Old Cumbria Gazetteer

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	placename:-	Solway Firth
	county:-	Cumbria
		estuary; river estuary; sea area
	coordinates:-	NY16
	10Km square:-	NY05
	10Km square:-	NY15
	10Km square:-	NY16
	10Km square:-	NY26
	1Km square	NY16
		Solway Firth -- Cumbria / -- Solway Firth, Galloway coast, from the Port of Workington. -- 14.5.2007
	text:-	Mason 1907 (edn 1930)
		Page 25:-
		...
		... The Solway Frith, into which the Eden flows, divides Cumberland from the Scotch county of Dumfries.
	placename:-	Solway Frith
	date:-	1907
	period:-	1900s
	old map:-	Ford 1839 map
		Map of the Lake District, published in A Description of Scenery in the Lake District, by William Ford, published by Charles Thurnham, London, 1839.
		SOLWAY FIRTH
	placename:-	Solway Firth
	county:-	Cumberland
	date:-	1839
	period:-	19th century, early; 1830s
	descriptive text:-	Otley 1823 (5th edn 1834)
		Guidebook, Concise Description of the English Lakes, later A Description of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, published by the author, Keswick, Cumberland, by J Richardson, London, and by Arthur Foster, Kirky Lonsdale, Cumbria, 1823 onwards.
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		Page 40:-
		... the Eden, which enters the Solway Frith a little below Carlisle; ...
	placename:-	Solway Frith
	date:-	1823
	period:-	19th century, early; 1820s
	old text:-	Camden 1789
		Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition by Richard Gough, published London, 1789.
		Page 172:-
		...
		A little higher up runs out a small cape, and below it lies a large aestuary, called by the Scots Solway
		Page 173:-
		frith, now dividing England and Scotland as formerly the Roman province and the Picts. ...
		...
		Page 173:-
		...
		Below this Burgh [by Sands], in the frith itself, the inhabitants say the Scots and English fleets engaged, and, on the retreat of the tide their cavalry, which seems as extraordinary as what Pliny relates with astonishment of a similar place in Caramania. This frith is called Solway frith by both nations from Solway a Scotch town on it. But Ptolemy more properly calls it ITUNA. For the noble river Eiden, which waters Westmoreland and the inner parts of this county, pours the largest quantity of water into it, still mindful of the obstruction it met with from the heaps of Scottish bodies in 1216 drowned in it in their return from England loaded with spoil, when it whelmed that band of marauders in its stream.
		...
		Page 173:-
		... [Solway Frith] ... Ptolemy more properly calls it ITUNA. For the noble river Eiden, which waters Westmoreland and the inner parts of this county, pours the largest quantity of water into it, still mindful of the obstruction it met with from the heaps of Scottish bodies in 1216 drowned in it in their return from England loaded with spoil, when it whelmed that band of marauders in its stream.
	placename:-	Solway Frith
	other name:-	Ituna
	date:-	1789
	period:-	18th century, late; 1780s
	event:-	naval battle; battle
	descriptive text:-	West 1778 (11th edn 1821)
		Guide book, A Guide to the Lakes, by Thomas West, published by William Pennington, Kendal, Cumbria once Westmorland, and in London, 1778 to 1821.
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		Page 19:-
		The Caledonians, the unconquered enemies and greatest plague of the Romans in Britain, were particularly galled and offended with the garrison at Lancaster, it being always the first to oppose them, as often as they invaded the empire, by crossing the Solway firth. For having taken advantage of the spring-tides and the darkness of the nights at the change of the moon, ...
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		Mrs Radcliffe's Ride over Skiddaw, 1794
		Page 308:-
		[on Skiddaw] ... The Solway appeared surprisingly near us, though at fifty miles distance; and the guide said, that, on a bright day, its shipping could plainly be discerned.- ...
	person:-	: Caledonians
	date:-	1760; 1778
	period:-	18th century, late; 1760s; 1770s
	old text:-	Mackenzie 1776
		Page 21:-
		... ... ...
		A description of the Tides, Rocks, Shoals, and Anchoring-places, in the MOUTH OF SOLWAY FIRTH.
