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Hills and Fells
status?


Hills come in all shapes, sizes, and weather. In The Lakes they're all fells.

image BRP43.jpg

If it's over 3000 feet it has some status as a mountain, a Munro; though, in The Lakes, it is commonly accepted that anything over 2000 feet is a mountain. 2000 feet is about 610m. Besides the term Munro there are several other fanciful terms for lesser sizes of hill.

But the grandeur of a hill can come from many aspects, its prominence, ruggedness, shapelyness, ... It's all a matter of personal taste, pointless to classify.

If you walk in the fells, pardon, mountains, do go properly prepared with a knowledge of your route, map, compass, wet and cold weather gear, emergency food and drink, torch and whistle.




map features
Examples of the map symbol for hills, Cumbria from a miscellany of map notes (in no order).
Bowen 1720 Westmorland
example symbol on map
Some relief is suggested by hillocks, shaded to the east, tinted brown. There is a group of hillocks from Helvellyn eastward, hills in the north of the county above Appleby, and hills down the eastern border. A hill might be labelled, eg:-
'Helvillin'
'Gefferyes M.'
A valley might be labelled, eg:-
'Stainmore Dale'
Bacon c1890s Bacon's Map of Cumberland
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. Some hills are labelled, some have spot heights, eg:-
'Cross Fell / 2901 Ft.'
'Mell Fell'
'High Pike / 2911 Ft.'
'Hard Knot'
Badeslade 1742 Map of Westmorland North from London
example symbol on map
A small group of hillocks is drawn north of the Burrow River, ie the Shap Fells?, and a hillock or two at Whinfield. There are hillocks down the border with Yorkshire in the east. And that is all. On the map studied the hillocks are tinted brown.
'Rumary fell'
is labelled north of Brough.
Baker 1802 Imperial Guide
example symbol on map
Hills are only shown as incidental elements in the drawings. For example see the hills around Ullswater, and more recognisably:-
Beacon Hill [Penrith]
Castle Hill [Kendal]
Batty 1888 Principal Mountains of Westmorland and Cumberland
example symbol on map
Relief, the principal mountains, is shown by hill hachuring, concentrated in the central Lake District. Most hills are labelled, with spot heights, eg:-
'Helvellyn / 311[6]'
'Screes / 1945'
'Black Combe / 1969'
'Rydal Fell / 2122'
'FURNESS FELLS'
The hachuring obscures labels and heights. Some hill names are in a larger font, but this seems to reflect the availability of space rather than greater height.
Not all hills can be shown, but there seems to be some unevenness. Kendal Fell (650 feet) and Underbarrow Scar are shown, but not Harter Fell, Kentmere Pike, etc. No detail assessment has been made but interest does reduce outside the central area, unless the author or map compiler has a particular interest in some hill.
Some valleys are labelled, eg:-
'ESKDALE'
'MARDALE'
'Wrynose Bottom'
And passes, eg:-
'Hard Knot Pass'
'Wrynose Ps'
'Windy Gap'
Bell 1833 Westmoreland ...
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring, tinted pale brown. There is quite a good impression of hilly areas and valleys. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
'Helvellin'
'Shap Fells'
'Whitbarrow Scar'
Some valleys are labelled, eg:-
'Graysdale [Grisedale]'
'Patterdale'
Bill 1626 (Wmd) example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hillocks shaded to the east. There is little organisation of the hills; they mostly occur where there is space between labels. Westmorland is hilly.
Black 1841 map Lake District of Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring, with at least some success in showing where the mountainous areas are, if not their magnitude. Some summits, perhaps indicated by a ring of hachures, perhaps tinted green, are labelled with a spot height as well as a name, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Skiddaw / 3022'
'Helvellyn / 3055'
'Sca Fell / 3100'
Many other heights, outcrops, and upland areas are labelled, eg:-
'Branstree'
'Great Dodd'
'Harter Fell'
'Furness Fells'
'The Screes'
Valleys and dale heads might also be labelled, eg:-
'Mitterdale'
'Long Sleddale'
'Kirkstone Pass'
'Wastdale Head'
Notice the crag south of Shap by the great road, labelled:-
'Wasdale Crag / granite'
I have found only one other geological comments on the map, a label:-
'Black Lead Mine'
near Seathwaite, by Honister.
Black 1850 map (Cum/Railways) Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. In some places this fairly successfully shows a complete range of mountains and summits, for example the Skiddaw and Saddlebck group. Also notice the ridges either side of Helvellyn where the county boundary runs. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Helvellyn'
'Gt. Dodd'
'Borrowdale Fells'
Some valleys are labelled, eg:-
'Borrowdale'
'Eskdale'
usually along a stream, and not defined by surrounding hachures.
Blaeu 1645 example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hillock shaded to the east, craggy and in various sizes, they are attractive decoration. The hillocks are arranged in groups and ranges but cannot be relied upon as a depiction of the shape of the counties. The Mallerstang Valley is enclosed by hills; the Pennines run down the eastern border; there are mountains in the central Lakes; the Eden valley is flat; ... Some larger hills are labelled, eg:-
'Fournes fells'
'Helvillon hill'
'Morton Pike'
'Farleton Knothill'
A small group of hillocks south of Ings is carefully labelled:-
example symbol on map
'The Inges'
the label slanted to match the line of hills. Above is the label:-
'Chapollon'
for the village of Ings, which is sometimes called Chapel on the Ings. There is no range of hills called Inges. I f you have engravers who s do not speak English and do not know the places in the map, this is the sort of copying error to expect. The copying is probably done from Speed's map, whose engraving of this village name could encourage the mistake.
Balderston c1890 map Ingleton, Bygone and Present
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring in blue, along contours of the hills. Some of the contour hachures might be labelled, the hill named, and a spot height given, eg:-
example symbol on map
'WOLD FELL / 1829 / 1750 / 1500 / 1250 [no spot mark]'
The summit might be marked by a red circle or a black triangle. Eg:-
'GREY GARETH / 2250 [red circle]'
'CASTLE KNOTT [black triangle]'
The method of showing relief presents a fairly effective idea of the landscape.
Edges, fells, valleys, etc might also be labelled, eg:-
'TWISLETON SCARS'
'CASTERTON FELL'
'LUL GILL'
'GREEN LAW MOOR'
