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item:-
private collection
(11)
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Map, uncoloured engraving, Improved Map of Westmoreland,
ie Westmorland, scale about 5.5 miles to 1 inch, by J
Cowley, London, probably published in a Geography of
England, by Robert Dodsley, The Tully's Head, Pall Mall,
London, 1744-45.
A crude check of the map's declared scale against the
distance between one pair of towns, Penrith Kendal, suggests
the map maker's mile is about 1.3 statute miles.
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map feature:-
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drape cartouche & compass rose & scale line &
lat and long scales & sea areas & coast line &
coast shaded (sea coast) & coast form lines (in
estuaries) & rivers & forests (labelled, no tree
symbols) & county & settlements & roads &
road distances & table of symbols
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inscription:-
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printed title cartouche, lower right
An Improved MAP of / WESTMORELAND / containing the
Borough / and Market Towns / with those adjoyning; also, /
its Principal Roads / and Rivers by I. Cowley / Geor. to his
MAJESTY
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inscription:-
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water mark:
part of a fleur de lys?
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scale line:-
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6 miles = 27.9 mm
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map type:-
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Cowley 1743 (Wmd)
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scale:-
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1 to 350000 ? (1 to 346095 from scale line assuming a
statute mile)
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scale:-
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1 to 460000 ? (from measured Penrith Kendal distance)
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wxh, page:-
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16x20cm
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wxh, map:-
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132x178mm
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MAP FEATURES
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title cartouche
drape cartouche
map maker
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Printed in a drape cartouche lower right:-
An Improved MAP of WESTMORELAND containing the Borough and
Market Towns with those adjoyning; also, its Principal Roads
and Rivers by I. Cowley Geor. to his MAJESTY
As well as being draped on two posts the title cloth is
pinned up in the middle.
The paper has a water mark, part of a fleur de lys?
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orientation
compass rose
up is N
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Printed upper left is a minimal compass rose; circle,
lines for the cardinal directions, North marked by a fleur
de lys, East marked by a cross. The N-S line is parallel the
meridian direction given by the scales of longitude top and
bottom, this is a few degrees west of north. Roughly, the
map is printed with North at the top of the sheet.
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scale line
scale
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Printed lower middle is:-
A Scale of Miles
chequered and labelled in miles. The 6 miles = 27.9 mm
gives a scale 1 to 346095 wrongly assuming a statute mile.
The map scale is about:-
1 to 350000
5.5 miles to 1 inch
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lat and long scales
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Printed in the map borders are scales of latitude and
longitude for a slanted rectangular projection; chequered at
2 minute intervals, labelled at 10 minute intervals. As
there is no degree parallel across Westmorland there is a
helpful label in the left border:-
Lat 54 Degrees
and the bottom scale is labelled:-
Degrees W. Longitude from London.
From the longitude scales the
longitude, Kendal = 2d 24m
which suggest a prime meridian 20 minutes west of
Greenwich, which seems unlikely.
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table of symbols
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Printed lower left is an:-
Explanation
Boroughs ... [circle, two towers, asterisk(s)]
Market Towns ... [circle, tower]
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sea area
sea plain
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What little sea is shown is plain.
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coast line
coast shaded
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The coast of the Leven and Kent estuaries is shaded for
emphasis, two levels of shading. In the narrower part of the
estuary the river banks are drawn with form lines.
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rivers
bridges
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Broader, lower, parts of rivers are drawn by a double
line with form or stream lines. Narrower, higher, stretches
are drawn by a single wiggly line which tapers at the head.
Some rivers are labelled, eg:-
Can R. [Kent]
Eymot R. [Eamont]
Bridges are implied where a road crosses and interrupts a
stream. But a bridge might also be marked by a double line,
a stretch of road not attached to the road network, over a
river, as at Kirkby Lonsdale, and, labelled, at:-
New Bridge [Newby Bridge]
Burrow Bridge [Low Borrow Bridge]
and elsewhere.
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lakes
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Lakes are drawn in outline with form lines. Their shapes
and sizes are not reliable guides to reality. Some are
labelled, also unreliably:-
Ulles Lake
Broad Water [Hawes Water]
Minander Mere [Kentmere tarn though a village might be
meant]
Winander Mere
It is possible to recognise, or guess at others:-
Brothers Water
Hayes Water
Grasmere
Easdale Tarn
Coniston Water
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relief
hillocks
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Relief is indicated by groups of hillocks. The grouping
is not very helpful in understanding the hilliness of the
country. One or two hills are labelled, eg:-
Jeffery Mt.
