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Miscellany
Whilst working on the Lakes Guides project we have looked up all sorts of interesting material to help us understand objects in the text and features on maps. These notes are accessible here. Our whole project is unashamedly provincial; we must work from the sources that are available to us, here, based in Longsleddale near Kendal. The Armitt Library in Ambleside and the local studies library in Kendal being major resources. It is not always practical to use primary sources in far away London. Besides: there is plenty to do with what we have. But BEWARE: none of these notes is a definitive essay about the topic. They are our working notes; we would rather share them than hide them away. You must take the researches further, more soundly, before relying upon them. From the Gazetteer Many of the entries in the topics menu are Locality Type terms from the Old Cumbria Gazetteer; terms like railway, barn, and so on. Clicking on these gets a menu of the places in the gazetteer, and a page of incidental photographs, where a feature appears in another place's record. No recording is perfect; if the locality type has not been recorded for the place it will not appear in the relevant index; if something in a photo has not been noticed and recorded as an index keyword it will not appear in the relevant list. Bibliographies Book lists are provided for some topics. These are books that just happen to be available in my study, or I've happened to see in a library or in a friend's study. You must search out books for yourself, but the sources mentioned might be a useful starting place. |
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Some topics of cartographic interest are already dealt with on another website, Old Hampshire Mapped. These can be accessed from the buttons below: they will only work if you are online and will open in a new window which should not interfere with the Lakes Guides website. | |
title cartouches.
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compass roses, and other map orientation.
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map scales, scale lines etc.
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map miles, the Old English Mile, distance tables, etc.
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latitude, longitude, prime meridian, etc.
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map symbols from different periods.
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colouring of maps; the tricking of plots
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relief; hillocks, hachuring, etc
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Bench Marks Travelling around anywhere in Great Britain you will occasionally see a cut bench mark, a horizontal line with a broad arrow beneath it, on a wall, or wherever. The usual reaction is "oh, there's a bench mark, something to do with the Ordnance Survey maps". Bench marks are marks made by the Ordnance Survey, whose height relative to a declared datum has been determined by spirit levelling. It was policy to maintain about 5 bench marks per 1Km square in rural areas, about 30 to 40 in urban areas, and there was a policy to check and renew marks to compensate for losses due to building and road works. Various sorts of bench marks are used, with varying degrees of accuracy of the height data. The types of mark are described and illustrated in Harley 1975. |
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| fundamental bench mark |
Fundamental bench marks are located about 40Km apart
on lines of primary geodetic levelling; based on bedrock
or other stable strata.
In an enclosure of iron railings there is a buried chamber with 2 reference points, a gunmetal bolt and a flint, which are only used for primary levelling. Adjacent to this is a granite or concrete pillar, about 30cm square, with a brass bolt whose height is published. There are only about 115 (?)in the whole of Great Britain. It is said that the arrangement looked like a grave, and that one fundamental bench mark outside a church was enhanced by flowers for many years. |
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| flush bracket | Flush bracket bench marks are placed about 1.5Km apart along lines of geodetic levelling, and at important junctions of lines. They are also placed in the side of most trig point pillars. | ||
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Bridge at Skirwith, NY615359.
The mark is a metal plate, 9x17.5cm, mounted on a vertical wall. The height refers to a small horizontal platform at the point of the broad arrow cast in the metal. Each flush bracket has a serial number. |
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| projecting bracket |
Projecting bracket bench marks mostly date from the early
stages of the 2nd primary geodetic levelling of 1912-21.
The mark is a metal plate on a vertical wall, with a projecting bracket on which a raised stud is the height reference. |
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| bolt |
The bolt bench marl is a 6cm diameter brass plate,
engraved with a broad arrow and:-
O S B M A raised stud in the horizontal plate is the height reference. |
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| cut bench mark | The cut bench mark is perhaps the most familiar of all bench marks. There is a horizontal line cut in an upright stone surface, with abroad arrow cut below. The centre of the cut line at the point of the arrow is the height reference. | ||
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| Parapet of the bridge over the River Lowther, Bampton Grange, Bampton, NY52071800. | |||
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On a boulder in a drystone wall,
Buttermere, NY16072320.
Occasionally there is a metal plug at the reference point, engraved with a horizontal groove. |
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St James's Church, Temple Sowerby, NY611271; cut bench
mark with an engraved plug, and a spot height:- 348 3/4 feet above the Sea |
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| rivet | A rivet bench mark is a brass rivet in an approximately level stone surface, with a broad arrow cut to point at the rivet. The top of the rivet is the height reference. | ||
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On a flat rock on the road up Wrynose Pass,
Lakes, NY28370323; hard to see!
