Bowen and Kitchin 1760
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item:- Armitt Library : ALMC2008.14.10 |
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Map, hand coloured engraving, A New Map of the Counties
of Cumberland and Westmoreland Divided into their Respective
Wards, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Emanuel Bowen and
Thomas Kitchin et al, published by T Bowles, Robert Sayer,
and John Bowles, London, 1760.
The imprint at the bottom has names deleted, perhaps John Tinney and 'and Son' from John Bowles. The map was first published in the Large English Atlas, 1760, whose origins go back to 1749. This version of the map probably comes from the 1785 edition. The map has a dedication to Sir James Lowther. |
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| map feature:- | baroque cartouche & dedication & descriptive text & table of symbols & up is N & scale line & lat and long scales (W from London, trapezoidal projection) & lat and long grid & sea plain & coast form lines & rivers & bridges & lakes & relief & hill hachuring & woods & forests & trees & parks & wards (hundreds) & settlements & roads & road distances | |
| inscription:- |
printed baroque cartouche, lower right
A / NEW MAP / of the COUNTIES of / CUMBERLAND and / WESTMORELAND. / Divided into their respective / WARDS / From the Best Surveys & Intelligencies / Illustrated wth. Historical Extracts / relative to Natural History Pro- / duce, Trade & Manufactures. Shewing also / the Rectories & Vicarages, / With various other / Improvements / 1760. |
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| inscription:- |
printed bottom
Printed for T. Bowles in St. Pauls Church Yard, Robt. Sayer, [ ] in Fleet Street, & John Bowles [ ] in Cornhil. (with parts erased) |
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| inscription:- |
printed baroque cartouche, upper left
To the Honble. / Sr. James Lowther / of Lowther / in WESTMORELAND, Bart. / Lieutenant & Custos Rotulorum / of Westmoreland / and Lieutenant of CUMBERLAND / This MAP is humbly Inscrib'd |
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| inscription:- |
printed above scale line
British Statute Miles 69 1/2 to a Degree |
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| scale line:- | 20 miles = 133.9 mm | |
| longitude, Kendal:- | 2d 51m W | |
| map type:- | Bowen and Kitchin 1760 (Wmd/Cmd/Cum) | |
| scale:- | 1 to 240000 ? (1 to 240380 from scale line wrongly assuming a statute mile) | |
| wxh, sheet:- | 57.5x76.6cm | |
| wxh, plate:- | 545x703mm | |
| wxh, map:- | 521x681mm | |
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from:- Collection of about 135 maps, including some descriptive texts and prints, mostly of Westmorland and other areas of Cumbria, from Mercator's maps of 1595 to Hughes 1868, on loan from Mrs Susan Farmer, relict of Richard Farmer. The collection includes:- 17th century - Mercator 1595 edns 1613-16 and 1639-42, parts of Cumbria; Keer 1605 edn 1620 Wmd and Cmd; Hondius 1607 various edns parts of Cumbria; Camden 1607 map Wmd; Speed 1611 Wmd; Bill 1626 Wmd; Simons 1635 Wmd; Jenner 1643 Wmd; Blaeu 1645 Wmd; Blome 1673 Wmd; Ogilby 1675 plate 96 and descriptive text; Morden 1676 Wmd; Blome 1681 Wmd and Cmd; Lea 1689 version of Saxton's map Wmd and Cmd; Seller 1694 edn 1787 Wmd; Morden 1695 Wmd 18th century - Morden 1708 version 1720-31 Wmd; Senex 1719-57 edn 1757 plate 82-83; Gardner 1719 plate 96; Cox 1720-31 Wmd; Bowen 1720 Wmd; Cox 1720-31 text; Bowen 1720 plate 93-94; Moll 1724 Wmd and edn 1753; Badeslade 1742 Wmd; Cowley 1743 Wmd; Simpson 1746 map and text Wmd; Rocque 1746 Wmd; Hutchinson 1748 Wmd; Kitchin and Jefferys 1748 edn 1751 Wmd; Kitchin 1750s Wmd; Bickham 1753-54 edn 1796 Wmd; Gibson 1759 Wmd; Bowen and Kitchin 1760 Wmd and Cmd; Seale 1761 Wmd; Bowen 1762 Wmd; Kitchin 1763 Wmd; Bowen 