned this city 9 Edward II. and its earl Andrew de Harcla joining with Bruce was arrested in the castle, and hanged here. It was miserably harrassed in the civil wars between the houses of York and Lancaster, and in vain beseiged by the insurgents under Aske in the reign of Henry VIII. That king is said to have built the citadel, which was repaired by Elizabeth. In 1597 here died of the plague 1196 persons. The city was surrendered to Lesley and the parliament forces after a severe seige, during which 3s. pieces were coined out of the plate of the inhabitants. In 1745 its weak garrison and defenceless state occasioned it to be surrendered to the rebels, by whom it was soon after given up. Great and ample privileges have been granted to this city by our several princes. It is now governed by a mayor, eleven aldermen, two bailiffs, two coroners, 24 common-council, and a recorder. It sends two members to parliament, and the assizes for the county are held here by statute 14 Henry VI. The see was founded by Henry I. a.r. 23. as the priory by him soon after his accession. Philip and Mary granted to the bishop the advowson and collation of all the four prebends. ...
		...
	placename:-	Carlisle
	other name:-	Cairluell
	other name:-	Lugubalia
	other name:-	Caerleol
	other name:-	Luguvallium
	person:-	: William Rufus
	person:-	: Gale, Dr
	person:-	archaeologist : Horsley, John
	person:-	: Goodman, Richard
	person:-	: Harcla, Andrew de
	person:-	: Carlisle, Earl of
	person:-	: Spenser Family
	person:-	: Howard Family
	person:-	: Edward I
	person:-	: Bruce, Robert the
	person:-	: Henry VIII
	person:-	: Elizabeth
	person:-	: Lesley, Colonel
	date:-	1789
	period:-	18th century, late; 1780s
	old text:-	Camden 1789
		Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition by Richard Gough, published London, 1789.
		Page 174:-
		...
		Between the confluence of these rivers in the best and by far the most pleaseant spot, stands the very antient city of Carlisle, defended on the north by the Eden, on the east by the Peterill, on the west by the Caude, and besides all these natural fortifications with strong stone walls, a castle, and a citadel, as it is called. It is of a somewhat oblong form running from west to east. On the west is the castle of considerable extent, which, by his arms, appears to have been repaired by Richard III. Almost in the centre of the city rises the cathedral church, whose upper part is of modern erection in a handsome style; but the lower part much older. On the east the citadel built and fortified by king Henry VIII. serves for a defence. The Romans and Britans called this place LUGU-VALLUM and LUGU-BALLIUM, or LUGU-BALLUM, the Saxons, according to Bede Luell. Ptolomy, as some think LEUCOPIBIA, Nennius Caer Lualid, the silly prophecies of the Britons Duball's City, we Carlisle, and modern Latin writers Carleolum. For our historians all agree that Luguballia and Carleolum were the same. In tracing its etymology, what infinite pains have been taken by our countryman Leland, who at last was forced to believe that the Eden was called Lug, and that Ballum comes from vallis, thus making Lugu-vallum, the valley on the Lug. If I may be allowed to offer a conjecture, I should suppose Vallum, and Vallia derived from the well known Roman military Vallum, which runs be- (sic) the city, it being called by Antoninus LUGU-VALLUM AD VALLUM. This Picts wall afterwards erected on the Vallum of Severus is still visible at Stanwicks, a little village, a little beyond the river Eden, over which is now a wooden bridge, and crosses the river overagainst the castle, where in the bed of the river are still remians of it, huge stones. Pomponius Mela tells us, that Lugus or Lucus signified a tower among the antient Celts, who spoke the same language with the Britans. What Antoninus calls LUGU AUGUSTI he names TURRIS AUGUSTI, so that Lugu-vallum is and signifies the tower or fort on the wall. If the French had derived from this source Lugdunum quasi the tower on the hill, and Lucotecia (for so the antients called what we call Lutetia) quasi fair tower, as the words mean in British, they would have perhaps formed a better etymology than that which derives the latter from Lutum (clay), the former from Lugdus, a fabulous king. That this was a place of consequence under the Romans ap-
		Page 175:-
		[ap]pears plainly from the various evidences of antiquity frequently dug up, and its great renown at that time. Even after the ravages of the Picts and Scots it preserved some of its antient splendour and was accounted a city. For A.D. 619 Egfrid king of Northumberland, gave it to S. Cuthbert in the following words: "I have given also the city called Luguballia with 15 miles around it." At which time it was also walled in. "The townspeople," says Bede, "brought Cuthbert to see the walls of the city, and a fountain in it built in an extraordinary manner by the Romans." That saint, according to the register of Durham, "settled there a congregation of nuns, and appointed an abbess, and founded schools there." It was afterwards greatly ruined by the Danes, and lay buried in its ashes near 200 years, till it began to recover itself under the favour of king William Rufus, who erected new buildings in it, built the castle, and settled a colony first of Flemings (whom he afterwards prudently removed into Wales) and then of the Southern English. "Then," as Malmesbury writes, "was discovered a Roman Salon or Triclinium of stone, arched over, unhurt by time or fire, having in front this inscription: MARII VICTORIAE." Some have supposed this Marius to be Arviragus the Britan: others contend for his being that Marius who was elected emperor in opposition to Gallienus, and is reported by historians to have been so strong, that instead of veins in his fingers he had sinews. I am told, however, that some copies instead of MARII VICTORIAE have MARTI VICTORI, which perhaps may be more approved by other critics and come nearer the truth. Luguballia being now grown populous, had, as we learn from our writers, its own earl or more properly lord, Radulphus Meschines or de Micenis, from whom descended the earls of Chester, and being at the same time advanced by Henry I. to an episcopal see had for its first bishop Athulpus. This the monks of Durham say was prejudicial to their church. "When Ranulphus, say they, bishop of Durham, was banished, and the church had no defender, certain bishops united Carleil and Tividale to their dioceses." How the Scots made themselves masters of this city in the reign of Stephen, and Henry II. recovered it, how Henry III. committed the castle of Carlisle, and the earldom to Robert de Vipont, how A.D. 1292, it was destroyed by fire, together with the cathedral and suburbs, how Robert Brus of Scotland A.D. 1315, beseiged it in vain, and many other particulars are related at large in our histories. It may not, however, be amiss to add two inscriptions which I saw here; the first in the house of Thomas Aglionby near the citadel, but of the more barbarous age:
		Near which is also the figure of a horseman in armour with a spear. The other in a larger and fairer character is in the garden of Thomas Middleton:
		which I read Legio Sexta, Victrix, Pia, Felix. The rest I leave to others to explain.