		CHART XIII.
		TIDES / Tides in the Mouth of SOLWAY FIRTH
		Time of high-water. / In the mouth of Solway Firth, both on the English and Scotch side, it is high-water on the full and change days of the moon at eleven o'clock.
		Page 22:-
		Rise of the Tide. / Spring-tides rise twenty feet perpendicular; neap-tides eleven or twelve feet.
		Velocity of the Stream. / Spring-tides near Burrow Head, in Scotland, run about three miles an hour when strongest; neap-tides one. In other parts of the coast, included in this draft, the stream is not so strong.
		Direction of the Stream. / The principal stream of flood that fills Solway Firth, comes from the N.W. between the Mule of Cantire and Ireland; part of which runs along the Mule of Galloway, and from thence up Solway Firth.
		ROCKS and SHOALS. / There are no rocks or shoals in the mouth of Solway Firth, excepting such as lie within the bays or harbours, and will be described with them, or may be seen distinctly in the draft.
		... ... ...
		A Description of the Tides, Rocks, Shoals, Sand-banks, Channels, Anchoring-places, and Harbours in SOLWAY FIRTH.
		CHART XIV.
		TIDES. / Tides in SOLWAY FIRTH.
		Time of High-water on the English side, and on the Scotch side. / It is high-water on the full and change days of the moon in Whitehaven, in Cumberland, at eleven o'clock; in Mary-Port at 11 1/2; at Bowness and Annan at twelve; at Saturness Point, in Scotland, at 11 1/4; in the harbour of Kirkcudbright at eleven.
		Pages 23-24:-
		Rise of the Tide. / Spring-tides in Solway Firth, on both sides, rise about twenty feet perpendicular; neap-tides about twelve: off Carsthorn, near the mouth of the river Nith, spring-tide rises seventeen or eighteen feet perpendicular; near Saturness Point it rose twenty-four feet.
		Direction of the Stream. / The stream of flood, which fills Solway Firth, comes from the north-west, between the Mule of Cantire in Scotland and Rachlin Island in Ireland, and from thence runs along the Mule of Galloway up Solway Firth.
		Velocity of the Stream on the English side. / The stream along the shore, on the English side, between St. Bee's Head and Mary-Port, runs about two miles an hour when strongest; from Mary-Port to Skinburness, three miles; from Skinburness to Bowness, five or six miles an hour: neap-tides have about one-third of that velocity.
		Velocity on the Scotch side. / The stream on the Scotch side, between the Bay of Kirkcudbright and Barnhowry Bank, when strongest, runs about three miles an hour; along the Point of Saturness, it runs five miles; and in the channel off Annan about six miles.
		...
		Caution in sailing along the S. side of Solway Firth. / No vessel should sail eastward in Solway Firth, on the English side, above Dubmill-swap, except between half-flood and high-water: for, if they happen to ground with ebb-tide on any Bank in the tide-way, the stream, particularly with spring tide, will wash away the sand from the ship's side so as to overset her. If a vessel is under any necessity of running a ground, it should be done, if possible, under shelter of some point, or bight on the shore, to break the strength of the stream; and not in a channel, or on a detached Bank. The like caution is necessary on the Scotch side above Carsthorn.
	date:-	1776
	period:-	18th century, late; 1770s
	old map:-	Bowen and Kitchin 1760
		New Map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, Emanuel Bowen and Thomas Kitchin, published by T Bowles, John Bowles and Son, Robert Sayer, and John Tinney, 1760; published 1760-87.
		Solway Frith [now Eden River]
		sea area
		[Solway Frith] now Eden R.
		sea area
	placename:-	Solway Frith
	date:-	1760
	period:-	18th century, late; 1760s
	descriptive text:-	Simpson 1746
		The three volumes of maps and descriptive text published as 'The Agreeable Historian, or the Compleat English Traveller ...', by Samuel Simpson, 1746.
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		...