1763 Wmd and Cmd; Dodsley 1764 text and prints; Ellis 1765 Wmd; Kitchin 1767 plate 84-85; Bowen and Bowen 1767 Wmd and Cmd; Grose 1772-87; Jefferys 1775 plate 82; Kitchin 1777 Wmd; Crosthwaite 1783-94 Windermere lake; Hogg 1784 Wmd, Cmd and Nhd; Paterson 1785 pp.67-70 and pp.99-102; Bowles 1785 Wmd; Cary 1787 Wmd; Lodge 1788-90 edn 1795 Wmd; Cary 1789 Wmd; Aikin 1790 Wmd; Harrison 1790 Wmd and Cmd; Cary 1790 edn 1806 Wmd; Baker 1791-97 Wmd; Cary 1794 Cumbria 19th century - Wilkes 1801-28 Wmd; Cooke 1802 and version 1824 Wmd; Butters 1803 Wmd; Luffman 1803 Wmd; Smith 1804; Cole and Roper 1805 Wmd; Laurie and Whittle 1806 version 1834 Cumbria; Cooper 1808 version 1824 Wmd; Miller 1810 edn 1820 Wmd; Wallis 1810 edn 1819 Wmd; Wallis 1810 Wmd; Wallis 1812 and edn 1819 Wmd; Rowe 1816 Wmd; Robins 1818 Wmd; Langley 1818 Wmd; Reid and Wallis 1820 Wmd; Hall 1820 Wmd; Whittaker 1821 Wmd; Smith 1822 Wmd; Pinnock 1822 Wmd; Perrot 1823 Wmd and Cmd; Pigot 1826 Wmd; Teesdale 1830 Wmd; Murray 1830 Wmd; Lewis 1831 and edn 1833 Wmd; Cobbett 1832 Wmd; Tymms 1832-43 edns 1837 and 1838 Wmd; Duncan 1833 Wmd; Bell 1833 Wmd; Pinnock 1833-34 Wmd; Rodwell 1834 Wmd; Dugdale 1835 and edn 1860s Wmd; Pigot 1835 Wmd; Moule 1836 and edn 1834 Wmd and text; Walker 1837 and version 1860s Wmd; Ruben Ramble 1845 Wmd; Fisher 1845 Wmd; Johnson 1847 Wmd; Collins 1849-52 Wmd; Hughes 1868 edn 1886 Wmd. Items are recorded individually. |
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| MAP FEATURES | ||
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title cartouche
baroque cartouche map maker publisher |
Printed in a baroque cartouche, lower right:-
A NEW MAP of the COUNTIES of CUMBERLAND and WESTMORELAND. Divided into their respective WARDS From the Best Surveys & Intelligencies Illustrated wth. Historical Extracts relative to Natural History Produce, Trade & Manufactures. Shewing also the Rectories & Vicarages, With various other Improvements 1760. Printed at the bottom:- Printed for T. Bowles in St. Pauls Church Yard, Robt. Sayer, [ ] in Fleet Street, & John Bowles [ ] in Cornhil. The imprint at the bottom has names deleted, perhaps John Tinney and 'and Son' from John Bowles. |
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| dedication |
Printed upper left in a baroque cartouche is a
dedication:-
To the Honble. Sr. James Lowther of Lowther in WESTMORELAND, Bart. Lieutenant & Custos Rotulorum of Westmoreland and Lieutenant of CUMBERLAND This MAP is humbly Inscrib'd |
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| table of symbols |
Printed lower centre is an:-
EXPLANATION. The Parliamentary Boroughs have Stars Annex'd to them. The Direct and Principal Cross Roads are Mark'd where open or Heathy [double line, dotted] the Towns & Villages thereon are Ichnographically laid down. [circle enclosing 8/5] Measur'd Distances between the Market Towns on the Post Roads, in Miles & Furlongs. [circle, post and flag] Castles & Gentlemens Seats, [circle, building and tower R] Rectories, [circle, building and tower V] Vicarages, [post with a crescent atop] Post Stages, [cross potent] Charity Schools. Mines The Market Days are annex'd to their respective Towns. |
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| descriptive text |
Printed in spare spaces on the map sheet are blocks of
descriptive text about the counties and various towns, etc.
The places described are:-
Ambleside Appleby Carlisle Cockermouth County of Cumberland County of Westmoreland Dunmail raise stones Eden, Picts Wall, etc Egremont Kendal Keswick Levens Bridge Milthrop [Milnthorpe] Penrith Winander Mere See:- BO18TXT.txt |
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orientation
up is |
There is no indicator of orientation, but the map has a
graticule, a grid of latitude and longitude lines. The map
is printed with North at the top of the sheet.