		The only earl of Carlisle was Andrew de Harcla, whom king Edward II. to borrow the words of the original record, "for his good and faithful service against Thomas earl of Lancaster and his adherents in subduing the king's enemies and subjects, and bringing them prisonors to the king, invested with the rank and title of earl of Carlisle by girding on his sword." He afterwards traiterously and basely broke his engagements to his country and sovereign, and, being taken, suffered the ignominy due to his treason, "being degraded by having his spurs chopt off with a hatchet, his belt ungirt, his boots and gloves pulled off, and being then drawn, hanged, beheaded and quartered."
		I shall now take my leave of Luguballia (which stands in 20° 31′ of longitude and 54° 55′ north latitude), with these lines of J. Johnston in praise of it.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	other name:-	Luguvallum
	other name:-	Luguballium
	other name:-	Luguballum
	other name:-	Luell
	other name:-	Leucopibia
	other name:-	Caer Lualid
	other name:-	Duball's City
	other name:-	Carleolum
	person:-	: Egfrid, King of Northumberland
	person:-	: St Cuthbert
	person:-	: Bede
	person:-	: Nennius
	person:-	: Danes
	person:-	: Malmesbury, William of
	person:-	: Meschines, Radulphus
	person:-	: Henry I
	person:-	: Athulpus, Bishop
	person:-	: Stephen
	person:-	: Henry II
	person:-	: Henry III
	person:-	: Vipont, Robert de
	person:-	: Bruce, Robert
	person:-	: Aglionby, Thomas
	person:-	: Carlisle, Earl of; Harcla, Andrew de
	person:-	: Edward II
	person:-	: Johnston, J
	person:-	: Romans
	date:-	1789
	period:-	18th century, late; 1780s
	old map:-	Bowen and Kitchin 1760
		New Map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, Emanuel Bowen and Thomas Kitchin, published by T Bowles, John Bowles and Son, Robert Sayer, and John Tinney, 1760; published 1760-87.
		CARLILE Ma. Sat.
		blocks, city, market, town wall and bastions, street map, two crosses potent for charity schools, no symbol for post stage?
	placename:-	Carlile
		market town
	date:-	1760
	period:-	18th century, late; 1760s
	old map:-	Mackenzie 1760s
		CARLISLE
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1760
	period:-	18th century, late; 1760s
	descriptive text:-	Simpson 1746
		The three volumes of maps and descriptive text published as 'The Agreeable Historian, or the Compleat English Traveller ...', by Samuel Simpson, 1746.
		goto source.
		Carlisle, the British Chronicle tells us, was first built by a petty King of this County, named Luel, or Lugubal, long before the Romans invaded Britain, and upon that Account had the name of Caer-luel, or Lugubal. In the Time of the Emperor Claudius, when the Roman Legions had extended their Conquest thus far Northward, they altered the Name but very little, calling it Luguballum, or Lugubalia, and fixed their Head Quarters here; whence it is that so many Roman Monuments have been, and still are discover'd in this Neighbourhood, ... This City of Carlisle is 235 Miles computed from London, and 302 measured.
		Upon the Departure of the Romans, this City was ruined by the Caledonians, i.e. Scots and Picts, and other barbarous Nations, who spoiling and ravaging it, it lay buried it in its Ruins 'till about the Year of Christ 680, when Egfrid rebuilt it, and encompass'd it with a Stone
		goto source.
		Wall, repair'd the Church, and annexed a College of Canons, or Prebends, to it.
		But in the 8th and 9th Centuries, the whole County was again ruined by the repeated Incursions of the Danes and Norwegians, this City being laid quite desolate, and all the Citizens barbarously destroy'd, some few Ecclesiasticks and chief Inhabitants excepted, and in this miserable State it continu'd 200 Years, 'till the Time of the Norman Conquests, which better'd not its Condition, for William, the Conqueror, took no farther Notice of it, than by Writ to subject it, and the rest of the County, to the See of Durham: but William Rufus, his Son, returning Home from the Scotch Wars, after he had settled a Peace with that Nation, made a Visit to Carlisle, and being pleas'd with the Situation, he repair'd it, both as to the Fortifications and Houses, and placed here a Colony first of Flemings, and afterwards of English Husbandmen from the more Southern Provinces, for the Improvement of the Lands, which had then lain so long uncultivated.
		Carlisle being thus in some Measure restor'd, King Henry I. considering how good a Barrier it might be made against the Scots, caused it to be well fortify'd, plac'd a Garrison in it, dignify'd it with an Episcopal See, and bestow'd upon it many other Privileges and Emoluments, which might make it strong and populous, which his Successors, even down so low as Queen Elizabeth, very much augmented. It was indeed often besieg'd by the Scots, and twice taken, viz. in King Stephen's and King John's Reigns; but was recover'd gain by their successors King Henry II. and III. and tho' it was burnt by Misfortune in the reign of Richard II. and near 1500 Houses destroy'd, with the Cathedral and Suburbs, yet by the Munificence of the succeeding Kings, it was again restor'd, and much improved in Strength and Beauty.
		It is, at present, a wealthy and populous Place, the Houses are well built, the City walled in, having three Gates, viz. the Caldo, or Irish Gate, on the S. the Bother, or English Gate, on the W. and the Richard, or Scotch Gate, towards the N. It trades chiefly in Fustian, has a considerable Market on Saturdays, and three Fairs
		goto source.
		annually, viz. on the Wednesday before Easter, on the first Wednesday in June, and on the 15th of August. It is govern'd by a Mayor, &c. The Assizes and Sessions, for the most Part, are held in this City
		King Edward I. held a Parliament here in the 35th Year of his Reign; and King Henry II. committed the Custody of the City to the Citizens, and granted them the said City, and the Mills thereunto belonging, and the Royalty of Eden Water, in Fee Farm at 80 l. per Annum, with Liberty of the Waste, and to be free from Toll, &c. This City had also Charters granted them by several succeeding Kings, as King Edward III. Richard II. his Grandson, Henry IV. and Henry VI. by some of which, the Citizens are freed from the Fee-Farm Rent payable to the Crown, and enjoy the Fishery in the River Eden, with large Common of Pasture, Right of Fairs and Markets, and many other Immunities which are vested in the Corporation, (in whom also is the Manor) consisting of a Mayor, 12 Aldermen, two Sheriffs, or Bailiffs, 24 Capital Citizens, or Common-Council Men, and a Recorder.
