Old Cumbria Gazetteer

---

	placename:-	Hadrian's Wall
	parish	Bowness parish, once in Cumberland
	parish	Burgh by Sands parish, once in Cumberland
	parish	Beaumont parish, once in Cumberland
	parish	Stanwix Rural parish, once in Cumberland
	parish	Irthington parish, once in Cumberland
	parish	Burtholme parish, once in Cumberland
	parish	Waterhead parish, once in Cumberland
	parish	Upper Denton parish, once in Cumberland
	county:-	Cumbria
		roman wall
	coordinates:-	NY6166
	10Km square:-	NY26
	10Km square:-	NY25
	10Km square:-	NY35
	10Km square:-	NY45
	10Km square:-	NY46
	10Km square:-	NY56
	10Km square:-	NY66
	county:-	Northumberland
	1Km square	NY6166
		Hadrian's Wall -- Bowness and Burgh by Sands etc -- Cumbria -- Northumberland / -- The Wall at Gilsland. -- NY63056627 (at) -- 21.3.2008
		Hadrian's Wall -- Bowness and Burgh by Sands etc -- Cumbria -- Northumberland / -- The Wall at Gilsland. -- NY63056627 (at) -- 21.3.2008
	text:-	Mason 1907 (edn 1930)
		Page 26:-
		...
		... Cumberland contains part of the Roman wall, which ends on the shores of the Solway Frith. ...
	other name:-	Roman Wall
	date:-	1907
	period:-	1900s
	old map:-	Ford 1839 map
		Map of the Lake District, published in A Description of Scenery in the Lake District, by William Ford, published by Charles Thurnham, London, 1839.
	county:-	Cumberland
	county:-	Northumberland
	date:-	1839
	period:-	19th century, early; 1830s
	descriptive text:-	Ford 1839 (3rd edn 1843)
		Description of Scenery in the Lake District, by William Ford, published by Charles Thurnham, London, et al, 1839; published 1839-52.
		Page 101:-
		...
		... The city [Carlisle] is well supplied with public walks lying around in various directions: these the tourist should by all means perambulate, particularly those on the northern banks of the river, along which passed the Roman Wall. ...
		Page 115:-
		of Denton and Lanercost. The antiquarian will prefer travelling from Lanercost to Gilsland, along the heights of the northern bank, as he will have an opportunity of examining the Roman Wall, more especially at Birdoswald, the Amblogana of the Romans, where the mass of the wall is visible, though its facings are gone.
	placename:-	Roman Wall, The
	date:-	1839
	period:-	19th century, early; 1830s
	descriptive text:-	Baker 1802
		Perspective road map with sections in Lancashire, Westmorland, and Cumberland through Kendal and Penrith ending at Carlisle, by J Baker, London 1802.
		Page 27:-
		... The famous Picts Wall also crossed the kingdom by this place [Carlisle].
	placename:-	Picts Wall
	date:-	1802
	period:-	19th century, early; 1800s
	old text:-	Camden 1789 (Gough Additions)
		Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition by Richard Gough, published London, 1789.
		Gough's Additions, after some descriptive paragraphs, give Mr Horsley's account of the wall in Britannia Romana. These detailed notes include assessments of the appearance of the remains at various places.
		Page 216:-
		...
		The following account of the present state of Hadrian's vallum, and the wall of Severus is taken from Mr. Horsley's Britannia Romana: c.9. p.135.
		"I shall reduce these remains to four degrees of appearance: As to Hadrian's vallum, I would call it the highest or fourth degree, if in any part the present state could be supposed to be nearly equal to what it originally was, but this I think never is the case; the first and lowest degree is, when there are any certain visible remains or vestiges, though not very large; and the second and third are the intertmediate degrees, as they approach nearer to the highest or lowest. But in the stone wall I call that the fourth degree, where any of the original regular courses are remaining, and usually name the number of courses. Where the original stones remain upon the spot, though not in their regular order, I call it the third degree; where the rubbish is high and distinct, though covered with earth, or grown over with grass, I call it the second; and the first is where there are any remaining vestiges of the wall though faint and obscure.
	date:-	1789
	period:-	18th century, late; 1780s
	old text:-	Camden 1789 (Gough Additions)
		Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition by Richard Gough, published London, 1789.
		Page 229:-
		...