		On the N.W. of Carlisle, there juts out a small Promontory, at the Point of which is the large Arm of the Sea, call'd Solway-Frith, or Hunae-Ostium i.e., the Mouth of the River Eden. It is, at present, the Boundary between England and Scotland, but anciently between the Roman Provinces and the Picts.
	placename:-	Solway Frith
	placename:-	Mouth of the River Eden
	other name:-	Hunae Ostium
	date:-	1746
	period:-	18th century, early; 1740s
	descriptive text:-	Defoe 1724-26
		Travel book, Tour through England and Wales, by Daniel Defoe, published in parts, London, 1724-26.
		... Carlisle is strong by situation, being almost surrounded with rivers. On the east it has the River Potterell, on the north Eden, and on the south the Cande, or Canda, or Calda, which all fall into the arms of the sea, which they call the Solway, or Solway Firth.
	date:-	1724=1726
	period:-	18th century, early; 1720s
	old map:-	Stukeley 1723
		Map of roman roads through Britain, scale about 55 miles to 1 inch, derived from the Antonine Itineraries, plotted by William Stukeley, 1723, published London, 1724.
	date:-	1723
	period:-	18th century, early; 1720s
	descriptive text:-	Bowen 1720 (plate 162)
		Road book, Britannia Depicta Or Ogilby Improv'd, including road strip maps with sections in Westmorland, scale about 2 miles to 1 inch, derived from maps by Ogilby, 1675, and a county map of Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, with text by John Owen, published by Emanuel Bowen, London, 1720; published 1720-64.
		The Eden (at 1 P.161) after having receiv'd several other considerable Rivers, empties it self into ye Ituni: an Bay, ...
		About 6 Miles farther in the Itunian Bay or Solway Frith, on a Cape of Land is Bolness the Old Blatum Bulgiu~, formerly a Roman Station, ...
	placename:-	Itunian Bay
	other name:-	Solway Frith
	date:-	1720
	period:-	18th century, early; 1720s
	old map:-	Morden 1695 (Cmd)
		Maps, Westmorland, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, and Cumberland, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by Robert Morden, 1695.
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		Solway Frith ot Itunae Flu now Eden R.
		River estuary.
	placename:-	Solway Frith
	other name:-	Itunae Flu.
	other name:-	Eden River
	county:-	Cumberland
	date:-	1695
	period:-	17th century, late; 1690s
	old map:-	Jansson 1646
		Map, Cumbria et Westmoria, or Cumberland and Westmorland, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Jansson, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1646; published 1646-1724.
		Eden flude
		Itunae Baye
	placename:-	Itunae Baye
	other name:-	Eden Flude
	county:-	Cumberland
	date:-	1646
	period:-	17th century, early; 1640s
	old map:-	Drayton 1612/1622
		Map, Cumberlande and Westmorlande, by Michael Drayton in part 2 of Polyolbion, probably engraved by William Hole; published by John Marriott, John Grismand, and Thomas Dewe, London, 1622.
		Sea more effect, coast shaded, foreshore sands.
	date:-	1622
	period:-	17th century, early; 1620s
	old map:-	Speed 1611 (Cmd)
		Maps, The Countie Westmorland and Kendale the Cheif Towne, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, and Cumberland and the Ancient Citie Carlile, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by John Speed, London, 1611; published 1611-1770.
		Itunae Baye
		estuary, river channel and foreshore sands
	placename:-	Itunae Baye
	date:-	1611
	period:-	17th century, early; 1610s
	old map:-	Saxton 1576
		Map, Westmorlandiae et Cumberlandiae Comitatus ie Westmorland and Cumberland, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by Christopher Saxton, London, engraved by Augustinus Ryther, 1576; published 1579-1645.
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	county:-	Cumberlandia
		estuary
	date:-	1576
	period:-	16th century, late; 1570s
	source:-	Lloyd 1573 -- probably relevant
		Map, Angliae Regni, Kingdom of England, with Wales, scale about 24 miles to 1 inch, authored by Humphrey Lloyd, Denbigh, Clwyd, drawn and engraved by Abraham Ortelius, Netherlands, 1573.
	date:-	1573
	period:-	16th century, late; 1570s
	old map:-	Gough 1350s-60s
		Reproduction of the Gough Map of Great Britain, reduced size, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, 1875; and a full size line reproduction, with added transcriptions of placenames, 1935.