Whinfield Hill [Whinfell]
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forests
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Woodland is not indicated, but some forest areas are
labelled, eg:-
Milburn Forest
Thorpthwaite Forest
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parks
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Parks are drawn by a roundish outline with fence palings.
Only one? is labelled:-
Cuniswick P.
though one or two others might be recognised.
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county
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The county boundary is a dashed line which is continued
by other features which marek a boundary. Adjacent counties
are labelled, eg:-
P. of CUMBERLAND
Part of YORK SHIRE
Very little is drawn outwith the county; Penrith, a few
hillocks by Windermere, for examples.
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settlements
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Settlements are marked by a circle with added elements,
differentiated by style of labelling.
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towns |
circle, one or two towers; labelled in upright lowercase
text or italic block caps. Two towers and caps for a borough
town, the number of member returned to Parliament shown by
asterisks:-
APPLEBYE [circle, two towers, two asterisks]
one tower and lowercase text for a market town, eg:-
Kendall
Ambleside
Shap
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villages |
circle; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:-
Great Ashby
Witherslack
Barton
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castles |
circle with a flag, labelled as at:-
Kendal Cast.
Buley Cast. [W of Appleby]
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roads
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A network of main roads is drawn by double lines.
Destinations are marked at the county boundary, eg:-
to Cockermouth
to Lancaster
The routes shown are interesting:-
from the south, Lancashire; through Burton, by Kendal,
over the Kent and Sprint, through the mountains, perhaps
over High Borrow Bridge, then Shap, across the Lowther and
Eamont, Westmorland; to Penrith, and north west,
Cumberland.
alternative from Kendal, over Low Borrow Bridge, near
Orton, to join the other north-south route south of Shap,
Westmorland.
branch from Kendal, through Ambleside, beside Rydal Water
and Grasmere, Westmorland; into Cumberland, towards
Cockermouth.
branch from Ambleside, over the Kirkstone Pass, beside
Ullswater, Westmorland; into Cumberland to Penrith.
from Durham and/or Yorkshire; through or by Brough, then
Appleby, Westmorland; to Penrith, Cumberland.
branch north labelled:-
Maiden Way
Some road distances between towns are given by figures by
a road segment. For example Burton-Kendal 8, Kendal-Shap 13,
Shap-Penrith 5.
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General notes
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Improved Map of Westmoreland, scale about 5.5 miles to 1
inch, an Improver Map of Cumberland, by J Cowley, London,
1743; published 1743-45.
Published in 'The Geography Of England: Done in the
Manner of Gordon's Geographical Grammar, Each County being
consider'd under the following Heads, viz. The name,
Situation, Air, Soil, Commodities, Rivers, Chief Towns,
Noblemen's Seats, Curiosities Natural and Artificial,
Remarkable Persons, Various Particulars. To each County is
Prefix'd A compleat Mapp from the Latest and Best
Observations, shewing the Chief Towns, Parks, Rivers and
Roads, both direct and across. Also A Separate Mapp of
England, of the Roads, Of the Channel, and a Plan of London.
Likewise by Way of Introduction, A Clear and Distinct View
of our Constitution, And Every Branch of the Legislature.
London: Printed for R. Dodsley, at Tully's Head in Pall
Mall, M,DCC,XLIV.' ie 1744, but published 1743.
the book size is 4 1/2 x 6 1/2 ins; it contains 56 folded
maps.
Published in 'A New Sett of Pocket Mapps Of all the
Counties of England and Wales. Shewing, The Situation of all
the Cities, Boroughs, Market-Towns, and most considerable
Villages, with the Distances between each. Also the Rivers
and Roads both direct and across. Together with A Separate
Mapp of England, a Plan of the Roads, and a Chart of the
Channel. London: Printed for R. Dodsley in Pall-Mall, and M.
Cooper in Pater-noster Row. 1745.'
The atlas size is 6 1/4 x 8 ins; the map is unchanged.
Published in another edition 1745.
Another edition 1765 had no maps.
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email:- JandMN@norgate.freeserve.co.uk