		For the better representing the present appearance of the ruins of the wall, we have copied Mr. Horsley's general map of the whole wall, which will be found to comprehend all the castella on it expressed in his particular maps of the parts of it upon a larger scale, as well as to represent the course of Hadrian's vallum and its parallellism with that of Severus. The former is marked by the fainter line accompanying the latter expressed by the blacker line.
		Severus's wall has manifestly terminated in a square fort above a furlong to the east of a mansion called Cousin's house, where are ruins of a Roman station and town still very discernble, though the site has been plowed, and is now a rich meadow. The site is called Well lawes, q.d. Wall hills, corresponding with Segedunum (a station). Hence it passes a stile, where it makes a little turn. through the outer court of Cousin's house, by the Beehouses, Walker, or Wall kier, Byker hill; descends to Ewsburn, the Red burns, and Pandon gate at New castle (a station). After passing through that town it appears again out at the west gate at the Quarry house. Thence proceeds to Elswick mill, Benwel (a station), Denton, Chapel houses, Walbottle, Newburn deen, Throcklow, Heddon (a station), Rutchester (a station), Harlow hill, Halton sheels, Wall houses, Halton Chester (a station), Watling street gate, Portgate, St. Oswald, North Tine river, Walwick or East Chesters (a station), Walwick, Towerstay, Carrawburgh (a station), Shewen sheels, Buisy gap, House steeds (a station), Haltwistle burn, Little Chester (a station), Great Chesters (a station), Cockmount hill, Waltown, Wintergap cross, Carrvoran (a station), Tippal river to Thirwall castle, Stonegap, Willoford, Burdoswald (a station), Midgham foot, Wallbours, the Banks, Hare-hill (where Mr. Horsley measured the wall three feet and a half high, probably within half a yard of its original height), Birchshaw, Randilands, Waltown, Cambeck, or Castlesteeds (a station), Irthing, New town, Comeranton, Old wall, Wall head, Wallby, Tarraby, Stanwick (a station), cross the Eden, on the north side of which both walls are mostly obscure, but the ditch visible at Beaumont. They both run to Brugh (a station). Whether Hadrian's wall was continued beyond Drumburgh (a station) is uncertain, but Severus's may be traced to Boulness (a station).
		Page 230:-
		The stations per lineam valli, 23 in number, enumerated in the Notitia, were as follows:
		The five last form a line of secondary stations to the south of the wall.
	date:-	1789
	period:-	18th century, late; 1780s
	old text:-	Camden 1789
		Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition by Richard Gough, published London, 1789.
		Page 211:-
		Pages 211-230 are The Wall
		THE VALLUM, OR PICTS WALL.
		THE upper edge of Cumberland is crossed by the famous wall, the boundary of the Roman province, called by the antient writers the Vallum Barbaricum, the Praetentura, and Clusura *, by Dio, Δια[ ]ειχισμα, by Herodian χωμα, by Antoninus, Cassiodorus, and others, Vallum, by Bede Murus, by the Britans Gual Sever, Gal Sever, and Mur Sever, by the Scots Scottinwaith, by the English and the neighbourhood the Picts Wall, or Pehits Wall, the Keepe Wall, and, by way of eminence, The Wall.
		When by their valour under Providence the ambition of the Romans crowned with a train of unexpected successes had so extended their empire on every side that they began almost to be jealous of their own greatness, the emperors thought it adviseable to set some bounds to it, considering it as a piece of good policy, "to set some bounds to their greatness, as the Heavens have their proper extent and the sea its limits." These bounds were, according to circumstances of places, either natural as the sea, large rivers, mountains, desarts; or artificial, as lines, viz. ditches, castles, towers, barricadoes of trees, ramparts of earth and walls, along which garrisons were stationed against the barbarians. Hence in the Novellae of Theodosius we read, "Our ancestors contrived the wall on the border to defend against the inroads of the barbarians all the territory comprehended under the Roman allegiance." On these borders soldiers called borderers were quartered in border castles and towns in time of peace: but when there was reason to fear an invasion of the neighbourhood, part of them were staioned in the lands in the country of the barbarians to defend the lands, and part made inroads into the enemy's frontier to watch their motions, and attack them when opportunity offered †.
		The Romans in this island seeing the remote parts of Britain, where the soil and air were less favourable, were inhabited by the barbarious Caledonian Britans, the reduction of whom would cost much trouble, and be attended with little advantage, established at various times various Praetenturae to bound and defend the province. The first seems to have been fixed by Julius Agricola when he garrisoned the narrow tract of ground between ‡ Bodotria and Glotta, which was presently after fortified.