		The Representatives in Parliament are chosen by the Freemen of this City, who are commonly reckon'd to be 500; tho' by giving honorary Freedoms, the Number is much increas'd. The Revenues of the City amount to 4 or 500 l. per Annum, and the Number of the Inhabitants taking in those of the Suburbs (tho' the Houses there are but few) is upwards of 2000.
		goto source.
		... Materials [were, by the Rebels in the Civil War having demolished churches,] made Use of for the Building of Guard-Houses at every Gate, erecting Batteries in the Castle, and setting themselves up private Dwellings in the Town; tho' it has been observ'd their Posterity never enjoy'd them.
		This City has given Title to many noble Persons, and, if we may believe some Historians, to some of the Royal Family.
		Ranulph de Meschines, known in our Histories best by the Title of the Earl of Chester, was made Earl of Cumberland, and because he had the Government of that County, and resided chiefly in this City, he was sometime stiled Earl of Carlisle. He began to build this City in 1072. David, the Son of Malcolm III. King of Scotland, made his eldest Son
		Henry, Earl of Huntingdon and Carlisle. King Henry II. regaining Cumberland from the Scots, left it to his Successors, of whom his Grandson made
		William de Vipont, Lord of Carlisle; after whom we read of none 'till
		Andrew de Harcla, near 100 Years after, was by Edward II. created Earl of Carlisle; but he was beheaded, and many Years after
		John Plantagenet, third Son of Henry VI. afterwards Duke of Bedford, and regent of France, is said to have borne the Title of Earl of Carlisle, as also
		Richard the 4th Son of Richard, Duke of York, and Brother to King Edward IV. had the same Title among other Honours. After these, of whom there is no Certainty as to this Title, it lay dormant for several Reigns, 'till it was revived by King James I. who created
		James Hay, Viscount Doncaster, Earl of Carlisle, January 20, 1622, in Consideration of his eminent Services in several Embassies to France and Germany: He dying in 1636, was succeeded by his only Son
		James Hay, next Earl of Carlisle; but he died without Issue; whereupon King Charles II. in 1661, created
		goto source.
		Charles Howard, Son and Heir of Sir William Howard, a younger Branch of the Duke of Norfolk's Family, Earl of Carlisle, in which Family it still remains, in his Great Grandson, the present
		Henry Howard, Earl of Carlisle; who marry'd a Daughter of the Earl of Sunderland, and Sister to his Grace the Duke of Marlborough.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	other name:-	Caer Luel
	other name:-	Caer Lugubal
	other name:-	Luguballum
	other name:-	Lugubalia
	person:-	: Luel; Lugubal
	person:-	: Claudius
	person:-	: Egfrid, King of Northumbria
	person:-	: Scots
	person:-	: Picts
	person:-	: Danes; Vikings
	person:-	: Norwegians; Vikings
	person:-	: Henry I
	person:-	: Henry II
	person:-	: Henry III
	person:-	: Richard II
	person:-	: Elizabeth I
	person:-	: Stephen
	person:-	: John
	person:-	: Meschines, Ranulph de
	person:-	: Vipont, William de
	person:-	: Harcla, Andrew de
	person:-	: Plantagenet, John
	person:-	: Hay, James
	person:-	: Howard, Charles
	person:-	: Howard, Henry
	date:-	1746
	period:-	18th century, early; 1740s
	event:-	war : Civil War
	old map:-	Badeslade 1742
		A Map of Westmorland North from London, scale about 10 miles to 1 inch, and descriptive text, Cumberland similarly, by Thomas Badeslade, London, engraved and published by William Henry Toms, Union Court, Holborn, London, 1742.
		Carlisle is a City & Bishoprick, sends 2 Members [to Parliament], Market Saturday, Fairs August 15. Wednesday before Easter, and 1st. Wednesday in June.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1742
	period:-	18th century, early; 1740s
	descriptive text:-	Defoe 1724-26
		Travel book, Tour through England and Wales, by Daniel Defoe, published in parts, London, 1724-26.
		... we came to Carlisle, a small, but well fortified city, the frontier place and key of England on the west sea, as Berwick upon Tweed is on the east; and in both which there have, for many years, I might say ages, been strong garrisons kept to check the invading Scots;
		...
		But I return to Carlisle: The city is strong, but small, the buildings old, but the streets fair; the great church is a venerable old pile, it seems to have been built twice, or, as it were, rebuilt, the upper part being much more modern than the lower.
		King Henry VIII fortify'd the city against the Scots, and built an additional castle to it on the east side, which Mr. Cambden, though I think not justly, calls a cittadel; there is indeed another castle on the west, part of the town rounds the sea, as the wall rounds the whole, is very firm and strong. But Carlisle is strong by situation, being almost surrounded with rivers. On the east it has the River Potterell, on the north Eden, and on the south the Cande, or Canda, or Calda, which all fall into the arms of the sea, which they call the Solway, or Solway Firth.
		...
		There is not a great deal of trade here either by sea or land, it being a meer frontier.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1724=1726
	period:-	18th century, early; 1720s
	old map:-	Stukeley 1723
		Map of roman roads through Britain, scale about 55 miles to 1 inch, derived from the Antonine Itineraries, plotted by William Stukeley, 1723, published London, 1724.
		Lugubalum / Carlile
	placename:-	Carlile
	other name:-	Lugubalum
	date:-	1723
	period:-	18th century, early; 1720s
	descriptive text:-	Bowen 1720 (plate 161)
		Road book, Britannia Depicta Or Ogilby Improv'd, including road strip maps with sections in Westmorland, scale about 2 miles to 1 inch, derived from maps by Ogilby, 1675, and a county map of Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, with text by John Owen, published by Emanuel Bowen, London, 1720; published 1720-64.