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| pivot | A pivot bench mark is a small hollow in an approximately level stone surface, with a broad arrow pointing to it. A 5/8 inch ball bearing placed in the hollow is the reference height. | ||
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On a step of a stile, now hidden by plants,
Longsleddale, NY49500376.
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Bench Mark Lists The Ordnance Survey used to publish bench mark lists, arranged by 1Km square (4 figure grid reference). These lists are now accessible, free, on a website - whose address is so complicated I hesitate to give it here:- http://benchmarks.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=111:13:18033203823611428938::NO:13::The data is provided in a table which can be downloaded as a .csv (comma separated value) file to load into a spreadsheet program. The columns are:- Square, Easting, Northing, Mark type, Description, Height, Order, Datum, Verified year, Levelling year, Metres above groundeg:- NY,2930,0323,CUT MARK,ROCK S SIDE RD,167.8168,3,N,1956,,0Some other entries are less easy to understand. Just a reminder:- 1 foot = 0.3048 m |
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PRIMARY LEVELLING Spirit levelling is the system of finding the altitudes of particular points relative to a know datum. The datum for mainland Great Britain is mean sea level at Newlyn; the Ordnance Datum (OD). The Leveller had a back stave, vertical pole with height markings, placed on a point of known height, a forward stave, similar, place some distance further on, and a levelling instrument set up in between. The instrument had a telescope with stadia to read off the marks on the staves, kept horizontal by a long spirit level. Observations, carefully horizontal, were made on the back stave and forward stave, and the difference gave the height of the forward position. The forward point became the new back point, and a new forward point was measured, etc. The whole process should finish at another position whose height was known already; and the levelling repeated in the other direction as a check. This is a simplified account! there are problems of curvature of the earth, intervisibility of points, keeping staves vertical, and so on. Thomas Colby, Superintendent of the Ordnance Survey, was aware of spirit levelling from his involvement in a committee that organised the levelling of a canal route from Axmouth to Portishead, 1837-38. (This canal was never built.) The first primary levelling across England, Wales and Scotland, was carried out 1841-60. The first datum was an arbitrary height 100 feet below a bench mark cut in the face of the tower of St John's Church, Old Haymarket, London; in 1844 a datum at Liverpool superseded this. Early maps might give bench mark heights relative to the Liverpool Victoria Dock datum, found since to be 0.65 feet below mean sea level. The primary levelling followed a network of lines across Great Britain, shown on an:- INDEX MAP of INITIAL LEVELLING in ENGLAND and WALES The lines in Cumbria are roughly:-
 The initial choice of bench marks, excepting the fundamental and important marks, was not always safe, sometimes on any wall or building that came handy So later, some had moved, and some had disappeared. Stone walls might be rebuilt, the bench mark moved or lost; milestones are not very stable; and so on. In local circumstances a surveyor might set up his own bench marks for a project. One fall back is to use a nail in a tree. This has its own problems. A year later, returning to an archaeological site our surveyor found his bench mark nail with dozens of other nails added by local children. While trees grow mostly at the top, a tree even as large as 2 foot diameter will rise a 1/4 to 3/8 inch in a year, in its trunk. Second Primary Levelling three new tide gauges were set up, at Felixstowe 1913, Newlyn 1915, and Dunbar 1917. As the resulting mean sea level at the three places did not agree, the Ordnance Survey choose one, Newlyn to be their datum. The tide gauge here was at the end of the harbour pier facing the Atlantic Ocean, and the area was stable granite rock. The Newlyn tide gauge remained an OS responsibility till 1983, when it was taken over by the Institute of Oceanographic Studies. The original tide gauge is preserved at OS headquarters, Southampton. A second primary levelling, using 115 fundamental bench marks, took place 1912-21. The whole system was more orderly; the flush bracket, projecting bracket and bolt were instituted as intermediate grade bench marks. Third Primary Levelling, and ... A third primary levelling was carried out 1951-56. By the 1970s the systematic maintenance of low grade bench marks was abandoned. |
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Broad Arrow The broad arrow is a mark, or sigillum, of the property of the King or Queen of England. It is said to have been used since the time of the Edwards, when the english bowmen and their arrows were the most powerful military weapon of the time. The royal use predates the romantic tale that the mark derives from the coat of arms, or a pheon azure, of Henry Sidney, Earl of Romney, Master General of the Ordnance in the late 17th century. A pheon is a similar armorial charge to an arrowhead. |
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REFERENCES These are references that I happen to have used. There will be dozens of other books about surveying! Owen, Tim & Pilbeam, Elaine: 1992: Ordnance Survey, Map makers to Great Britain since 1791: Ordnance Survey (Southampton, Hampshire):: ISBN 0 319 00498 8 (pbk) |
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| private | Individual surveyors, private or commercial, might set up their own local bench marks to suit a job. This mark was found in the road upon a railway bridge in Waverton. | ||
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NY21264610.