		Hadrian, to whom the God Terminus gave way when he, either through envy of Trajan's glory, who had extended the empire to the utmost, or through fear, retired above 80 miles in this island, formed the second Praetentura. He, says Spartianus, drew a wall for 80 miles to separate the "Romans and Barbarians." From the following words of this author we may collect that this wall was built "of great piles driven deep into the ground, and bound together like a mural § fence." this the wall now under consideration, which runs 80 miles, having on it PONS AELIA, CLASSIS AELIA, COHORS AELIA, ALA SABINIANA, so called after AElius Adrianus and Sabina his wife. The Scotish historian also, who wrote the Rota Temporum, says "Hadrian was the first who drew a rampart of prodgious bulk of sods pared off the ground as high as a mountain, with a very deep ditch in front from the mouth of Tine to the river Esc, from the German ocean to the Irish sea." ...
		...
		When the Caledonian Britans in the reign of Commodus had broken through this, Severus, slighting that immense country beyond it, drew a fortification across the island from Eden mouth, or Solway frith, to Tine mouth, in the same place, if I mistake not, where Hadrian made his wall of piles, and with me agrees Hector Boetius. "Severus, says he, commanded Hadrian's wall to be repaired, stone battlements to be added, and towers at such intervals that the sound of a trumpet might be heard from one to the other, even though the wind was contrary;" and in another place, "Our chronicles relate that the wall began by Adrian was [completed by Severus]"
		The frontiers of provinces were called Clusurae from excluding the enemy, and Praetenturae because praetended or drawn before the enemy. See Pichaeus in Adversar. I. c.14.
		...
		Page 212:-
		... Nor has it any other name than Vallum in Antoninus and the Notitia, and it is called in British Guall Sever. In confirmation of this let us hear Ethelwerd the oldest writer after Bede, speaking of Severus. "He drew a ditch in the island aforementioned crossways from sea to sea, and built within it a wall with towers and battlements." He afterwards calls it Fossa Severia, Severus' ditch, as do the antient Saxon Annals, [Severus Brytenland mid dic forgyrd fram sea oth sea], q.d. Severus inclosed Britain with a dike from sea to sea; and others of later date, [Severus on Brytene gethorht theal of turfum fram sea to sea.] Severus in Britain made a wall of turf from sea to sea. Malmesbury also calls it "the famous and well-known ditch." In which place, near 200 years after, was built a wall of stone, of which hereafter. ...
		... ...
		Page 214:-
		...
		But to follow the track of the wall more exactly. It begins at BLATUM BULGIUM or Bulness on the Irish sea, and proceeds along Eden frith by Burgh upon sands to LUGUVALLUM or Carlisle, where it crosses the Ituna or Eden. Thence it runs on above the river Irthing, crossing the little meandering river Cambecke where are great remains of a fort. After crossing the rivers Irthing and Poltrosse it enters Northumberland, and continuing among the chains of mountains along the river called South Tine (except where the river North Tine makes an interruption in it, where was antiently a bridge), advances quite to the German ocean, at (sic) will be shown when we come to Northumberland.
		The whole chapter in Britannia is about Hadrian's Wall, and is not duplicated in this Place Record; read the transcription of the source. There is discussion of the several walls and ditches, their lengths, construction, and so on.
	placename:-	Wall, The
	other name:-	Vallum Barbaricum
	other name:-	Picts Wall
	other name:-	Praetentura
	other name:-	Clusura
	other name:-	Murus
	other name:-	Gual Sever
	other name:-	Gal Sever
	other name:-	Mur Sever
	other name:-	Scottinwaith
	other name:-	Pehits Wall
	other name:-	Keepe Wall
	other name:-	Fossa Severia
	other name:-	Severus's Ditch
	other name:-	Murus Famosus
	person:-	: Ethelward
	person:-	: Malmesbury, William of
	person:-	: Antoninus
	person:-	: cassiodorus
	person:-	: Bede
	person:-	: Britans
	person:-	: Scots
	person:-	: Romans
	person:-	: Theodosius
	person:-	: Hadrian
	person:-	: Severus
	person:-	: Agricola
	date:-	1789
	period:-	18th century, late; 1780s
	old text:-	Camden 1789
		Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition by Richard Gough, published London, 1789.