But beware the similar labels which are underlined, which are descriptive terms, not names, eg:-
example symbol on map
'OPEN FELL'
'PASTURES'
This distinction is an unusual, but helpful, feature. But may not be used consistently, see:-
'MOORLAND ALLOTMENTS'
not underlined.
Five roughly parallel green lines NW-SE through Ingleton and north east of the village, mark fault lines or dykes.
Numerous caves, potholes, and shakeholes are marked by a red circle, labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Yordas cave'
'Gingle Pot'
'Shakes Holes'
Note that there is not a total correspondence between which caves are plotted and which are described in the guide book text. And, in some cases, the spellings of the name in the two sources differ.
Blome 1673 (Wmd) Mapp of ye Countie of Westmorland
example symbol on map
Relief is suggested by knobbly hillocks shaded to the east. The hills are clustered in the western part of the county, and on the north east boundary, but they are positioned elsewhere as well. A few hills are labelled, eg:-
'Helvillon hill'
'Morton Pike'
'Huseat Morvel hill'
'Knothill [Farleton Knott]'
A line of hillocks makes Mallerstang Edge.
Blome 1681 (Wmd/Cmd) example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hillocks, shaded, unusually, to the west. Mostly these symbols are small, and are scattered liberally. The Solway coast is less hilly. A few hills are labelled, eg:-
'Skiddow hill'
and some hills are drawn large, and labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Morton pike'
'The Spye cragg'
Hinton 1748 (Cmd) Relief is mostly ignored, but hillocks shaded to the east are used on Stainmore, the Scottish border, and to mark a few hills, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Skiddow Hill [a larger hillock]'
'Dent Hill'
'Hardknot'
Bowen and Bowen 1767 Cumberland and Westmorland
Relief is indicated by little hillocks shaded to the east. These are fitted between place labels on the crowded map; concentrations of hills occur where there are few places, hardly a planned depiction of the shape of the counties, though there are fewer places where there are more hills. A few hills are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Skiddaw hill'
'Kelloplaw'
'Hard Knot Hill'
'Fournes Fells'
And a valley might be labelled, eg:-
'Ennerdale'
Bowen and Kitchin 1760 example symbol on map
Hill hachuring is used to indicate relief. Although some valleys are successfully, if gently, shown, the overall mountainous nature of the region is not. Some hill areas are labelled, eg:-
'Derwent Fells Mountains'
'Hard Knot Hill'
'Skiddaw'
Brookes 1773 map Map of England and Wales ...
example symbol on map
A few small hillocks suggest relief. A couple in the middle of Cumbria,a couple south of Brampton, a scatter down the Pennines. To the north the:-
'Cheviot Hills'
are labelled.
Cary 1789 Map of Westmoreland ...
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring, the usual patchy marking of hills here and there. A number of hills are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Helvelein'
'Farlton Knot'
'Underbarrow Scar'
'Loughrigg Fell'
'SHAP FELLS'
Some valleys are labelled, eg:-
'Swindale'
'Grysdale'
And, although not always drawn as a pass, a pass might be labelled, eg:-
'Kirkstone'
'Nan Bield'
The latter having a pillar or rock symbol.
Cary 1794 New Map of England and Wales
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring, which is executed in a manner that suggests as series of plateaus and valleys, but no overall picture of the shape of the district is made. Some hill areas are labelled, eg:-
'Langdale Fells [N of Howgill]'
'Kirkstone'
'Dod Fell'
'Helvelin'
'Cold Fell Pike'
But, it is not always clear what is being labelled: Helvelin seems to have a town symbol, Nan Bield likewise. It would be an uncertain task to match prominences to any of the areas of hachures.
Cary 1790 Westmoreland
No relief is shown.
Cary 1798 map 2 (11th edn 1828) Environs of the Lakes ...
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. Some individual peaks are drawn emphatically, but the overall impression is not very helpful. A few hills are labelled, some with a spot height, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Helvellin / 1055'
'Skiddaw / 3022 ft.'
'Hay Cock'
A valley night be labelled, eg:-
'Borrowdale'
Clarke 1787 map (Ullswater) Map of the Lake Ullswater and its Environs ...
No relief is drawn, but several labels imply hills, eg:-
'A MOUNTAIN here called PLACE FELL'
'SOULBY FELL'
And a crag might be labelled, eg:-
'Stibray Cragg [Stybarrow Crag]'
Collins 1852 Collins' Pocket Ordnance Railway Atlas of Great Britain
Simple hill hachuring gives an impression of the Lake District dome and the Pennine Hills.
Collins 1693 example symbol on map
The only hill shown in Cumberland a large hillock, shaded to the left, ie south, labelled:-
'Blakcoome'
Cole and Roper 1805 Westmoreland
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. No overall sense of the shape of the county is made, except it i mostly hilly with some river plains. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
'Orton Scar'
'Helvelyn'
'Wry Nose'
'Farlton Knot'
'Green Fell'
A valley might be labelled, eg:-
'Westleddale'
'Dibdale'
Cooke 1802 Westmoreland ...
No relief is indicated by the map.
Cooke 1802 Lakes, The ...
Some relief is indicated by a scatter of hillocks, some labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Saddle Back'
'Skiddow'
'H Bell'
'Black Comb'
A few peaks are shown by a ring of hill hachures, eg:
example symbol on map
'Langdale Pikes'
'High Pike'
'Eagle Craggs'
and without any symbol is:-
'Borrowdale Fells'
Cooper 1808 Westmoreland
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring, tinted brown. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
'Orton Scar'
'High Street'
'Langdale Fells'
A valley might be labelled, eg:-
'Swindale'
Cowley 1743 Improved Map of Westmoreland
Relief is indicated by groups of hillocks. The grouping is not very helpful in understanding the hilliness of the country. One or two hills are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Jeffery Mt.'
'Whinfield Hill [Whinfell]'
Crosthwaite 1783-94 (Derwent Water) Accurate Map of the Matchless Lake of Derwent
Relief is not indicated, but notice the vignette view of Skiddaw. There are also implications of heights in some descriptions of stations, eg:-
'West's 4th. Station is Castle Crag one Mile south of Grange.'
and:-
'Swinside Hill 5th. Station'
Crosthwaite 1783-94 (Windermere) Accurate Map of the Grand Lake of Windermere
No relief is drawn, but some heights are suggested by labels, eg:-
'Furness Fells'