		Ye Arms of CARLISLE
		CARLISLE - is a City of great Antiquity: said to have been built by [Luel] or Lugubal, a petty king of ye County, long before ye coming of ye Romans: Upon their recess out of this Isle, it was ruined by ye incursions of ye Caledonians or Picts, and other Barbarous Northern Nations; Afterwds. about ye Year 680 it was rebuilt & Walled round with Stone, by Edgfrid K. of Northumberland. Again in ye Yeares 700 & 800 it was sacked & layed in Ashes by ye Danes & Norwegians, & remained in a desolate condition till ye time of Willm. Rufus who haveing made a Peace with ye Scots, visited Carlisle, & considering how good a Barrier it might be against that People, in case of a new eruption, ordered ye Walls & Castle to be repaired. K. Henry 1st. repaired & much augmented its Fortifications. The Castle is at this Day a well Fortifyed building, as is the Cittadel, which rec~ed considerabel additions in its Strength, from K. Henry 8th. The Cathedral (tho it suffered considerably in ye great Rebellion) Still remains a very Magnificent Structure, & there are besides 2 good Parish Churches. The Corporation is very Ancient, by Charter from K: Edwd. 3d. 26o. Rni., Rich. 2d. 5o. & 14o. Rni. Hen. 4th. 12o. Rni., & Hen. 6th. 13o. Rni. &c. & consists of a Mayor, chosen Yearly out of 12 Aldermen, a Recorder, Chamberlain, 2 Sheriffs, chosen Yearly out of 24 Capital Citizens or Comon Council men, a Sword & Mace bearer &c. It trades chiefly in Fustian. Markets, Wednesday & Saturday. Fairs, August 15th., & September 8th.
	date:-	1720
	period:-	18th century, early; 1720s
	old map:-	Bowen 1720 (plate 94)
		Road book, Britannia Depicta Or Ogilby Improv'd, including road strip maps with sections in Westmorland, scale about 2 miles to 1 inch, derived from maps by Ogilby, 1675, and a county map of Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, with text by John Owen, published by Emanuel Bowen, London, 1720; published 1720-64.
		Drawn with town walls, castle and cathedral, entering by English Gate. Eden Flu. and Stanwick Chapel
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1720
	period:-	18th century, early; 1720s
	old map:-	Bowen 1720 (plate 261)
		Road book, Britannia Depicta Or Ogilby Improv'd, including road strip maps with sections in Westmorland, scale about 2 miles to 1 inch, derived from maps by Ogilby, 1675, and a county map of Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, with text by John Owen, published by Emanuel Bowen, London, 1720; published 1720-64.
		The road shown entering Carlisle by Irish Gate; English Gate to right
	date:-	1720
	period:-	18th century, early; 1720s
	old map:-	Bowen 1720 (plate 161)
		Road book, Britannia Depicta Or Ogilby Improv'd, including road strip maps with sections in Westmorland, scale about 2 miles to 1 inch, derived from maps by Ogilby, 1675, and a county map of Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, with text by John Owen, published by Emanuel Bowen, London, 1720; published 1720-64.
		CARLISLE
		Showing a street plan, and town walls and gates.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1720
	period:-	18th century, early; 1720s
	old map:-	Bowen 1720 (plate 232)
		Road book, Britannia Depicta Or Ogilby Improv'd, including road strip maps with sections in Westmorland, scale about 2 miles to 1 inch, derived from maps by Ogilby, 1675, and a county map of Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, with text by John Owen, published by Emanuel Bowen, London, 1720; published 1720-64.
		CARLISLE / Bother Street / English Gate
		Street plan, town walls and gates, etc; mile 69 1/2.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1720
	period:-	18th century, early; 1720s
	descriptive text:-	Fiennes 1698
		Travel book, manuscript record of Journeys through England including parts of the Lake District, by Celia Fiennes, 1698.
		Carlisle stands in view at least 4 mile distant; the town is walled in and all built of stone, the Cathedrall stands high and very eminent to be seen above the town; you enter over the bridge and double gates which are iron-grates and lined with a case of doores of thick timber; there are 3 gates to the town one called the English gate at which I entred, the other the Irish which leads on to White haven and Cokermouth, the other the Scottish gate through which I went into Scotland; the walls of the town and battlements and towers are in very good repaire and looks well; the Cathedrall all built of stone which looked stately but nothing Curious; there was some few houses as the Deans and Treasurer and some of the Doctors houses walled in with little gardens their fronts looked gracefully, else I saw no house except the present Majors [mayor's] house of brick and stone, and one house which was the Chancellors built of stone very lofty 5 good sarshe windows in the front, and this within a stone wall'd garden well kept and iron gates to discover it to view with stone pillars; the streetes are very broad and handsome well pitch'd.
		I walked round the walls and saw the river, which twists and turns it self round the grounds, called the Emount which at 3 or 4 miles off is flow'd by the sea; the other river is the Essex which is very broad and ebbs and flows about a mile or two off; there remaines only some of the walls and ruines of the Castle which does shew it to have been a very strong town formerly; the walls are of a prodigious thickness and vast great stones, its moated round and with draw bridges; there is a large Market place with a good Cross and Hall and is well supply'd as I am inform'd with provision at easye rates, but my Landlady notwithstanding ran me up the largest reckoning for allmost nothing; it was the dearest lodging I met with and she pretended she could get me nothing else, so for 2 joynts of mutton and a pinte of wine and bread and beer I had a 12 shilling reckoning; but since, I find tho' I was in the biggest house in town I was in the worst accomodation, and so found it, and a young giddy Landlady that could only dress fine and entertain the soldiers.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1698
	period:-	17th century, late
	period:-	1690s
	old map:-	Morden 1695 (Cmd)
		Maps, Westmorland, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, and Cumberland, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by Robert Morden, 1695.
		goto source.
		CARLISLE
		Circle, buildings and towers, with a town wall.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	county:-	Cumberland
	date:-	1695
	period:-	17th century, late; 1690s
	old map:-	Ogilby 1675 (plate 62)
		Road book, Britannia, strip road maps, with sections in Westmorland and Cumberland etc, scale about 1 inch to 1 mile, by John Ogilby, London, 1675; and a general map of England and Wales.
		goto source.
		In mile 0, Cumberland.
		CARLISLE
		town plan with town walls, bastions, and town gates.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1675
	period:-	17th century, late; 1670s
	old map:-	Ogilby 1675 (plate 86) Ogilby 1675 (plate 86)
		Probably the route through Talkin, and site of the present Middle Gelt Bridge.
		Road book, Britannia, strip road maps, with sections in Westmorland and Cumberland etc, scale about 1 inch to 1 mile, by John Ogilby, London, 1675; and a general map of England and Wales.
		goto source.