		Page 173:-
		... Bulnesse ... A mile beyond this, as may be seen by the foundations when the tide is out, begin those famous Roman works the Vallum and Wall, formerly the boundary of the Roman province, erected to keep out the barbarians, who, in these parts, were continually, as the writer says, barking at the Roman empire. I was at first surprised at their raising such great fortifications here, when there is so large an aestuary for near eight miles; but I find now, that when the tide is out the water is so low, that robbers and marauders might easily ford over. ...
		Page 174:-
		... This Picts wall afterwards erected on the Vallum of Severus is still visible at Stanwicks, a little village, a little beyond the river Eden, over which is now a wooden bridge, and crosses the river overagainst the castle, where in the bed of the river are still remians of it, huge stones. Pomponius Mela tells us, that Lugus or Lucus signified a tower among the antient Celts, who spoke the same language with the Britans. What Antoninus calls LUGU AUGUSTI he names TURRIS AUGUSTI, so that Lugu-vallum is and signifies the tower or fort on the wall. ...
		...
		Page 176:-
		...
		... Through this [Gilsland] the wall or rampart of Severus, that noblest monument in Britain, runs almost strait from Carlisle, east through the village of Stanwicks, Scalby, ... and from thence the little river Cambec passes under the wall, ... Below the wall it falls into the river Irthing, where is Irthington, ... and here at Castle steed are to be seen great ruins. Near it is Brampton, a mean market-town, which I take for BREMETURACUM ad lineam valli, being scarce a mile from the wall, where antiently was stationed the 1st cohort of the Tungri from Germany, and in the decline of the Roman empire under the Dux Britanniarum a Cuneus Armaturarum. These were horse completely armed, but whether these Armaturae were duplares or simplares, Vegetius leaves uncertain. The former, according to the style of that time, was so called from having a double, and other from having only single allowance of provision. ...
		...
		Page 177:-
		... on the wall [is] Burd Oswald. Below this last, where the Picts wall crosses the river Irthing on arches, was the station of the cohors prima AElia Dacorum, at a place now called Willoford, ...
	date:-	1789
	period:-	18th century, late; 1780s
	old text:-	Camden 1789 (Gough Additions)
		Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition by Richard Gough, published London, 1789.
		Page 187:-
		...
		Sir John [Aglionby?] adds 1739 in his letter to Mr. Gale; "... Several walls are here very visible for a mile or two, in some places levelled, in others eight, nine, and ten feet high. The facing square stones, of which 1000 cart loads remain that have not been used for houses or hedges. These were probably brought from the Caledonian side, where the county abounds for several miles with it and limestone. The inside is generally irregular, and sometimes in the herring bone fashion: the cement a mixture of lime and small gravel, with some shells beat together, and poured in with water from the top till the interstices were filled up. I have followed this method, which effectually keeps out air. I cannot think ... nor that the Roman wall, very conspicuous near this place, run further into the sea, but rather ended there, the sea having in the Roman time run higher by several feet than now, for even at Cramond, four miles above Leith, was a Roman harbour, where the sea sometimes washes." ...
	person:-	: Aglionby, John, Sir
	date:-	1789
	period:-	18th century, late; 1780s
	old text:-	Camden 1789 (Gough Additions)
		Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition by Richard Gough, published London, 1789.
		Page 195:-
		...
		... The Roman wall is very visible here [Stanwix]. The ditch distinct on the west of the village between it and the Eden, seems to have been Severus's, whose wall forms the north rampart of the station. The ruins of the wall are visible on the brink of the precipice. ...
	date:-	1789
	period:-	18th century, late; 1780s
	old map:-	Bowen and Kitchin 1760
		New Map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, Emanuel Bowen and Thomas Kitchin, published by T Bowles, John Bowles and Son, Robert Sayer, and John Tinney, 1760; published 1760-87.
		The Picts Wall Demolish'd
		double line, dotted, with ?crenellations
		double line, dotted, with ?crenellations
		double line, dotted
		double line, dotted
		double line, dotted, with ?crenellations
		The Picts Wall Demolish'd
		double line, dotted
	placename:-	Picts Wall, The
	date:-	1760
	period:-	18th century, late; 1760s
	descriptive text:-	Simpson 1746
		The three volumes of maps and descriptive text published as 'The Agreeable Historian, or the Compleat English Traveller ...', by Samuel Simpson, 1746.
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		...