Otherwise there is no interest in the surrounding mountains is demonstrated.
Crosthwaite 1783-94 (Ullswater) Accurate Map of the Beautiful Lake of Ulls Water
Relief is not indicated, but notice the vignette view of Place Fell and relief features labelled:-
'Swarth Fell'
'Hallin Fell'
'PLACE FELL'
Crosthwaite 1783-94 (Bassenthwaite Lake) Accurate Map of Broadwater or Bassenthwaite Lake
Relief is not indicated, but notice the vignette views of Powterhow and Castle how, positioned on the map, and relief described in the verses:-
'... Giant Skiddow on the East, / The Towering Banks of Withope on the West; / ...'
Crosthwaite 1783-94 (Coniston Water) Accurate Map of Coniston Lake
Relief is not indicated, but notice the vignette views of Raven Crag and of the Langdale Pikes, and relief features labelled:-
'The HIELD BROW ...'
Crosthwaite 1783-94 (Buttermere etc) Accurate Map of Buttermere, Crummock and Loweswater Lakes
Relief is not indicated, but notice the vignette views of Rannerdale Knot, Melbreak, and the Newlands valley.
Cary 1789 Green Quarter is labelled south of Skeggles Water, an area that has no particular name.
Drayton 1612/1622 A very few hills are noticed, shown by a large hillock, tinted brown, with a gentleman sitting on top with hat and cloak, and perhaps a staff. Each is labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Skiddow hill'
'Wenrose hill [perhaps Wrynose Fell]'
A number of valleys are noticed, marked by lady reclining or sitting, dressed in gown and hat, labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Borrowdale'
'Wasdale'
Dury 1764 Chart of the Cumberland Coast
No relief is indicated, but one hill (at least) is labelled:-
'Clint Hill'
north of St Bees Head.
Ellis 1765 Modern Map of Westmoreland ...
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hillock symbols, shaded to the east, tinted brown. These are drawn in lines to suggest ranges of hills, but I wouldn't put too much trust in their veracity. A few hillocks are larger, and labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Hoiton Cragg [?Farleton Knott]'
'Dufton Pike'
'Murton Pike'
The choice of these particular hills probably depends more on who was being copied than an assessment of ground truth. There are some other hills labels, eg:-
'Whinfield Hill'
'Helvillon Hill'
'Jefferys Hill'
but it is not clear what is labelled.
'Kelloplaw Hill'
is labelled because it is the meet of four counties.
Feltham 1803 map 2 Lakes, The
example symbol on map
A limited amount of relief is indicated by hill hachuring. The hills are not labelled, except:-
'Dow Crags'
The hachuring is not entirely even but what emphasis is given does not provide a good overall impression of the relief of The Lakes.
example symbol on map
At the back of Bootle bold hachures mark higher hills (not in the right place to be Scawfell).
A valley might be labelled,eg:-
'Great Langdale'
but notice that:-
'Martin's Dale'
labels a high area.
Ford 1839 map example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. Although some hachures are bolder than others, for larger mountains, you do not, for example, get any sense of the importance of Sca Fell; Black Combe is more prominent. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
'Pillar'
'Screes [by Wast Water]'
'SHAP FELLS'
'Rydal Head'
'Red Pike'
Some valleys, lying between hills, are labelled, eg:-
'Sleddale [Wet Sleddale]'
Garnett 1850s-60s D New Section Maps of the Lakes
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring, printed in green. Though it is possible to read the hachuring to see ridges and peaks, the map gives no overall impression of the Lake District dome and radiating valleys. Many hills are labelled, some with heights, eg:-
'Brown Hills'
'Browncove Crags'
'Coldbarrow Fell'
'Froswick / 2359'
'Il Bell / 2476'
'Little Hart Crag / 2091'
'Middle Dodd / 2106'
'Nab Scar'
'Ulpha Fell / 1336'
Some valleys are labelled, eg:-
'Deepdale'
'Wastdale'
'Wrynose Bottom'
Some passes are labelled, eg:-
'Kirkstone Pass'
'Styhead Pass'
Garnett 1850s-60s H (edn 1870s) Some relief is indicated by hill hachuring; some hills and ridges in the central Lakes area, and the Pennines. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Great Dod'
'Brocklebank Fell'
'Skiddaw'
'Stickle Pikes Some valleys might be labelled, but are hardly marked by the hachuring, eg:-'
'Eskdale'
'Patterdale'
A few passes are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Kirkstone Pass'
'Gatescarth Pass'
Gibson 1766 Some relief on the routes, the ups and downs, are indicated by hillocks. These are all drawn the 'right way up' and do indicate whether a hill is an ascent or descent. A hill might be labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Betome Hill'
'Skelsmore fell'
In some places a row of hillocks suggests a ridge route, for example north of Hesket, mile 292-293 on the London to Carlisle road:-
example symbol on map
Hills might be drawn, as a landmark, beside the road, eg:-
example symbol on map
40 miles from Carlisle towards Berwick.
Gibson 1759 Just two small hillocks are used to indicate relief. One to support Orton Beacon; the other labelled:-
example symbol on map
'Betone Hill'
on the road north of Kendal - which has far greater hills to climb in the county further north.
Jefferys 1757 New Map of England and Wales
example symbol on map
Relief is shown by small hillocks, shaded to the east. There is a small group of hills in Cumberland, perhaps the Langdale group. And a line of hills down the eastern boundary of Cumberland and Westmorland, the Pennines. Mostly the hills are not labelled, but notice:-
'Ingleboro Hill'
Hall 1833 The valley is labelled:-
'Long Sleddale'
with a continuous range of hills down the west side, ending at:-
'Potter fell'
The hill hachuring on the east side is more broken up into separate summits, among which you can imagine recognising:-
Tarn Crag
Great Howe
The hill area is labelled:-
'Shap Fells'
Hall 1822 Map of the Lakes of Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire
Relief is indicated, quite diagrammatically, by hill hachuring. While the mountainous nature of the area is made clear, the actual shape of the relief is not demonstrated well. Some mountains and hills are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Fairfield'
'Old Man'
'Gable'
'Scaw Fell Pike'
'Potter Fell'
'Harter Fell'
And some valleys are labelled, eg:-
'Mardale'
'Eskdale'
'Ennerdale'
Hall 1833 Westmoreland ...
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring which, in its limited way, gives an impression of the massifs of the central fells and the Pennines, and the broad valleys of the Eden and Kent. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