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| And this was found in the path just outside the church in troutbeck. | |||
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NY41250272.
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| Landscape Mirror | |
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Thomas West 1778 The introductory part of Thomas West's Guide to the Lakes includes comment about optical aids for the tourist, pp.11-12:- To render the tour more agreeable, the company should be provided with a telescope, for viewing the fronts and summits of inaccessible rocks, and the distant country from the tops of the high mountains Siddaw and Helvellyn. The landscape mirror will also furnish much amusement in this tour. Where the objects are great and near, it removes them to a due distance, and shows them in the soft colours of nature, and in the most regular perspective the eye can perceive, or science demonstrate. The mirror is of the greatest use in sunshine, and the person using it ought always to turn his back on the object that he views. It should be suspended by the upper part of the case, holding it a little to the right or left (as the position of the parts to be viewed require) and the face screened from the sun. The mirror is a plano-convex glass, and should be the segment of a large circle; otherwise distant and small objects are not perceived in it; but if the glass be too flat, the perspective view of great and near objects is less pleasing, as they are represented too near. These inconveniences may be provided against by two glasses of different convexity. The dark glass answers well in sunshine; but on cloudy and gloomy days the silver foil is better. Whoever uses spectacles upon other occasions, must use them in viewing landscapes in these mirrors. There occasional references to the landscape mirror throughout the text. p.70:- ... A picture of the north end of the lake [Windermere], taken from this island [the Great Island], will far exceed the fanciful production of the happiest pencil.- This may easily be verified by the use of the concave reflecting glass. p.96:- The views here [from Castle Crag, Borrowdale], taken in the glass, when the sun shines, are amazingly fine. p.110:- ... Another station remains, and which ought to be an evening one, in the vicarage garden [Crosthwaite]. Mr. Gray took it in his glass from the horsing-block, and speaks of it thus: 'From hence I got to the parsonage a little before sun-set, and saw in my glass a picture, that if I could transmit it to you, and fix it in all the softness of its living colours, would fairly sell for a thousand pounds. This is the sweetest scene I can yet discover, in [point of pastoral beauty, the rest are in sublimer style]. p.127:- ... All the views up the lake [Bassenthwaite Lake], are in a style great and sublime. They are seen in the bosom of the lake, softened by reflection, but to the glass is reserved the finished picture, in the truest colouring, and most just perspective. Transcriptions from Thomas West's Guide to the Lakes are made from the 11th edition, 1821. Thomas Gray 1769 Thomas Gray made a tour of the Lakes which he reported in a journal for his friend Dr Wharton. Dr Wharton was taken ill at Brough and was unable to accompany Mr Gray. The account of the journey was written in a letter to Dr Wharton, 18 October 1769, later published in a memoir of his life. The letter is reproduced in Thomas West's Guide to the Lakes. West 1821 p.200; the footnote by Mr Mason who edited Gray's journal:- Sep. 30. ... [stared from Brough] ... On the ascent of the hill above Appleby, the thick hanging woods and the long reaches of the Eden, clear, rapid and full as ever, winding below, with views of the castle and town, gave much employment to the mirror [1]; ... [1] Mr. Gray carried usually with him on these tours a plano-convex mirror, of about four inches diameter, on a black foil, and bound up like a pocket-book. A glass of this sort is perhaps the best and most convenient substitute for a camera obscura, of anything that has hithertoo been invented, and may be had of any optician. West 1821 p.203:- Oct. 3. A heavenly day ... Our path here tends to the left, and the ground gently rising, and covered with a glade of scattered trees and bushes on the very margin of the water, opens both ways the most delicious view that my eyes every beheld. ... here the glass played its part divinely; the place is called Carf-close-reeds; and I choose to set down these barbarous names, that any body may enquire on the place, and easily find the particular station that I mean. ... West p.207:- Oct. 4. ... I got to the parsonage [Crosthwaite] a little before sun-set, and saw in my glass a picture, that if I could transmit to you, and fix it in all the softness of its living colours, would fairly sell for a thousand pounds. This is the sweetest scene I can yet discover in point of pastoral beauty; the rest are in a sublimer style. Landscape Mirror The landscape glass is a convex mirror, in which a view is reduced