		When it [Cumberland area] was in the Power of the Romans, it was much frequented by their Legions and Soldiers, not only to keep the Inhabitants in Order, but bordering upon their troublesome Neighbours, the Picts and Scots, they were forced continually to guard it against their Invasions; but when the Distractions of the Roman Empire caused the Legions of Britain to be call'd Home, the Scots and Picts, sensible that all Opposition was near remov'd, soon brake thro' the strong Wall, built by the Emperors Adrian and Severus, extending from Sea to Sea about 82 Miles in Length, tho' it had been not long before rebuilt, and made stronger, and now miserably harrass'd the Britons, destitute of their wonted Guard; ...
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		...
		The famous Picts-Wall, of which some Remains still appear in this County, and which was the Boundary of the Romans Jurisdiction in this Isle, called in Latin, Vallum Barbaricum, was erected on this Occasion: The Romans having conquer'd the most fruitful and pleasant Parts of Britain, and finding that the more remote they went towards the N. the more barbarous were the People, who had nothing desirable in them, contrived, according to their Custom in other Conquests, to raise Fences, such as might secure and bound the province. It was made in the Fashion of a mural Hedge, of large Stakes driven deep into the Ground, and wreathed together with Wattles, strengthened with huge Heaps of Turf and Earth, and a deep Ditch, extending from the German to the Irish Ocean.
	placename:-	Picts Wall
	person:-	: Hadrian; Adrian
	person:-	: Severus
	person:-	: Romans
	person:-	: Picts
	person:-	: Scots
	date:-	1746
	period:-	18th century, early; 1740s
	descriptive text:-	Defoe 1724-26
		Travel book, Tour through England and Wales, by Daniel Defoe, published in parts, London, 1724-26.
		... from below this town [Carliel] the famous Picts Wall began, which cross'd the whole island to Newcastle upon Tyne, ...
	placename:-	Picts Wall
	date:-	1724=1726
	period:-	18th century, early; 1720s
	descriptive text:-	Bowen 1720 (plate 162)
		Road book, Britannia Depicta Or Ogilby Improv'd, including road strip maps with sections in Westmorland, scale about 2 miles to 1 inch, derived from maps by Ogilby, 1675, and a county map of Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, with text by John Owen, published by Emanuel Bowen, London, 1720; published 1720-64.
		Bolness ... formerly a Roman Station, ... within a Mile of which begins the Picts Wall, erected by the Romans for the defence of the Britains against the Picts, & afterwds. repaired by Theodosius Father & Son, Twas begun in this Place by the Emperour Adrian, & enlarged by Severus, made of Turf & fortified with a Ditch, extending to Newcastle upon Tyne;- about 80 Miles in length, upon this Wall were Castles & Towers erected where Soldiers were garisoned, & in the inside were fixed Brazon Trumpets or Pipes, laid along to call from one Station to another. Here are frequently found Roman Coins Pavements &c. & not long since was taken up a Figure of a Mercury or Victory, which is now in the Custody of John Aglionby Esqr. a Learned & curious Gentleman.
	placename:-	Picts Wall
	person:-	: Theodosius
	person:-	: Severus
	person:-	: Adrian
	person:-	: Aglionby, John
	date:-	1720
	period:-	18th century, early; 1720s
	old map:-	Bowen 1720 (plate 232)
		Road book, Britannia Depicta Or Ogilby Improv'd, including road strip maps with sections in Westmorland, scale about 2 miles to 1 inch, derived from maps by Ogilby, 1675, and a county map of Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, with text by John Owen, published by Emanuel Bowen, London, 1720; published 1720-64.
		Part of ye Picts Wall
		Marked on south side of road; mile 53.
	placename:-	Picts Wall
	date:-	1720
	period:-	18th century, early; 1720s
	old map:-	Morden 1695 (Cmd)
		Maps, Westmorland, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, and Cumberland, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by Robert Morden, 1695.
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		The Picts Wall
		Castelated wall.
	county:-	Cumberland
	date:-	1695
	period:-	17th century, late; 1690s
	old map:-	Ogilby 1675 (plate 86)
		This might be a fort or milecastle rather than the wall itself.
		Road book, Britannia, strip road maps, with sections in Westmorland and Cumberland etc, scale about 1 inch to 1 mile, by John Ogilby, London, 1675; and a general map of England and Wales.
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		In mile 53, Cumberland.
		Part of the Picts Wall
		wall alongside the left of the road.
	placename:-	Picts Wall
	date:-	1675
	period:-	17th century, late; 1670s
	old map:-	Jansson 1646
		Map, Cumbria et Westmoria, or Cumberland and Westmorland, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Jansson, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1646; published 1646-1724.