		In mile 69, Cumberland.
		CARLISLE
		town plan, town wall with bastions and town gates, castle, perhaps the cathedral, and suburbs; the orientation of the town plan roughly has north west at the top, which does not agree with the compass rose on the strip map.
		Road book, Britannia, strip road maps, with sections in Westmorland and Cumberland etc, scale about 1 inch to 1 mile, by John Ogilby, London, 1675; and a general map of England and Wales.
		goto source.
		In mile 59, Cumberland.
		Turning left:-
		to Carlisle ye worst way
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1675
	period:-	17th century, late; 1670s
	old map:-	Ogilby 1675 (plate 96)
		The more northerly turning should be labelled for Carlisle.
		Road book, Britannia, strip road maps, with sections in Westmorland and Cumberland etc, scale about 1 inch to 1 mile, by John Ogilby, London, 1675; and a general map of England and Wales.
		goto source.
		In mile 35, Cumberland.
		Turning right:-
		to Carlisle
		In mile 39, Cumberland.
		CARLISLE
		town plan, town walls with bastions and town gates, rivers on two sides, suburbs.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1675
	period:-	17th century, late; 1670s
	old map:-	Ogilby 1675 (plate 38)
		Road book, Britannia, strip road maps, with sections in Westmorland and Cumberland etc, scale about 1 inch to 1 mile, by John Ogilby, London, 1675; and a general map of England and Wales.
		goto source.
		In mile 301, Cumberland.
		CARLISLE
		town plan, town wall with bastions and town gates, castle, and cathedral.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1675
	period:-	17th century, late; 1670s
	old map:-	Jenner 1643
		Table of distances and map, Westmerland ie Westmorland, now Cumbria, scale about 16 miles to 1 inch, by Thomas Jenner, London, 1643.
		Carlile
		dot, double circle, buildings, red tint
	placename:-	Carlile
	date:-	1643
	period:-	17th century, early; 1640s
	poem:-	Drayton 1612/1622 text
		Poem, Polyolbion, by Michael Drayton, published 1612, part 2 with Cumbria published by John Marriott, John Grismand, and Thomas Dewe, London, 1622.
		page 167:-
	placename:-	Carlill
	date:-	1612; 1622
	period:-	17th century, early; 1610s; 1620s
	old map:-	Drayton 1612/1622
		Map, Cumberlande and Westmorlande, by Michael Drayton in part 2 of Polyolbion, probably engraved by William Hole; published by John Marriott, John Grismand, and Thomas Dewe, London, 1622.
		CARLELL
		Lady with 'town' headress.
	placename:-	Carlell
	date:-	1622
	period:-	17th century, early; 1620s
	old map:-	Speed 1611 (Cmd)
		Maps, The Countie Westmorland and Kendale the Cheif Towne, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, and Cumberland and the Ancient Citie Carlile, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by John Speed, London, 1611; published 1611-1770.
		CARLILE
		circle, buildings, towers
	placename:-	Carlile
	date:-	1611
	period:-	17th century, early; 1610s
	old map:-	Speed 1611 (Cmd)
		Maps, The Countie Westmorland and Kendale the Cheif Towne, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, and Cumberland and the Ancient Citie Carlile, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by John Speed, London, 1611; published 1611-1770.
		CARLILE
	placename:-	Carlile
	date:-	1611
	period:-	17th century, early; 1610s
	old map:-	Saxton 1576
		Map, Westmorlandiae et Cumberlandiae Comitatus ie Westmorland and Cumberland, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by Christopher Saxton, London, engraved by Augustinus Ryther, 1576; published 1579-1645.
		goto source.
		Buildings and towers, symbol for a town.
		CARLISLE
	placename:-	Carlisle
	county:-	Cumberlandia
		town
	date:-	1576
	period:-	16th century, late; 1570s
	source:-	Lloyd 1573
		Map, Angliae Regni, Kingdom of England, with Wales, scale about 24 miles to 1 inch, authored by Humphrey Lloyd, Denbigh, Clwyd, drawn and engraved by Abraham Ortelius, Netherlands, 1573.
		Caerlyle
	placename:-	Caerlyle
	date:-	1573
	period:-	16th century, late; 1570s
	old map:-	Gough 1350s-60s
		Reproduction of the Gough Map of Great Britain, reduced size, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, 1875; and a full size line reproduction, with added transcriptions of placenames, 1935.
	placename:-	Karlil
	county:-	Cumberland
	descriptive text:-	Froissart 1325-1400
		Froissart, John, Sir
		... Northumberland, ... through which there runneth a river full of flint and great stones, called the Water of Tyne. And on this river standeth the town and castle of Carlisle, the which sometime was king Arthur's, and held his court there oftentimes. Also on that river is assised the town of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in the which town was the marshall of England with a great company of men of arms, to keep the country against the Scots: and at Carlisle was the lord Hereford and the lord Mowbray, who were governours there, to defend the Scots the passage; for the Scots could not enter into England, but they must pass this said river in one place or other. The Englishmen could hear no tidings of the Scots till they were come to the entry of the said country. The Scots were passed this river so privily, that they of Carlisle nor yet of Newcastle knew nothing thereof, for between the said towns it was twenty-four English mile [leagues in the original].
		... but so all that night they [The English] were fain to fast, nor their horses had nothing but leaves of trees and herbs: they cut down boughs of trees with their swords to tie withal their horses and to make themselves lodges. And about noon some poor folks of the country were found, and they said how they were as then fourteen mile from Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and eleven mile from Carlisle, and that there was no town nearer to them wherein they might find anything to do them ease withal. ...
		SUMMARY.- The Scots determined to invade England. An English squire, sent to find out their intent, was discovered and captured. The main army of the Scots went towards Carlisle, while the earl Douglas with a smaller body entered Northumberland.
		after the Battle of Otterburn, won by the Scots:-
		... When tidings came to the other company of the Scots that were beside Carlisle, how their company had distressed the Englishmen beside Otterburn, they were greatly rejoiced, and displeased in their minds that they had not been there. Then they determined to dislodge and to draw into their own countries, seeing their other company were withdrawn. ...
	person:-	: Arthur
	date:-	1325=1400
	period:-	14th century
	old map:-	Paris 1240s
		4 maps of Great Britain designed by Matthew Paris, 1240s.
	placename:-	Karleolum
	placename:-	Carleolum
	placename:-	Karleol
	date:-	1240=1249
	period:-	13th century
	descriptive text:-	Monmouth c1136
		Extracts of Cumbrian interest from the History of the Kings of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth, about 1136; translated by Lewis Thorpe, published by Penguin Books, London, 1966.