in size. It is, incidentally, reversed but no mention is made about this by Thomas West or Thomas Gray. Thomas West suggests mirrors of different convexity, ie focal length, to suit different sorts of scene. And the mirror may have a black backing to the glass, dulling the view, or silver backing if the day is already dull. The device is often known as a Claude Glass. There seems not to be any connection with Claude Lorrain, 17th century landscape artist, except that its harmonising effect produced scenes in his style, the object of nature given a "soft, mellow tinge". There is a landscape mirror in the collections of the National Museums of Scotland (the Chamber Street Museum), Edinburgh: item NMS:T1978.82  Landscape mirrors were made rectangular, oval, or circular, backed in black or silver. The glass itself might be tinted, in different hues. Martin Kemp describes the landscape mirror, amongst other optical aids for artists, in the following terms:- ... to convey a relatively wide-angled view on to a small-scale surface .... sense of coherent gathering together of the disparate elements of the scene. Its tonal effect is to reduce glare at the top end of the scale, as in a large expanse of luminous sky, and thus allow the subtlety of the mid tones to emerge ... darker tones acquire a unity, without totally supressing the detail. ... ... its ability to transpose reality into a more melodious key. Gerard de Lairesse, 1707:- ... very convenient for drawing all Sorts of large Works in narrow Places or Streets ... 'Tis also useful to Landskip-painters in their Country views: They may take whole Tracts of Land, with Towns and Villages, Waters, Woods, Hills, and Sea, from East to West, without moving either Head or Eyes. 'Tis likewise proper for those who are ignorant of perspective. Although this artificial artist's eye produces an image that might, perhaps, suit pencil and paper better, it does not directly help the artist make the image on paper. The artist still has to be able to draw. Using the mirror the artist has the added task of turning the image the right way round. Photography At least one author has likened composition in the landscape mirror to the photographer's efforts with a viewfinder to compose his picture in a small frame. The landscape mirror does not only reduce and frame the scene, but it darkens, subdues, the scene. This helps the eye see the scene in black and white, which will be used to make a pencil drawing and a subsequent engraving. Seeing a colour scene in monochrome is difficult, as any photographer who works with black and white film knows. References de Lairesse, Gerard: 1707 & 1777 (translation): Het Groot Schilderbock & Art of Painting: (Amsterdam, translation London) Kemp, Martin: 1990: Science of Art, The: Yale University Press (New Haven, United States) & London:: ISBN 0 300 04337 6 West, Thomas: 1778 (1st edn): Guide to the Lakes, A West, Thomas: 1821 (11th edn): Guide to the Lakes, A: Pennington, William (Kendal, Westmorland) & Richardson, J (Royal Exchange, London) |
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Transcription
Letter by Letter Transcriptions are made letter by letter transcription from the inscription on an item. There is no universally approved way of transcribing the text of inscriptions. One rule is sensible; declare what rules you are going to follow: decide them, state them, and stick to them. The following notes are derived from the OBJECT Format Rules (OFR) used in making Object Records, recording History File essays, etc. OFR Transcription Rules Record the Transcription letter-for-letter, except for conventional characters ([|]/) and banned characters (asterisk, hash, double quote) (banned under OFR). Example RIC[H] / GR[EE ] / LA[ ]for what might have been RICHon the heel base of a clay pipe, with some bits unclear on the right hand side. These rules are predicated on the use of the basic ascii character set. If a more advanced database is used, eg MODES for Windows, it will be possible to cope with accented characters, and characters from other alphabets. The rules derive from usage in transcribing ordinary text. They begin to fail when the text off objects is transcribed, the jumbled text on packaging, for example. Further Rules Further rules, extending the conventional usages of square brackets and slash, have been suggested but are NOT adopted by OBJECT Format Rules, as yet. Eg:- Use angle brackets (< >) to indicate matter which is crossed out or deleted.NB angle brackets will cause problems if data in downloaded to HTML in the World Wide Web, unless the download takes account of the problem by outputting the HTML escape sequences for these characters: < and >. |
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Samuel Johnson's Dictionary, 1755-56
Entries have been copied from Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language, 1755-56, where they might help today's reader understand early guidebooks to the Lake District, in particular the Guide to the Lakes written by Thomas West, first published 1778.