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scale
scale line |
Printed with the scale line:-
British Statute Miles 69 1/2 to a Degree chequered in miles to 5 then in fives; labelled 1 to 5 then 20. The 20 miles = 133.9 mm gives a map scale 1 to 240380. The map scale is about:- 1 to 240000 4 miles to 1 inch |
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lat and long scales
lat and long grid |
Printed in the map borders are scales of latitude and longitude for a trapezoidal projection; chequered in degrees, labelled in tens. The bottom longitude scale is labelled:- Longitude West from London. Measuring from the scales the:- longitude, Kendal = 2d 51m W Kendal is 2d 45m W. It looks as if the map's prime meridian is 6 minutes East of Greenwich, which is unlikely. Looking at other features on this map does not encourage trust in its accuracy, so this estimate of the prime meridian can be ignored. |
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sea area
sea plain |
The sea areas are plain. Some sea areas are labelled,
eg:-
Solway Frith now Eden R. Moricambe IRISH SEA |
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coast line
coast form lines foreshore headlands |
The coast line is emphasized by form lines which may be overlaid by dotting indicating foreshore sands. One area of sands is labelled:- Burr Sand just south of Seascale. The extensive sands in the Kent and Leven estuaries are not shown; Duddon Sands are.*COMMENT3 Headlands are recognizable, only two are labelled:- Boulness St. Bees Head |
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rivers
bridges |
Rivers are drawn by drawn by a double line with stream
lines, tapering to a single wiggly line tapering upstream.
Some rivers are labelled, eg:-
Lone or Lune R. Can R. Blenkeynbeck R. Labelled south of Levens Bridge is:- Waterfall copied from other maps; no waterfall here. Bridges are implied where a road crosses and interrupts a stream, and might be marked elsewhere by a double line across a stream as at Nether Wasdale or at Dalston. 
Most bridges are not labelled, although some names are implied by a settlement name. A few bridges are labelled, eg:- Nether Bridge [in Kendal] Burrow Bridge [Low Borrow Bridge] Levens Bridge The last is mentioned in a descriptive text. |
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| lakes |
Lakes are drawn by an outline with form lines. Some lakes are labelled:- Coniston Mere Broad Water [Ennerdale Water] Broad Water [Hawes Water] Haws Water [Hayeswater] Ulles Lake [Ullswater] Wiborn Water [Thirlmere] Winander Mere Other lakes or tarns might be recognized, eg:- Bleaberry Tarn Burnmoor Tarn Buttermere lake Crummock Water Derwent Water Devoke Water Easedale Tarn Grasmere lake Grisedale Tarn Kentmere Tarn Loweswater lake Rydal Water Wast Water |
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relief
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Hill hachuring is used to indicate relief. Although some valleys are successfully, if gently, shown, the overall mountainous nature of the region is not. Some hill areas are labelled, eg:- Derwent Fells Mountains Hard Knot Hill Skiddaw |
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wood
trees forests |
Woodland is suggested by groups of tree and bush symbols. Some of the forest areas are labelled, eg:- Englewood Forest Martendale Forest |
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| parks |
Parks are drawn by a ring of fence palings. A park might be labelled, eg:- Barton Park Holm Park or named by its great house, eg:- Preston Hall |
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| county |
County boundaries are a dashed line, and are emphasized by a colour tint on the inside for each area, including adjacent counties; Westmorland green, Cumberland yellow, Lancashire red, Scotland red, Northumberland green, Durham blue, Yorkshire yellow:- 
The county areas are labelled, eg:- WESTMORELAND CUMBERLAND |
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| wards |
Ward boundaries are a lighter dashed line, emphasized by a colour tint on the inner side of each ward. The use of colours is not straightforward, or consistent. The county boundary colours have priority, but the rest of a ward has its own colour - for example Eskdale Ward tints are yellow where the border is the county boundary, and green for its internal boundary with other wards. Sometimes the ward and county tints are the same, as South Allerdale Ward. The too-clever scheme is given up for Westmorland where the ward boundaries are all tinted the same. A diagram might help:- 
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| settlements |
Settlements are marked by a circle with added elements,
or groups of blocks or shaded areas; further differentiated
by style of labelling. Symbols are explained in the table of
symbols.