'Shap Fells'
'Barbon Beacon'
'Helvellin'
'Whitbarrow Scar'
And some valleys are labelled, eg:-
'Mardale'
'Patterdale'
'Borrow Dale'
Hall 1820 Westmoreland
Relief is not indicated.
Hogg 1784 New Map of Cumberland and Westmoreland
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by small hillock symbols which are scattered almost anywhere there is a space to put them. Nothing much is labelled, but see:-
'Derwent Fells'
Hollar 1644 (edn 1675+) example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by small rugged hillocks shaded to the east. They are not particularly organised, but there are groups in the central Lake District, the Pennines, scottish borders, etc. A few are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Skiddow Hill'
'Kelloplaw hill'
A couple of hillocks are larger, for example (in and around Cumbria): Skiddaw; what could be meant to be Sca Fell; perhaps Whinfell north of Lambrigg; Kelloplaw Hill north of Alston; and Huseatmorvell hill by Mallerstang.
Hondius 1607 example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by small hillocks. At a glance these are scattered pretty freely over the landscape of both maps, but it is possible to see areas with hills such as the plain south of the Solway, and areas of concentration such as the middle of the border with Scotland. No effective portrayal of the relief of the area is provided. Most hills are not labelled.
A larger, knobbly hillock is used for a hill in Northumberland labelled:-
'Suttonside hill'
But the high hills of Westmorland and Cumberland are not noticed.
A valley north of Kirkoswald seems to be labelled:-
'Gwilderdale'
but this does no seem to match the valley of River Gelt, or Giltsdale.
Horsley 1732 example symbol on map
A very little relief is indicated by hill hachuring. This plots the Pennines, and the central Lakes mountains.
Housman 1800 map 1 (Wmd/Cmd/Cum/Lan/Yrk) example symbol on map
A few hills are shown by small rings of hill hachuring, in places there are groups of hachures but mostly the hills are isolated summits. Some hills are named, eg:-
'Skiddow'
'Cross Fell'
'Kidsty Pike'
There is no overall impression of hilly country, and the hills shown are not necessarily the most prominent. Scafell is missing.
Hudson 1842 map (4th edn 1853) example symbol on map
Some relief is indicated by hill hachuring, giving an overall impression of mountainous land in the central Lakes area, and some other ranges of hills. A number of hills of different sizes are labelled, eg:-
'Skiddaw'
'Wythop Fells'
'Causey Pike'
and a number of valleys are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'ESKDALE'
'LANGDALE'
'Deepdale'
'Scandale'
'Stockdale [above Ambleside]'
Some passes are labelled on tracks, eg:-
'Scarf Gap'
'The Stake'
Hutchinson 1748 (Wmd) Correct Map of Westmorland
Relief is indicated by knobbly hillocks. These are clustered to suggest the central Lakes mountains and the Pennines. Some hillocks are larger, and some are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Geffery's Mount'
'Whinfield Hill'
Jansson 1646 Cumbria and Westmoria ...
Relief is indicated by hillocks shaded to the east. These sometimes appear in groups, and sometimes in ranges, as the Pennines. Occasional hills are drawn larger as at:-
example symbol on map
'Morton pike'
'Skiddow hill'
'The Spije Cragg'
and the hills at the head of Borrowdale and Wasdale. Notice the convention of writing ij for y. Some lesser hillocks are also labelled, eg:-
'Hevillon hill'
Jenner 1643 Westmerland ...
example symbol on map
Two hillocks, shaded to the east, indicate relief in the county. One is north of Kendal, the other NW of Appleby.
Jenner 1643 Westmerland ...
example symbol on map
One or two hillocks, shaded to the east, indicate relief. They appear to be popped into available spaces and bear little relationship to the shape of the Lake District.
Keer 1605 (edn 1620) Westmorland and Cumberland ...
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hillocks, shaded to the east. Theses are scattered in spaces between labels, though it is possible to imagine a central patch of hills, a Pennine chain, the Eden valley, ...
Kitchin 1784 Great Britain, England and Wales ...
example symbol on map
No mountains or hills are indicated in Cumbria. But some small hillock symbols indicate relief in Yorkshire, Sedbergh and Dent southward.
Kitchin 1750s Westmoreland
Relief is indicated by small hillocks shaded to the east. These are scattered liberally over the county, keeping the Eden Valley clear of hills, and other river valleys less hilly. One or two hillocks are larger, and might be labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Jefferys Mt.'
'Helvillin Hill'
'Whinfield Hill'
'Murton P'
'Roman Fell'
On the road north from Kendal a hillock is drawn under the road in the style of strip road maps to indicate an ascent, labelled:-
'Betome Hill'
A valley might be labelled, eg:-
'Stanmore Dale'
Kitchin 1763 (Wmd) New Map of Westmoreland
example symbol on map
Relief is suggested by small hillock symbols shaded to the east. They are drawn in ranges in all sorts of available space, though the Eden Valley is left flat. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
'Kelloplaw Hill'
'Bauderskarth Hill'
'Wildboar Fell'
'Wry Noes Head'
'Helvillon Hill'
'Murton Pike'
which are on the county boundary, and some others, eg:-
'Jeffery's Hill'
'Whinfield Hill'
Kitchin and Jefferys 1748 (Wmd/edn 1751) example symbol on map
Some relief is indicated by small but craggy hillocks. They do not provide a realistic depiction of the shape of the county. There are groups of hills east of Langdale, on the county border at Milburn, along Mallerstang, and a small mountainous chain from Tebay towards Hawes Water. Over the county boundary the Pennines run down the east and there is a large range of hills north of Penrith. The emphaseses do not all match reality. Hills are mostly unlabelled, but notice:-
'Belcome Hill'
on the road north from Kendal.
Kitchin 1767 Kitchin's Post Chaise Companion ...
Relief along the road is indicated by hillocks. Where these are engraved under the route they probably imply an ascent or descent. A line of hillocks suggests a ridge or a long slope. Hillocks beside the road might be drawn to suggest mountainous scenery. Very few hills are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Skelsmore fell [Skelsmergh Fell]'
'Betome hill'
north of Kendal, and:-
'Grasmere Hill'
Leigh 1830 map New Map of the Lakes in Westmoreland Cumberland Etc, ...
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Pillar'
'Saddleback'
'Cross Fell'