		Courtesy of Penguin Books
		Leil, the son of Greenshield, a great lover of peace and justice, succeeded him. Leil took advantage of the prosperity of his reign to build a town in the northern part of Britain which he called Kaerleil after himself.
	placename:-	Kaerleil
	person:-	: Leil
	date:-	960BC=931BC
	period:-	10th century BC
	market notes:-	see:- Owen: 1792: New Book of Fairs see:- : 1889: Market Rights and Tolls: HM Government see:- Bowen, Emanuel & Kitchin, Thomas: 1760: New Map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland
		Customary market recorded in 1292 when it was taken by Henry II.
		Wednesday and Saturday markets granted by Edward III to the citizens, 7 February 1352; listed in the Calendar of Patent Rolls.
		Market day Saturday given on Bowen and Kitchin's map, 1760.
		Market listed by Owen, 1792.
		Market listed by HM Government, 1888.
	person:-	: Henry II
	person:-	: Edward III
		market town
	date:-	1292; 1352; 1792; 1888; 1760
	old map:-	Burghley 1590 (facsimile)
		courtesy of the National Library of Scotland
		Carlisle
		circle, buildings or walls, two towers
	placename:-	Carlisle
	source:-	Dickens 1857
		Page 6:-
		...
		Carlisle! Idle and Goodchild had got to Carlisle. It looked congenially and delightfully idle. Something in the way of public amusement had happened last month, and something else was going to happen before Christmas; and, in the meantime there was a lecture on India for those who liked it - which Idle and Goodchild did not. Likewise, by those who
		Page 7:-
		liked them, there were impressions to be bought of all the vapid prints, going and gone, and of nearly all the vapid books. For those who wanted to put anything in missionary boxes, here were the boxes. For those who wanted the Reverend Mr. Podgers (artist's proofs, thirty shillings), here was Mr. Podgers to any amount. Not less gracious and abundant, Mr. Codgers of the vineyard, but opposed to Mr. Podgers, brotherly tooth and nail. Here, were guide-books to the neighbouring antiquities, and eke the Lake country, in several dry and husky sorts; here, many physically and morally impossible heads of both sexes, for young ladies to copy, in the exercise of the art of drawing; here, further, a large impression of Mr. SPURGEON, solid as to the flesh, not to say even something gross. The working young men of Carlisle were drawn up, with their hands in their pockets, across the pavements, four and six abreast, and appeared (much to the satisfaction of Mr. Idle) to have nothing else to do. The working and growing young women of Carlisle, from the age of twelve upwards, promenaded the streets in the cool of the evening, and rallied the said young men. Sometimes the young men rallied the young women, as in the case of a group gathered round an accordion-player, from among whom a young man advanced behind a young woman for whom he appeared to have a tenderness, and hinted to her that he was there and playful, by giving her (he wore clogs) a kick.
		On market morning, Carlisle woke up amazingly, and became (to the two Idle Apprentices) disagreeably and reproachfully busy. There were its cattle market, its sheep market, and its pig market down by the river with raw-boned and shock-headed Rob Roys hiding their Lowland dresses beneath heavy plaids, prowling in and out among the animals, and flavouring the air with fumes of whiskey. There was its corn market down the main street, with hum of chaffering over open sacks. There was its general market in the street too, with heather brooms on which the purple flower still flourished, and heather baskets primitive and fresh to behold. With woman trying on clogs and caps at open stalls, and "Bible stalls" adjoining. With "Doctor Mantle's Dispensary for the cure of all Human Maladies and no charge for advice," and with Dr. Mantle's "Laboratory of Medical, Chemical, and Botanical Science" - both healing institutions
		Page 8:-
		established on one pair of trestles, one board, and one sun-blind. With the renowned phrenologist from London, begging to be favoured (at sixpence each) with the company of clients of both sexes, to whom, on examination of their heads, he would make revelations "enabling him or her to know themselves." Through all these bargains and blessings, the recruiting-serjeant watchfully elbowed his way, a thread of War in the peaceful skein. Likewise on the walls were printed hints that the Oxford Blues might not be indisposed to hear of a few fine active young men; and that whereas the standard of that distinguished corps is full six feet, "growing lads of five feet eleven" need not absolutely despair of being accepted.
	date:-	1857
	period:-	19th century, late; 1850s
	descriptive text:-	Keer 1605 (edn 1620)
		Map, Westmorlandia et Comberlandia, ie Westmorland and Cumberland now Cumbria, scale about 16 miles to 1 inch, probably by Pieter van den Keere, or Peter Keer, about 1605; published about 1605 to 1676.
		third page:-
		(7) The chiefest Citie in this Shire is Carlile, pleasantly seated betwixt the Rivers Eden, Petterell, and Caud, by the Romans called Luguvallum; by Beda, Luell; by Ptolemy, Leucopibia; by Ninius, Caerlualid; and by us Carlile. This Citie flourishing under the Romans, at their departure, by the furious outrages of the Scots and Picts was dejected, yet in the dayes of Egfrid King of Northumberland was walled about: but againe defaced by the over-running Danes, lay buried in her owne ashes the space of two hundred yeares; upon whose ruines at length Rufus set his compassionate eye, and built there the Castle, planting a Colony of Flemings to secure the Coasts from the Scots, but upon better advisement removed them into Wales. After him, Henry his brother and successor ordained this Citie for an Episcopall See: whose site is placed at the degree of Longitude from the first West part 17. and 2 scruples, and the Pole thence elevated from the degree of Latitude 55. and 56. scruples.
	placename:-	Carlile
	other name:-	Luguvallum
	other name:-	Luell
	other name:-	Leucopibia
	other name:-	Caerlualid
	person:-	: Egfrid, King of Northumberland
	person:-	: William Rufus
	date:-	1620
	period:-	17th century; 1620s
	old map:-	Horsley 1732
		NB: Horsley's ideas are not all accepted today.