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cities
street plan market days |
blocks and shaded areas on a street plan with town walls;
labelled in upright block caps:-
CARLILE / Ma. Sat. V The market day is Saturday; there are two crosses potent for charity schools; V is for Vicarage. Notice the two suburbs outside the English Gate and Scotch Gate. |
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towns
street plan market days electoral data |
blocks on a street plan 'ichnographically laid down';
labelled in upright lowercase text, eg:-
Penrith / Mar. Tues. / R Market day Tuesday; two crosses potent for charity schools; R is for Rectory; post and crescent symbol for a post stage. 
Kendal / Mar. Sat. Market day Saturday; notice the bridges and castle. APPLEBY / Mar. Sat. / V In upright block caps for its de jure status as county town; Market day Saturday; V for Vicarage; two stars for members sent to Parliament; notice the castle. |
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| villages |
circle, buildings and tower with a spire; labelled in
italic lowercase text, eg:-
Betham / V Salkeld Magna / R V Vicarage; R Rectory. or blocks, if on a road, eg:- 
Natland |
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| hamlets |
circle, small tower; labelled in italic lowercase text,
eg:-
Sleddale or circle and line, eg:- 
Farleton |
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castles
houses |
circle, post and flag; labelled in italic lowercase text,
eg:-
Kendal Castle |
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roads
road distances post roads |
Roads are drawn by double line, solid or dotted. The table of symbols takes solid for granted but explains:- The Direct and Principal Cross Roads are Mark'd where open or Heathy [double line, dotted] the Towns & Villages thereon are Ichnographically laid down. Comparing the routes with present day roads and tracks there are some routes which are hard to believe. On the post roads a circle with figures gives:- Measur'd Distances between the Market Towns on the Post Roads, in Miles & Furlongs. Assuming the distances indicate which are post roads, they are:- from the south, Lancashire; 11'6 from Lancaster via Burton to Kendal, Westmorland; 26 to Penrith, a post stage, and 18'4 to Carlisle, Cumberland. from Kendal, 13'4 to Ambleside, Westmorland; 10'2 to Keswick, and 14'2 to Cockering ie Cockermouth, Cumberland. from Egremont, 14 to Cockermouth, 25 to Calisle, Cumberland. |
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| miscellany | ||
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antiquities
roman wall |
Hadrian's Wall is drawn by a double dotted line from
Boulness through Carlile, then east into Northumberland,
labelled:-
The Picts Wall Demolish'd |
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antiquities
roman road |
A road NW across the corner of Cumberland about Spadeadam
Waste is labelled:-
The Maiden Way |
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antiquities
roman forts |
SE of Kirkby Thore is a circle labelled:-
The Camp on Speedy More |
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antiquities
earthworks |
A double ring west of Eamont Bridge is labelled:-
K. Arthurs Round Table |
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antiquities
stone circles |
A group, perhaps a circle, of stones by the road S of
Shap is labelled:-
Stone Heap |
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| stones |
At the meet of Westmorland, Cumberland and Yorkshire, SW
of Middleton, is:-
The County Stone Two standing stones are labelled:- Three Shire Stones upon Wry Nose Head One of the descriptive texts is about Dunmail Raise Stones. |
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| crosses |
On the county boundary east of Pendragon is a cross:-
Hollow Mill Cross |
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| beacons |
Labelled by a hill north of Isel is:-
Newton Beacon East of Orton is hill hachuring and label:- The Beacon |
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mines
lead mines copper mines |
East of Knock are:-
Lead Mines and on Rumary Fell, SE of Dufton Pike:- Lead Mines both marked by dots. Beside Derwent Water, level with one of the islands, is labelled:- 
Royal Mines The german miners in the time of Elizabeth I had a base on Derwent Island. In the Newlands Valley is:- 
Copper Mines |
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mines
black lead mines |
Around Watendlath in Borrowdale is labelled:-
Black Lead Mines They are not plotted at Seathwaite. |
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| General notes | ||
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New Map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland,
scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Emanuel Bowen and Thomas
Kitchin, published by T Bowles, John Bowles and Son, Robert
Sayer, and John Tinney, 1760; published 1760-87.