'Sca Fell'
'Cold Peak'
A valley might be labelled, eg:-
'Sleddale [Wet Sleddale]'
While bigger hills are more heavily hachured, giving some sense of size, the overall effect suggests hilliness in the central Lake District and the Pennines, and no more.
Lewis 1831 example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring and shading, attractive, and providing some idea of the overall arrangement of hills and valleys. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
'SHAP FELLS'
'Harrop Pike'
'Scordale Head'
'Asby Scar'
And some valleys are labelled, eg:-
'Long Sleddale'
'Langdale'
'Borrow Dale'
Linton 1852 map Map of the Lake District and the West Cumberland and West Coast Railways
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
'Skiddaw'
'Kidsty Pike'
The hills are clustered in the central lakes area, but there is no real impression of the shape of the district.
Lloyd 1573 New Description of the Flourishing Kingdon of England ...
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hillocks shaded to the east, tinted brown. No overall impression of the hilly middle of the Lake District is given. Hills are not labelled.
LNWR 1910 map Map of the Lake District
Some hills are marked by a ring of hill hachuring, and labelled, perhaps with a spot height, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Gt. Gable / 2949'
'Helvellyn / 3118'
'Pillar / 2927'
These are marked as places, the hill hachuring is not providing relief data for the region.
Lowes c1800 No relief is depicted, but there might be a label, eg:-
example symbol on map
'HELVELLYN'
'Grasmire Hill'
'FURNESS FELLS'
'BLACK COMB'
At the top of Borrowdale, above Rosthwaite, is a label:-
'Stake'
for the pass.
Early maps suggest relief very roughly, usually with hillock symbols. It is possible to believe that the valley is defined more or less well on some of these maps.
When hill hachuring takes over the definition of valley, pass, and individual hills is more credible, but still uncertain unless supported by a label.
Contours, particulary when supported by layer colouring, give a better idea of the shape of the valley and its hills. Labels, even if just a spot height, enable reliable identifications of some hills.
Marshall 1808 map No relief is shown. The immediate impression of the sketch map is that relief and rivers are not pertinent to agriculture.
Morden 1695 Relief is shown by hillocks shaded to the east, tinted brown. There are hills either side of the valley, but the valley ends in an opening, not by a high pass over hills.
Morden 1676 Westmorland ...
example symbol on map
On the westmorland map relief is suggested by hillocks shaded to the east. The hillocks are scattered in the western part of the county.
Mercator 1564 A knot of mountains is shown by knobbly hillocks on the central Lakes area. This is divided in two by the headwaters of the Duddon and ?Eamont.
Mercator 1595 (Cum) Relief is indicated by hillocks, shaded to the east. These are grouped somewhat, to show a mountainous lakeland region and the Pennines, and, by absence, the Eden Valley, etc. Some hillocks are larger, more knobbly; some hillocks might be labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Helvillon hill'
'Wrenose hill [with stones on top]'
Mill and Heawood 1895 Ullswater and Haweswater
Relief is shown by contours and layer colouring at varying vertical intervals. A table of heights is printed on the left of the map. Spot heights are given at some summits. Hills might be labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Place fell / 2154'
'Hallin Fell / 1271'
'Loadpot Hill / 2201'
Mogg 1822 map Map of the Lakes of Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hill. hachuring. There is an overall impression of a hilly centre to the Lakes region, with plateau mountain tops. Some hills and hill areas are labelled, eg:-
'SHAP FELLS'
'SKIDDAW'
'Farleton Knot'
'Kidsty Pike'
'Witherslack Scar'
And some valleys are labelled, eg:-
'LANGDALE'
'PATTER DALE'
'KENTMERE VALLEY'
Moll 1724 example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hillocks shaded to the east. At first sight these seem to be scattered all over, but it is possible to detect the Eden Valley, free of hills, The Howgills as a group, and so on. Some groups of hillocks are labelled, eg:-
'Wildbore Fell'
'Rumary Fell'
'Derwent Fells Mount.'
Some of the hillocks are larger, and these are more likely to be labelled, eg:-
'Hutton Morvel Hill'
'Gefferyes Hill'
'Dufton P.'
'Skiddow Hill'
'Hard Knot Hill'
Skiddaw is noticed, but neither Sca Fell nor Helvellyn.
Some valleys are labelled, eg:-
'Stainmore Dale'
Morden 1695 Westmorland ...
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by moderate size hillocks, shaded to the east, tinted pale brown. Some hillocks are drawn larger, for example at Farleton Knott and Whinfell. The hills are clustered in central lakeland and the Pennines, river plains left clear. Although the overall effect is attractive it is not truly informative.
Some hills are labelled, eg:-
'Farleto~ Knothill'
'Whinfield hill'
'Helvillin hill'
'Cross fell'
'Murton Pike'
A pass might be labelled, as at:-
'Horse Hause'
This provides a different slant on the interpretation of 'Horse House' on other maps, which could otherwise be understood as Hause House. Notice also:-
'Lawsdale Horse'
north of Selside.
Morden 1708 (version 1720-31/Wmd) example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hillocks shaded to the east. These are clustered on the Westmorland sheet so that the Eden Valley is obvious between the Lakes and the Pennines, but the hills of the central Lakes are no bigger than those south of Kendal. Few hills are labelled, eg:-
'Knothill [Farleton Knot]'
'Morvill Hill [Hugh Seat]'
In Cumberland there are very few hills; some are drawn larger and labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Skiddow hill'
'Hardknot'
'Wrynose'
but there is no hint of the central mountains.
Moule 1836 Westmoreland ...
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring, tinted brown. Hills are grouped to suggest the central heights of the Lake District, the Shap Fells, Pennines, etc. But it is not very successful. Hills might be labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Shap Fells'
'Whitbarrow Scar'
'Helvellin'
'Yew Craggs'
A valley might be labelled, eg:-
'Long Sleddale'
'Langdale'
'Borrow Dale'
example symbol on map
Hillocks, shaded to the right, which might be east on some routes but not on others, are used to indicate relief. The main use is to indicate an ascent by a hillock, and a descent by an inverted hillock. Sometimes a down-up pair indicates a valley in which there might be a rill. Hills might also be indicated beside the route, the hillocks drawn as if seen from the road. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