		THE PICTS WAL.
		THE PICTS WAL.
		Drawn as a squarely built wall; from Bowness on Solway, through Carlisle, then north and east into Northumberland.
	placename:-	Picts Wall
	county:-	Cumberland
	date:-	1646
	period:-	17th century, early; 1640s
	poem:-	Drayton 1612/1622 text
		Poem, Polyolbion, by Michael Drayton, published 1612, part 2 with Cumbria published by John Marriott, John Grismand, and Thomas Dewe, London, 1622.
		in Northumberland, page 158:-
		in Northumberland, page 159:-
		page 167:-
	placename:-	Pictswall
	person:-	: Hadrian; Adrian
	person:-	: Severus
	person:-	: Romans
	date:-	1612; 1622
	period:-	17th century, early; 1610s; 1620s
	old map:-	Speed 1611 (Cmd)
		Maps, The Countie Westmorland and Kendale the Cheif Towne, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, and Cumberland and the Ancient Citie Carlile, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by John Speed, London, 1611; published 1611-1770.
		crenellated wall, from Bowness-on-Solway, through Carlisle, north and east into Northumberland
	date:-	1611
	period:-	17th century, early; 1610s
	old map:-	Saxton 1576
		Map, Westmorlandiae et Cumberlandiae Comitatus ie Westmorland and Cumberland, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by Christopher Saxton, London, engraved by Augustinus Ryther, 1576; published 1579-1645.
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		West end of Hadrian's Wall; faint dashed line.
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		THE WALL OF THE PICTES
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		Continues eastward.
	placename:-	Wall of the Pictes, The
	county:-	Cumberlandia
	county:-	Northumbria
		wall
	date:-	1576
	period:-	16th century, late; 1570s
	database:-	Listed Buildings 2010 Listed Buildings 2010
		courtesy of English Heritage
		PIECE OF HADRIAN'S WALL IN VICARAGE GARDEN / / / UPPER DENTON / CARLISLE / CUMBRIA / I / 78076 / NY6327066241
		courtesy of English Heritage
		Roman Wall. Circa 124-130 AD. Calciferous sandstone facing stones, with rubble infill. Narrow Wall or Broad Wall foundations, approximately 200 metres in length and 5 courses high in places. Excavated 1894 and scheduled AM.
	district:-	Carlisle
		listed building
	coordinates:-	NY63276624
	date:-	2010
	period:-	2010s
	descriptive text:-	Keer 1605 (edn 1620)
		Map, Westmorlandia et Comberlandia, ie Westmorland and Cumberland now Cumbria, scale about 16 miles to 1 inch, probably by Pieter van den Keere, or Peter Keer, about 1605; published about 1605 to 1676.
		second page:-
		(6) Many memorable Antiquities remaine and have beene found in this County: for it being the Confines of the Romans Possessions, was continually secured by their Garrisons, where remaine at this day parts of that admirable wall built by Severus: also another Fortification from Werkinton to Elne Mouth, upon the Sea-shore towards Ireland, by Stiloco raised, when under Theodosius he suppres-
	date:-	1620
	period:-	17th century; 1620s
	old map:-	Stukeley 1723
		Map of roman roads through Britain, scale about 55 miles to 1 inch, derived from the Antonine Itineraries, plotted by William Stukeley, 1723, published London, 1724.
		From Bowness to the east coast.
		HADRIANI VALLUM
	placename:-	Hadriani Vallum
	date:-	1723
	period:-	18th century, early; 1720s
	old map:-	Horsley 1732
		NB: Horsley's ideas are not all accepted today.