One of a series of county maps by Bowen and Kitchin, published by John Hinton, King's Arms, St Paul's Churchyard, London, from 1751; the series was begun 1749. John Tinney took over from 1753, and the series was completed 1760; it continued in editions to 1787. also see Lancashire, North Riding of Yorkshire, and West Riding of Yorkshire, to cover all modern Cumbria. Published in 'The Large English Atlas: Or, A New Set Of Maps Of All The Counties In England And Wales, Drawn From The Several Surveys which have been hitherto Published: Viz. ... Laid Down On A Large Scale, And containing all the Cities, Towns, Villages, and Churches, whether Rectories or Vicarages, Chapels, many Noblemen's and Gentlemen's Seats, &c. &c. Each Map Is Illustrated With a General Description of the County, its Cities, Borough and Market Towns, the Number of Members returned to Parliament, of Parishes, Houses, Acres of Land, &c. And Historical Extracts relative to the Trade, manufactures, and Government of the Cities and Principal Towns, and the present State of their Inhabitants, &c. By Emanuel Bowen, Geographer to His Majesty, Thomas Kitchin, and Others. London: Printed and Sold by T. Bowles, in St. Paul's Church-Yard; John Bowles and Son, at the Black Horse, in Cornhill; John Tinney, at the Golden Lion, and Robert Sayer, at the Buck, both in Fleet-Street.' 1760. The atlas size is 17 1/2 x 23 ins; the map is plate 35 but not numbered; the space round the county boundary filled with notes; there is a coat of arms of Sir James Lowther of Lowther; its size is 20 1/2 x 27 1/2 ins. The imprint is for R Sayer, T Bowles, J Bowles and Son, J Tinney. An earlier edition of the atlas of this series does not have the Cumberland and Westmorland map. This were issued with the 1760 edition, as reported in the Public Advertiser, 22 May 1760, 'Three Maps, being the last which compleats the Set of the Counties of England, which have for been for some Years about, and published as they were finished.' The new maps are engraved better than the earlier maps. Published in another edition 'The Large English Atlas ... Printed and Sold by T. Bowles ... John Bowles and Son ... and Robert Sayer ...' about 1762. A plate number is added, 35. The imprint is for R Sayer, T Bowles, J Bowles and Son. Published in another edition 'The Large English Atlas ... Drawn From The Several Surveys which have been hitherto Published. With three general Maps of England, Scotland and Ireland, From the best and latest Authorities. ... London: Printed and Sold by T. Bowles, in St. Paul's Church-Yard; John Bowles, at the Black Horse, in Cornhill; and Robert Sayer, at the Buck, in Fleet-Street,' about 1763. John imprint is for R Sayer, T Bowles and J Bowles. The plate number is now 37. Published in another edition 'The Large English Atlas ... London: Printed and Sold by John Bowles, at the Black Horse, in Cornhill; Carington Bowles, next the Chapter House, in St. Paul's Church-Yard, and Robert Sayer, at the Buck, in Fleet-Street,' about 1764. Published in another edition 'The Large English Atlas ... Printed and Sold by Carington Bowles, Map and Print Seller, at No.69, in St. Paul's Church-Yard. MDCCLXVII.' ie 1767. Published in another edition 'The Large English Atlas ... Printed and Sold by Robert Sayer, Map and Printseller, at No 53, in Fleet-Street.' or 'Le Grand Atlas Anglois: Ou, Nouveau Receuil Des Cartes De Toutes Les Provinces D'Angleterre Et De La Principaute De Galles, ... Chez Robert Sayer, Marchand de Cartes & d'Etampes dans Fleet-Street, No.53.' about 1767. Published in another edition 'The Large English Atlas ... Printed and Sold by Robert Wilkinson, at No.58, in Cornhill, Successor to Mr. John Bowles, deceased.' about 1779. Published in another edition 'The Large English Atlas ... By Emanuel Bowen ... Thomas Kitchin, and Others. London: Printed and Sold by Robert Wilkinson, at No.58, in Cornhill, Successor to Mr. John Bowles, deceased.' about 1785. Published in 'The Large English Atlas: ... Drawn From The Several Surveys Hitherto Published. To which are added, a Map of the Country 35 miles round London, a Plan of London and Westminster, and general Maps of Scotland and Ireland, From the latest and best Authorities. The Whole Engraved on 50 Copper Plates ... Laid Down On A Large Scale ... By Emanuel Bowen, Thomas Kitchin, Captain Andrew Armstrong, and Others. London. Printed for Robert Sayer, Map, Chart, And Printseller, No.53, Fleet-Street. MDCCLXXXVII.' ie 1787. The map was issued, bound in an atlas or loose, by Bowles and Carver, Laurie and Whittle, and Robert Wilkinson, from 1790s-1820s. The imprint is for R Wilkinson, Laurie and Whittle, and Bowles and Carver. The map was published in a reduced form in the Royal English Atlas, about 1764. |
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