'Grasmire Hill'
'Holton Crag [Farleton/Hutton]'
'Skeesmore Fell [Skelsmergh Fell]'
'Sallat Brow'
Other hills might be recognised. In a couple of places there is an outline of hilltops drawn beside the route, perhaps labelled:-
'Mountainous'
Otley 1818 Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. The valley is represented as a valley, hills both sides, but even relative heights are not clear. Some hills are labelled:-
'Potter Fell'
'Harter Fell'
'Branstree'
and the valley is labelled:-
'LONG SLEDDALE'
Otley 1818 District of the Lakes
Relief is indicated by attractive hill hachuring which clearly shows where is hilly, though not in any quantitative way. Many hills are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'White barrow'
'SKIDDAW'
'Ill Bell'
'Place Fell'
'Screes'
'Stickle Pikes'
Valleys might be labelled, eg:-
'ESKDALE'
'LANGDALE'
Although not called a pass, there are labels:-
'Kirkstone'
'Wrynose'
Printed lower right, overlaid by the title cartouche, is a diagram of the heights of hills. The picture is a pile of summits at their relative heights, each labelled:-
example symbol on map
'Pikes / 3160'
'Scawfell / 3100'
'Hevellyn / 3070'
'Skiddaw / 3022'
'Gable / 2925'
'Bowfell / 2911'
'Pillar / 2893'
'Grasmoor / 2756'
'Old Man / 2577'
'Grisedale Pike / 2580'
'Stickle or Langdale Pikes / 2400'
'Carrock / 2110'
'Causey / 2030'
'Black Combe / 1919'
'Lord's Seat / 1728'
'Wansfell / 1590'
'Cat Bell / 1448'
'Latrigg / 1160'
'Scilly Bank / 500'
'St Bees Heads 222 Feet above the Sea'
Otley 1818 District of the Lakes ...
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring; larger mountains have darker hachures. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
'Potter Fell'
'HELVELLYN'
'Cawsey Pike'
'Hard Knot'
Paterson 1785 example symbol on map
Ups and downs along the roads are shown by hill hachuring. Occasionally hills beside a road are marked. A few hills are labelled, eg:-
'Binsey [vol.2 p.7 mile 19]'
'Thiefside Fell [vol.2 p.36 mile 7-8]'
'Underbarrow Scar [vol.2 p.67]'
'Mislet Moor [vol.2 p.68 mile 8-10]'
and the hill on which stands Kendal Castle. But there is no hint of the rise over Shap, or the hills beside the road by Thirlmere.
Perrot 1823 (Wmd/Cmd/Cum) example symbol on map
Relief is suggested by hill hachuring. There are hills toward Northumberland, the Pennines. Off to the west is high ground in some part of The Lakes area.
Philip 1920s Philips' Cyclists' Map of the Lake District
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. Some hills are labelled, some with spot heights, eg:-
'Helvellyn / 3114'
'Gt. Dodd / 2804'
'Causey Pike'
'Scafell Pikes / 3229'
'Honister Crag'
Some valleys are labelled, eg:-
'Eskdale'
'Vale of Lorton'
Gradient information is given on roads for the benefit of cyclists (see under roads).
Philip 1900s Some relief is indicated by hill hachuring. Some hills are labelled by name, usually with a spot height, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Wasdale Pike / 1853'
'Skiddaw / 3054'
'High Street'
'Black Law'
'2052 [no name]'
Bowles 1782 Bowles's Post Chaise Companion
example symbol on map
Ascents and descents in the road, and some adjacent relief, is indicated by hill hachuring or by little hillocks shaded to the east. Hillocks are all the asme way up, they are not inverted to show a descent.
example symbol on map
Hachuring enclosing a stretch of road suggests hilliness, with no clear indication of ups and downs except where a stream crossing provides a clue. Hillocks beside the road, on the segment north of Grasmere, suggest the mountains beside this route. Some hills might be labelled, eg:-
'Gresmere Hill'
'Skelsmore fell'
Relief is suggested by scattered groups of hillocks, shaded to the east.
Red Guide 1892 map District of the Lakes
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. The varying boldness hints at greater hilliness in some areas. Some mountains and hills are named, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Ill Bell'
'HELVELLYN'
'Potter Fell'
'Carrock'
A number of valleys are named, eg:-
'LONG SLEDDALE'
'ESK DALE'
'Dunnerdale'
And some passes are named, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Kirkstone'
'Gate Scarth'
'Stake'
Ramsay 1866 Geological Map of England and Wales
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. Some hills are labelled, some with a spot height, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Saddleback / 929'
'Cross fell / 968'
'Skiddaw'
'Helvellyn / 1108'
'Benson Knot'
Rocque 1746 [Westmorland]
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by a few groups of small hillocks, tinted brown on the map studied, with a yellow wash round about. The Westmorland part of the Lakes is not shown to be particularly hilly. There are a few relevant labels, with symbols or without:-
'Gefferyes Hill'
'Whinfield Hill'
'Rumary Fell'
in Westmorland. It is difficult to see why these are chosen for labelling. Just outside the county there are also, for example:-
'Fournes Fells'
'Hard Knot Hill'
and marking the boundaries of Cumberland, Yorkshire, and Durham:-
'Kelloplaw Hill'
Ruthven 1855 example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. Each hill is small, though some ranges of hills are shown, and the overall impression does not suggest a high mountainous district. Many hills are labelled, and some passes, eg:-
'Skiddaw'
'Helm Crag'
'Lord's Seat'
'Caldbeck Fells'
'Dod Fell'
'High Pike'
'Gatescarth Pass'
Sanson 1679 (Cum) Ancien Royaume de Northumberland ...
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hillocks. These are clustered, slightly, to suggest the mountainous regions of the central Lakes and the Pennines. Most hillocks are the same small size, but notice a larger hillock north of Keswick.
Saxton 1579 Anglia
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by a scatter of hillocks shaded to the east. These are a little clustered rather than only decorative.
Saxton 1576 Hillocks are drawn either side of the valley, but it is not reasonable to try and identify particular hills. The hills at the dale head are larger.
Saxton 1576 Westmorlandiae et Cumberlandiae Comitatus
example symbol on map
Relief is shown by hillocks, shaded on the east, tinted brown. Compared with the hillocks used in more southerly counties, the hillocks here are mountainous, giant size ugly lumps. A generous eye will see a concentration of mountains in the central lakes area and another along the Pennines, but the overall impression is not seriously informative.