		Map, Britannia Antiqua, by Johanne Horsley, 1732. (nb this is tentative data)
		Luguvallium / Carlisle
	placename:-	Luguvallium
	other name:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1732
	period:-	18th century, late; 1780s
	road book:-	Cary 1798 (2nd edn 1802)
		Road book, Cary's New Itinerary, by John Cary, published by G and J Cary, 86 St James's Street, London, 1798-1828.
		page 267-268
		CARLISLE - Cross / At Carlisle, on l. a T.R. to Cockermouth.
		city, market town, post office
		page 269-270
		INNS. ... Carlisle, Bush, Coffee House. ...
		page 283-284
		CARLISLE / At Carlisle, on l. a T.R. to Cockermouth.
		city, market town, post office
		page 285-286
		INNS. ... Carlisle, Bush, Coffee House. ...
		page 321-322
		To CARLISLE, p.268
		city, market town, post office
		page 555-556
		INNS. Carlisle, Blue Bell, Bush, Coffee House. ...
		thrice
		page 557-558
		INNS. Carlisle, Blue Bell, Bush, Coffee House. ...
		twice
		page 699-700
		CARLISLE
		city, post office
		INNS. ... Carlisle, Blue Bell, Bush, Coffee House.
		again:-
		CARLISLE, as p.699
		post office
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1802
	period:-	19th century, early; 1800s
	photocopy	Whitehead 1882:- vol.6 p.434
	vol.6 p.435
	Whitehead, H: 1882: Church Bells in the Deanery of Brampton: TransCWAAS: vol.6: pp.417-443
	photocopy	Secular Bells of Carlisle:- vol.7 p.237
	vol.7 p.238
	vol.7 p.239
	vol.7 p.240
	vol.7 p.241
	vol.7 p.242
	vol.7 p.243
	vol.7 p.244
	Ferguson, R S & Nanson, W: 1883: Secular Bells of Carlisle: TransCWAAS: vol.7: pp.237-244
	old map:-	Dawson 1832
		Map, Westmoreland, now Cumbria, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, showing the proposed parliamentary divisions, made for the Reform Bill 1832, by Lieut Robert K Dawson RE, 1831, perhaps copied 1937?
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1832
	period:-	19th century, early; 1830s
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, Carlisle, from the North, Cumberland, drawn by W Westall, engraved by E Francis, about 1830s?
		printed at bottom left, right, centre:-
		Drawn by W. Westall, A.R.A. / Engraved by _ Francis. / CARLISLE, / FROM THE NORTH.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1830=1839
	period:-	19th century, early
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, City of Carlisle, Cumberland, published by J and J Cundee, Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row, London, 1819.
		Included in vol.2 of The New British Traveller, or Modern Panorama of England and Wales, by James Dugdale.
		printed at bottom:-
		CITY OF CARLISLE. / CUMBERLAND. / Drawn & Engraved for DUGDALES ENGLAND & WALES Delineated.
	placename:-	City of Carlisle
	date:-	1819
	period:-	19th century, early
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, Carlisle, Cumberland, engraved by Owen, published at the Albion Press, London, 1818.
		Eden Bridge with the town in the background.
		printed at bottom:-
		CARLISLE, CUMBERLAND.
		printed at lower on page:-
		[ ]Albion Press, London, 1818. / Owen sculpt.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1818
	period:-	19th century, early
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, Carlisle, Cumberland, published late 19th century?
		printed at bottom:-
		CARLISLE.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1880=1899
	period:-	19th century, late
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, Carlisle, Cumberland, published late 19th century?
		printed at bottom:-
		380.- Carlisle
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1880=1899
	period:-	19th century, late
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, View of the City of Carlisle, Cumberland, published late 19th century?
		printed at bottom:-
		2255.- View of the City of Carlisle
	placename:-	City of Carlisle
	date:-	1880=1899
	period:-	19th century, late
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, Carlisle, Cumberland, drawn by Robert Carlile, engraved and published by J Walker, 16 Rosomans Street, London, 1797.
		printed at bottom left, right, centre:-
		Engraved by J. Walker from an Original Drawing by Mr. Robt. Carlile. / Published Octr. 2d. 1797, by J. Walker, No.16 Rosomans Street, London. / CARLISLE.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1797
	period:-	18th century, late
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, Market Place and Old Town Hall, Carlisle, Cumberland, published 1900s?
		On p.256 of Our Own Country.
		printed at bottom:-
		MARKET PLACE AND OLD TOWN HALL, CARLISLE.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1900=1909
	period:-	1900s
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, Carlisle from Rickerby Park, Carlisle, Cumberland, published 1900s?
		On p.261 of Our Own Country.
		printed at lower right:-
		HAR[ ]WOR[ ]
		printed at bottom:-
		CARLISLE, FROM RICKERBY PARK.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1900=1909
	period:-	1900s
	old map:-
		Map, uncoloured engraving, street map, Map of Carlisle, Cumberland, scale about 2 inches to 1 mile, published 1900s?
		On p.268 of Our Own Country. An inset map shows Carlisle in the surrounding country.
		printed at bottom:-
		MAP OF CARLISLE.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1900=1909
	period:-	1900s
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, Carlisle, Cumberland, published by the Illustrated London News, 12 August 1882.
		Illustrations of place visited by the Royal Archaeological Institute.
	date:-	1882
	period:-	19th century, late
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, English Street, Carlisle, Cumberland, published by the Illustrated London News, 12 August 1882.
		Illustrations of place visited by the Royal Archaeological Institute.
	date:-	1882
	period:-	19th century, late
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, Meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, at Carlisle, published by the Illustrated London News, 11 August 1855.
		Page 181; illustrating a report of the meeting.
		printed at bottom:-
		MEETING OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND, AT CARLISLE - GENERAL VIEW.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	person:-	society : Royal Agricultural Society of England
	date:-	1855
	period:-	19th century, late
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, Prospect of the City of Carlisle, Cumberland, published late 18th century.
		Included in The Modern Universal British Traveller. The city has town walls and gates.
		printed at top:-
		Engraved for The Modern Universal British Traveller
		printed at bottom:-
		Prospect of the CITY of CARLISLE, in Cumberland.
	placename:-	City of Carlisle
	date:-	1780=1799
	period:-	18th century, late
	old print:-	Harwood 1842
		Set of prints, uncoloured engravings bound in a booklet, Harwood's Views of the Lakes, drawn by John and Frederick Harwood, 26 Fenchurch Street, London, about 1842.