		Not labelled.
		river
	old map:-	Burghley 1590 (facsimile)
		generic label for the many sandbanks?
		courtesy of the National Library of Scotland
		Soulua Sands
		wavy lines
	placename:-	Soulua Sands
	descriptive text:-	Keer 1605 (edn 1620)
		Map, Westmorlandia et Comberlandia, ie Westmorland and Cumberland now Cumbria, scale about 16 miles to 1 inch, probably by Pieter van den Keere, or Peter Keer, about 1605; published about 1605 to 1676.
		first page:-
		... Solway Frith, by Ptolemie called the Ituna Baye. ...
	placename:-	Solway Frith
	other name:-	Ituna Baye
	date:-	1620
	period:-	17th century; 1620s
	old map:-	Ptolemy 1578
		Prima Europe tabula, Europe Map 1, Ptolemy map of roman Britain, by Gerard Mercator, 1578.
		Ituna estuarium
	placename:-	Ituna estuarium
	old map:-	Ptolemy 1793
		Map, Albion et Hibernia Britannicae Insulae, from the data of Claudius Ptolemy, 2nd century, on the example of Gerard Mercator, 16th century, scale about 55 miles to 1 inch, engraved by Basire, published for the Society of Antiquaries, 1793.
		Ituna AEstuarium
	placename:-	Ituna AEstuarium
	date:-	1793
	period:-	18th century, late; 1780s
	old map:-	Horsley 1732
		NB: Horsley's ideas are not all accepted today.
		Map, Britannia Antiqua, by Johanne Horsley, 1732. (nb this is tentative data)
		Ituna AEstuarium / Solway Firth
	placename:-	Ituna AEstuarium
	other name:-	Solway Firth
	date:-	1732
	period:-	18th century, late; 1780s
	old print:-	Jenkinson 1875
		Guide book, A Practical Guide to the English Lake District, by Henry Irwin Jenkinson, published by Edward Stanford, 55 Charing Cross, London, 4th edition 1875.
		Print, lithograph, outline view, Panoramic Sketches from Helvellyn, Westmorland, by Edwin A Pettitt, London, published by Edward Stanford, 55 Charing Cross, London, 1875.
		... Solway Firth ...
		Print, lithograph, outline view, Panoramic Sketches from Skiddaw, Cumberland, by Edwin A Pettitt, London, published by Edward Stanford, 55 Charing Cross, London, 1875.
		... Solway Firth ...
	placename:-	Solway Firth
	date:-	1875
	period:-	19th century, late
	old print:-
		Print, uncoloured engraving, The Solway from Harrington Harbour, Cumberland, drawn by W H Bartlett, engraved by R Brandard, published by George Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane, London, 1841.
		Probably from Findens Views of the Ports, Harbours, Coast Scenery, and Watering Places of Great Britain, as continued by W H Bartlett.
		printed at bottom left, right, centre:-
		W. H. Bartlett. / R. Brandard. / THE SOLWAY / (from Harrington Harbour.) / London: Published for the Proprietors, by Geo: Virtue, 26, Ivy Lane, 1841.
	placename:-	Solway, The
	date:-	1841
	period:-	19th century, early
		photographs
		Haaf netting is a norwegian way of fishing for salmon and sea trout. The fisherman stands in the flooding tide with the large square nets on a pole framework. When a fish enters the nets the fisherman heaves the net over the pole to trap the fish.
		Solway Firth -- Cumbria / -- Courtesy of the Hope and Anchor, Port Carlisle
		Solway Firth -- Cumbria / -- Courtesy of the Hope and Anchor, Port Carlisle
		Solway Firth -- Cumbria / -- Courtesy of the Hope and Anchor, Port Carlisle
	hearsay	Alexander II King of Scotland crossed the Solway by a 'wath', a ford, in 1216, after a raid into Cumberland. He was caught by a flood tide, and 1900 of his men were drowned.
		Jenkins, J Geraint: 1974: Nets and Coracles: David and Charles (Newton Abbot, Devon):: ISBN 0 7153 6546 0
	Old Cumbria Gazetteer - JandMN: 2008

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