Some hills are labelled, eg:-
'Skiddow hill'
'Fournes fells'
'Helvillon hill'
'Farleton knot hill'
'Morton pike'
A group of hills on the Northumberland border are labelled:-
'Cristonbury cragg'
'The gele crag'
'The horse head'
'The spy cragg'
Camden 1607 map (edn 1610) Westmorlandiae Comitatus ...
Relief is indicated by knobbly hillocks, tinted pale brown. With some imagination it is possible to see the Eden Valley with the Pennines on one side and the hills of The Lakes on the other. One or two hills are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Helvillon hill'
'Huseat moruill hill'
Seale 1761 Westmoreland ...
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring which is drawn to suggest the hills are ranged outwards from the north west of the county. The hachuring is tinted brown. A few hills are labelled, eg:-
'Jeffery's Hill'
'Gresmere Hill'
Seller 1694 Westmorland ...
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hillocks shaded to the east, tinted brown. These are mostly scattered and unhelpful, mostly small and unlabelled. Some are larger and might be labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Knot hill [Farleton Knot]'
'Morton pike [Murton Pike]'
Simpson 1746 map Westmorland
Relief is suggested here and there by hillock symbols, some a little larger. Their distribution gives little sense of the shape of the county. A few hills are labelled, eg:-
'Kelloplaw Hill'
'Hutton Morvel Hill'
'Wildbore Fell'
which are on the county boundary. Also:-
example symbol on map
'Gefferyes Hill'
'Whinfield Hill'
Smith 1804 Green Quarter is labelled twice, once where it should be and once south of Skeggles Water where it isn't.
Smith 1804 New Map of the County of Westmorland
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. Some hills etc, are labelled, eg:-
'Underbarrow Scar'
'HELVELIN'
'Langdale Pikes'
and some valleys might be, eg:-
'Long Sleddale'
'Borrowdale [eastern]'
Smith 1800 Smith's New and Accurate Map of the Lakes
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring, other than hilliness-in-the-middle there is no overall impression of the Lake District dome. Some hills are labelled, perhaps with a spot height, eg:-
'High Street'
'Langdale Pikes'
'Skiddaw / 3022'
'Saddle Back / 2787'
'Helvelin / 3055'
'Caldbeck Fells'
'Dow Crags'
Printed by Sca Fell is:-
'Sea (sic) Fell is the highest Mountain in England according to the Determination of the Grand Trigonometrical Survey being 3166 Feet above the Level of the Sea.'
Text below the title, upper left, reads:-
'The Figures ... affix'd to the Hills express their height in Feet above the Level of the Sea as determined by the Grand Trigonometrical Survey of England and wales from which the position of this Map has likewise been deduced.'
A valley might be labelled, eg:-
'ESKDALE'
'Westleddale (sic)'
and a pass might be labelled, eg:-
'Dunmail Rays or Rays Gap'
Smith 1804 New Map of the County of Westmorland
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring, all over the county. Some hills are labelled, showing a variety of placename terminology, eg:-
example symbol on map
'HELVELIN'
'Place Fell'
'DOW CRAGGS'
'SILVER HOW'
'SCORDALE HEAD'
'Langdale Pikes'
'Round Hill'
'Farlton Knot'
'Witherslack Scar'
Valleys might be labelled, eg:-
'Westledale'
'Long Sleddale'
'Langdale'
And a pass might be labelled, eg:-
'Nan Bield'
which is marked by a pillar.
Speed 1611 Kingdome of Great Britaine and Ireland ...
Scattered on the map are a few hillocks, shaded to the east, suggesting relief. Space is very limited for this information. Judging from Hampshire the representation of the shape of a county is not reliable! There are one or two hillocks sort of where the South Downs might be. In other parts of the map there is some suggestion of the Penine Way and of hilly regions in Scotland and Wales.
Speed 1611 (Wmd) Countie Westmorland ...
Relief is indicated by rugged hillocks, tinted pale brown. The south of the county is shown to be hilly; there is a plain for the Lowther, Eamont, Eden catchment; and hills on the east. Some hills and upland areas are labelled, eg:-
'Fourness Fells [Lancashire]'
'Farleton Knothill'
'Whinfeld hill'
'Morton Pike'
'Fourness Fells [Lancashire]'
Speed 1611 Cumberland and the Ancient Citie Carlile ...
example symbol on map
Relief is indicated by hillocks shaded mostly to the east, tinted brown. The hillocks are more knobbly than those used by John Speed for places in southern England. The hillocks are distributed to show the hilly lakeland and flatter northern valley, and the hilliness of The Pennines. But, no real impression is given of the shape of the mountain land. A few hills are labelled, eg:-
'Hard Knot'
'Dent Hill'
'High Gate'
'Skiddow hill'
Unknown 1814 (Cum/Lakes) A very little relief is suggested by hill hachuring, the hills tinted pale brown. Most of the land area is tinted green. Some of the hills are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'Helvellin'
'Skiddow'
'H Bell [Ill Bell]'
... while Scafell is not even indicated.
Wallis 1812 (Wmd) example symbol on map
Some relief is indicated by hill hachuring, shaded to the east. With a bit of imagination the overall shape of the hills of the central Lakes, and the Pennines, can be seen, and the Eden Valley and low parts of the south of the county. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
'Helvelyn'
'Loughrigg Fell'
'Dow Crags [border with Yorkshire]'
'Round Hill [border with Yorkshire]'
A valley might be labelled, eg:-
'Borrowdale [up from Low Borrow Bridge]'
West 1784 map Map of the Lakes in Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire
Very little relief is shown on the map; and this is the highest and most rugged part of England! There are slight hachures for a few mountains and edges, labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'SKIDDAW'
'FARLETON KNOT'
'Underbarrow Scar'
'HILL BELL'
'Langdale Pikes'
Other relief features are labelled, without hachures, eg:-
example symbol on map
'HARTER FELL'
'COPELAND FOREST'
'Holling Fell'
'Honister Crag'
And at least one valley is labelled:-
'Eskdale'
separately from its river, Esk River, which is labelled lower down.
West 1784 map (edn 1811) Map of the Lakes in Cumberland, Westmoreland and Lancashire
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. The engraving shows a concentration of hills where it should, but also obscures the engraving of placenames, especially hill names. Some hills are labelled, eg:-
example symbol on map
'HELVELLYN'
'SHAPFELLS'
'Underbarrow Scar'
'Grassmire Hill'
'Kidsey Pike'
Some valleys are labelled, eg:-
'Eskdale'
'St John's Vale'
references