		Print, uncoloured engraving, Carlisle, Cumberland, engraved and published by John and Frederick Harwood, 26 Fenchurch Street, London, about 1842.
		printed at bottom left, centre:-
		London, J. Harwood, 26, Fenchurch Street. / Carlisle.
	date:-	1842
	period:-	19th century, early
	old print:-	Cooke 1803-10
		Print, engraving, Carisle, published by Sherwood, Jones and Co, Paternoster Row, London, 2nd edn 1803-10.
		Frontispiece to a Topographical and Statistical Description of the County of Cumberland, and Excursions to the Lakes of Cumberland, by George Alexander Cooke.
		printed at bottom:-
		Carlisle.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1802=1810
	period:-	19th century, early
	old print:-	Green 1819
		Print, soft ground etching, Carlisle from the River Caldew, Cumberland, by William Green, 1820, published by R Lough and Co, Chronicle Office, Finkle Street, Kendal, and others, 1820.
		Tipped in opposite vol.2 p.398 of The Tourist's New Guide, by William Green.
		printed at bottom right, centre:-
		Vol.2, page 398, line 16. / CARLISLE from the RIVER CALDEW. / Published at Ambleside, by Wm. Green, 1820.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1820
	period:-	19th century, early
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, Royal Agricultural Society at Carlisle, show ground, published in the Illustrated London News, 10 July 1880.,
		The showground is set up with tents like a roman fort.
		printed at bottom:-
		THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY AT CARLISLE: VIEW OF THE SHOW-YARD. ...
	person:-	society : Royal Agricultural Society
	date:-	1880
	period:-	19th century, late
	old print:-	Thurnam 1835
		Set of prints, lithographs, with descriptive text, Carlisle in the Olden Time, drawings by M E Nutter et al, published by Charles Thurnam, Carlisle, Cumberland, by Ackermann and Co and others, London, 1835.
		Print, uncoloured lithograph, The Market Cross, and Old Guard House, Carlisle, Cumberland, drawn by M E Nutter, lithographed by A Picken, published by Charles Thurnam, Carlisle, Cumberland, by Ackermann and Co, by Hodgson, Boys, and Graves, and by Charles Tilt, London, 1835.
		Included in Carlisle in the Olden Time.
		printed at lower left, right, centre:-
		Drawn in Zinc by A. Picken. / Printed from Zinc by Day & Haghe, London / The Market Cross, and Old Guard House.
	date:-	1835
	period:-	19th century, early
	old print:-	Thurnam 1835
		Set of prints, lithographs, with descriptive text, Carlisle in the Olden Time, drawings by M E Nutter et al, published by Charles Thurnam, Carlisle, Cumberland, by Ackermann and Co and others, London, 1835.
		Print, uncoloured lithograph, Carlisle from Primrose Bank, Cumberland, drawn by M E Nutter, lithographed by P Gauci, published by Charles Thurnam, Carlisle, Cumberland, by Ackermann and Co, by Hodgson, Boys, and Graves, and by Charles Tilt, London, 1835.
		Printed by Graf and Soret.
		Included in Carlisle in the Olden Time.
		printed at bottom:-
		Drawn by M. E. Nutter from the original sketch. / P. Gauci lith. / CARLISLE FROM PRIMROSE BANK. / UPWARDS OF ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO. / Carlisle, Published by Charles Thurnam. / London. Ackermann & Co. - Hodgson, Boys, and Graves & Charles Tilt. / Printed by Graf & Soret.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1835
	period:-	19th century, early
	old print:-	Thurnam 1835
		Set of prints, lithographs, with descriptive text, Carlisle in the Olden Time, drawings by M E Nutter et al, published by Charles Thurnam, Carlisle, Cumberland, by Ackermann and Co and others, London, 1835.
		Print, uncoloured lithograph, Carlisle from near Stanwix Bank, Cumberland, drawn by M E Nutter, lithographed by Giles, published by Charles Thurnam, Carlisle, Cumberland, by Ackermann and Co, by Hodgson, Boys, and Graves, and by Charles Tilt, London, 1835.
		Printed by Graf and Soret.
		Included in Carlisle in the Olden Time.
		printed at bottom:-
		Drawn by M. E. Nutter from the original sketch. / Giles lithog. / CARLISLE FROM NEAR STANWIX BANK. / UPWARDS OF ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO. / Carlisle, Published by Charles Thurnam. / London. Ackermann & Co. - Hodgson, Boys, and Graves & Charles Tilt. / Printed by Graf & Soret.
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1835
	period:-	19th century, early
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, View of the City of Carlisle, Cumberland, published in the Penny Magazine, by Charles Knight, 22 Ludgate Street and 13 Pall Mall East, London, 3 August 1833.
		printed at bottom:-
		(View of the City of Carlisle.) / ...
	placename:-	Carlisle
	date:-	1833
	period:-	19th century, early
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, Two Imperfect Roman Altars, discovered in 1755 near Carlisle, Cumberland, late 18th century?
		Fig.1 has inscription:-
		O M / [ ]O SAL [ ] SIP [ ] / EUER[ ] MAURANI
		Fig.2. has:-
		[ ]IP AE[L ] / [ E]PTIMIAIUS / RUSTICUS PREE / MATERNOS ET BRA / DUA COS
		printed at top:-
		Two imperfect ROMAN ALTARS, discoverd in 1755, near CARLISLE.
	period:-	18th century, late
	text:-	Rivet and Smith 1979
		The roman town of Carlisle; the capital of the Carvetii.
	placename:-	Luguvalium
	other name:-	Luguvallo
	other name:-	Lagubaluium
	person:-	: Carvetii
		roman town
		photographs
		Carlisle -- Carlisle -- Cumbria / -- City coat of arms, on the cathedral gates. -- 19.4.2006
		Carlisle -- Carlisle -- Cumbria / -- Coat of arms on the old town hall, and:- -- 'JOSEPH PARKER ESQ MAYOR MDCCXVII' -- 19.4.2006
		Carlisle -- Carlisle -- Cumbria / -- An illegible coat of arms on the old town hall, and a plaque, lower:- -- 'RICHARD JACKSON ESQR. MAYOR 1799' -- 19.4.2006
	Old Cumbria Gazetteer - JandMN: 2008

  Lakes Guides menu.

---

©  Martin and Jean Norgate: 2012
  email:- JandMN@norgate.freeserve.co.uk
  Other projects

  Geography Department, Portsmouth University