		Map, Britannia Antiqua, by Johanne Horsley, 1732. (nb this is tentative data)
		Vallum Hadriani
	placename:-	Vallum Hadriani
	date:-	1732
	period:-	18th century, late; 1780s
		photographs
		Hadrian's Wall -- Bowness and Burgh by Sands etc -- Cumbria -- Northumberland / -- The Wall near Birdoswald. -- NY615662 (at) -- 21.3.2008
		Odd books; this is not a proper bibliography. Birley, A R: 1963: Hadrian's Wall: HMSO (London) Birley, E: 1961: Research on Hadrian's Wall: Wilson, Titus (Kendal, Westmorland) Bruce, J Collingwood: 1909 (6th edn) & 1965 (12th edn): Handbook to the Roman Wall: Reid, Andrew (Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland) Collingwood, R G: 1921: Hadrian's Wall, a History of the Problem: Journal of Roman Studies: vol.2: pp.37-66 Haynes, H W: 1890: Roman Wall in Britain: Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York: vol,23: pp.157-210 Hodgkin, T: 1896: Literary History of the Roman Wall: Archaeologia Aeliana: series 2 vol.18: pp.83-108 Mann, J C: 1969: Northern Frontier of Britain from Hadrian to Honorius: University of Durham:: ancient texts Ordnance Survey: 1964: Map of Hadrian's Wall Shannon, William D: 2007: Murus ille famosus & That Famous Wall: CWAAS:: ISBN 978 1 873124 45 1 Wilson, Roger A: 1975: Roman Remains in Britain: Book Club Associates
	mapping:-	roman fort, Wallsend -- SegedunumMilecastle 1, Northumberland Milecastle 2, Northumberland Milecastle 3, Northumberland Milecastle 4, Northumberland roman fort, Newcastle upon Tyne -- Pons AeliiMilecastle 5, Northumberland Milecastle 6, Northumberland roman fort, Benwell -- CondercumMilecastle 7, Northumberland Milecastle 8, Northumberland Milecastle 9, Northumberland Milecastle 10, Northumberland Milecastle 11, Northumberland Milecastle 12, Northumberland Milecastle 13, Northumberland roman fort, Rudchester -- VindobalaMilecastle 14, Northumberland Milecastle 15, Northumberland Milecastle 16, Northumberland Milecastle 17, Northumberland Milecastle 18, Northumberland Milecastle 19, Northumberland Milecastle 20, Northumberland Milecastle 21, Northumberland roman fort, Halton Chesters -- OnnumMilecastle 22, Northumberland Milecastle 23, Northumberland Milecastle 24, Northumberland Milecastle 25, Northumberland Milecastle 26, Northumberland Milecastle 27, Northumberland roman bridge, Chesters -- River North Tyneroman fort, Chesters -- CilurnumMilecastle 28, Northumberland Milecastle 29, Northumberland Milecastle 30, Northumberland Milecastle 31, Northumberland roman fort, Carrawburgh -- BrocolitiaMilecastle 32, Northumberland Milecastle 33, Northumberland Milecastle 34, Northumberland Milecastle 35, Northumberland Milecastle 36, Northumberland roman fort, Housesteads -- VercoviciumMilecastle 37, Northumberland Milecastle 38, Northumberland Milecastle 39, Northumberland Milecastle 40, Northumberland Milecastle 41, Northumberland Milecastle 42, Northumberland roman fort, Great Chesters -- AesicaMilecastle 43, Northumberland Milecastle 45, Northumberland Milecastle 44, Northumberland Milecastle 46, Northumberland Milecastle 47, Northumberland Milecastle 48, Upper Denton -- NY63056626 turret 48A, Upper Denton -- NY62766639 -- NY62646640 turret 48B, Upper Denton roman bridge, Willowford -- River IrthingMilecastle 49, Waterhead roman fort, Birdoswald -- Voredaturret 49B, Waterhead Milecastle 50, Waterhead Milecastle 51, Waterhead turret 51A, Waterhead turret 51B, Waterhead Milecastle 52, Waterhead signal tower, Waterhead turret 52A, Waterhead Milecastle 53, Burtholme Milecastle 54, Burtholme Milecastle 55, Burtholme Milecastle 58, Irthington Milecastle 59, Irthington Milecastle 60, Irthington Milecastle 61, Stanwix Rural Milecastle 64, Stanwix Rural Milecastle 65, Stanwix Rural roman fort, Stanwix -- Uxelodunumroman bridge, Stanwix -- River EdenMilecastle 66, Stanwix Rural Milecastle 67, Beaumont Milecastle 68, Beaumont Milecastle 69, Beaumont Milecastle 70, Beaumont Milecastle 71, Beaumont roman fort, Burgh by Sands -- AballavaMilecastle 72, Burgh by Sands Milecastle 73, Burgh by Sands Milecastle 74, Burgh by Sands Milecastle 75, Bowness Milecastle 76, Bowness roman fort, Drumburgh -- ConcavataMilecastle 77, Bowness Milecastle 78, Bowness Milecastle 79, Bowness roman fort, Bowness-on-Solway -- Maia
	Old Cumbria Gazetteer - JandMN: 2008

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