Bicknell, Peter: 1947: British Hills and Mountains: Collins (London)

references

Wainwright, A:: Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, book 1 & Eastern Fells: Westmorland Gazette (Kendal, Westmorland)

Wainwright, A:: Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, book 2 & Far Eastern Fells: Westmorland Gazette (Kendal, Westmorland)

Wainwright, A:: Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, book 3 & Central Fells: Westmorland Gazette (Kendal, Westmorland)

Wainwright, A:: Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, book 4 & Southern Fells: Westmorland Gazette (Kendal, Westmorland)

Wainwright, A:: Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, book 5 & Northern Fells: Westmorland Gazette (Kendal, Westmorland)

Wainwright, A:: Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, book 6 & North Western Fells: Westmorland Gazette (Kendal, Westmorland)

Wainwright, A:: Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, book 7 & Western Fells: Westmorland Gazette (Kendal, Westmorland)

Wainwright, A:: Outlying Fells of Lakeland: Westmorland Gazette (Kendal, Westmorland)

Wainwright, A:: Pennine Way Companion: Westmorland Gazette (Kendal, Westmorland)

Wainwright, A:: Walks on the Howgill Fells: Westmorland Gazette (Kendal, Westmorland)

references

Wilkinson, J (ed):: Climbing Guides to the English Lake District & Langdale: Fell and Rock Climbing Club: no.1

Wilkinson, J (ed):: Climbing Guides to the English Lake District & Eastern Crags: Fell and Rock Climbing Club: no.2

Wilkinson, J (ed):: Climbing Guides to the English Lake District & Borrowdale: Fell and Rock Climbing Club: no.3

Wilkinson, J (ed):: Climbing Guides to the English Lake District & Buttermere and Newlands: Fell and Rock Climbing Club: no.4

Wilkinson, J (ed):: Climbing Guides to the English Lake District & Pillar Rock etc: Fell and Rock Climbing Club: no.5

Wilkinson, J (ed):: Climbing Guides to the English Lake District & Gable, Wasdale and Eskdale: Fell and Rock Climbing Club: no.6

Wilkinson, J (ed):: Climbing Guides to the English Lake District & Scafell: Fell and Rock Climbing Club: no.7

Wilkinson, J (ed):: Climbing Guides to the English Lake District & Dow Crag etc: Fell and Rock Climbing Club: no.8

references

Abraham, George D: 1909: British Mountain Climbs: Mills and Boon (London)

Allen, Bob: 1987: On High Lakeland Fells: Pic Publications (Leicester, Leicestershire):: ISBN 0 951111 41 8

Allen, Bob: 1990: On Lower Lakeland Fells: Michael Joseph (London):: ISBN 0 7181 3369 2

Allen, Bob & Linney, Peter: 1995: Walking the Ridges of Lakeland: Michael Joseph (London):: ISBN 0 7181 3877 5

Barrow, John: 1888: Mountain Ascents in Westmoreland and Cumberland: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington (London)

Benson, C E: 1902: Crag and Hound in Lakeland: Hurst and Blackett (London):: rock climbing and hunting

Cram, Geoff & Eilbeck, Chris & Roper, Ian: 1977 (2nd edn) & 1975: Rock Climbing in the Lake District: Constable (London):: ISBN 0 09 461840 2

Dugdale, Graham: 1989: Remote Walks in Lakeland: Westmorland Gazette (Kendal, Cumbria):: ISBN 0 902272 78 0

Gardner, Arthur: 1942: Britain's Mountain Heritage: Batsford, B T (London)

Lawton, Tom: 1993: Exploring the Lakeland Fells: Ward Lock (London)

Oppenheimer, Lehmann J: 1988 (reprint) & 1868: Heart of Lakeland: Ernest Press:: ISBN 0 948153 07 5

Parker, June (ed) & Pickels, Tim (ed): 1996: Lakeland Fells: Fell and Rock Climbing Club & Ernest Press:: ISBN 0 85028 039 7

Poucher, W A: 1983 (9th edn) & 1960: Lakeland Peaks: Constable and Co (London):: ISBN 0 09 465450 6

Synge, Timothy: 1995: Lakeland Summits: Sigma Leisure (Wilmslow, Cheshire):: ISBN 1 85058 446 X

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