Selections for Guides to the Lakes The selected entries are taken from Samuel Johnson's dictionary where they might help today's reader understand early guidebooks to the Lake District, in particular the Guide to the Lakes written by Thomas West, first published 1778. It is not possible to provide all Samuel Johnson's words. It is worth providing some examples, as a reminder that word meanings shift and that the words in Thomas West's text have had more than two hundred years to loose and gain nuances and associations. The selection of words included here was made subjectively; what I thought would be helpful or interesting; it is weighted towards adjectives, and verbs whose participles are used as adjectives. Many words mean much what they do today; but sometimes we know, but have forgotten, shades of meaning that might have been intended by Thomas West. Thomas West does not necessarily use words as the dictionary says, his language is lyrical, poetic, and full of licence; it is influenced by the anthropomorphic view of Nature common at his time, which a rational person today must refuse. Also his descriptive powers sometimes depend on combinations of words, which might not seem to belong together in their everyday senses. Some of Thomas West's spellings do not agree with Samuel Johnson's correct spelling. West has aestuary, Johnson estuary; West has bason, Johnson basin; etc. Samuel Johnson's explanations of his words are published nearly a generation before Thomas West's guide book, and may anyway owe more to earlier usage, by renowned authors, than to his day's speech or writing. At any time it has to be remembered that, in a real way, everyday usage is right and has priority over any dictionary. Those who deplore the usage of words like 'bad' by today's children should look again at the usage of such fierce words by the 18th century writers. The explanations of words use other words in their [then] contemporary sense, which should be checked in each of those words entries, and so on. Looking up words in a dictionary is a recursive procedure, perhaps with no way out. As an example look at the entries for cascade, cataract and waterfall, which run in circles, though one, not the expected one, has a helpful explanation. The words are regarded as synonyms. More recent theoretical work on placenames suggests that it is worth looking for precise subtleties of usage that distinguish the three terms. In this instance the everyday reader might expect, with me, that a waterfall is a fall of water, a cascade is a fall in steps, and a cataract is probably a cascade spread out horizontally - perhaps you have your own mind's eye views! Be careful when looking up words in this early dictionary that involve letters U or V, and I and J. They are treated as equals, and listed in unfamiliar ways. Notice that Samuel Johnson's source references are sometimes abbreviated; this appears simply to be a function of type setting, not of total space available. The Dictionary The selected extracts are taken from A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson, first published London, 1755. The extracts mostly come from the abridged edition which Samuel Johnson issued in 1756. source type:- Johnson 1756 Samuel Johnson's own preface to his abridgement states:- Having been long employed in the study and cultivation of the English language, I lately published a dictionary like those compiled by the academies of Italy and France, for the use of such as aspire to exactness of criticism, of elegance of style. But it has since been considered that works of that kind are by no means necessary to the greater number of readers, who, seldom intending to write or presuming to judge, turn over books only to amuse their leisure, and to gain degrees of knowledge suitable to lower characters, or necessary to the common business of life: these know not any other use of a dictionary than that of adjusting orthography, and explaining terms of science or words of infrequent occurrence, or remote derivation. For these purposes many dictionaries have been written by different authors, and with different degrees of skill; but none have yet fallen into my hands by which even the lowest expectations could be satisfied. Some of their authors wanted industry, and others literature: some knew not their own defects, and others were too idle to supply them. For this reason a small dictionary appeared yet to be wanting to common readers; and as I may without arrogance claim to myself a longer acquaintance with the lexicography of our langauge than any other writer has had, I shall hope to be considered as having more experience at least than most of my predecessors, and as more likely to accommodate the nation with a vocabulary of daily use. I therefore offer to the public an abstract or epitome of my former work. In comparing this with other dictionaries of the same kind it will be found to have several advantages. I. It contains many words not to be found in any other. II. Many barbarous terms and phrases by which other dictionaries may vitiate the style are rejected form this. III. The words are more correctly spelled, partly by attention to their etymology, and partly by observation of the practice of the best authors. IV. The etymologies and derivations, whether from foreign languages or from native roots, are more diligently traced, and more distinctly noted. V. The senses of each word are more copiously enumerated, and more clearly explained. VI. Many words occurring in the elder authors, such as Spenser, Shakspeare, and Milton, which had been hitherto omitted, are here carefully inserted; so that this book may serve as a glossary or expository index to the poetical writers. VII. To the words, and to the different senses of each word, are subjoined from the large dictionary the names of those writers by whom they have been used; so that the reader who knows the different periods of the language, and the time of its authors, may judge of the elegance or prevalence of any word, or meaning of a word; and without recurring to other books, may know what are antiquated, what are unusual, and what are recommended by the best authority. The words of this dictionary, as opposed to others, are more diligently collected, more accurately spelled, more faithfully explained, and more authentically ascertained. Of an abstract it is not necessary to say more; and I hope it will not be found that truth requires me to say less. References Johnson, Samuel: 1755: Dictionary of the English Language: (London) Bolton, W F: 1973 (reprint) & 1966 (1st edn): English Language; Essays by English and American Men of Letters 1490-1839: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, Cambridgeshire):: 0 521 09379 1 (pbk, reprint); quotes part of the preface to the 1755 edition. Johnson, Samuel & Chalmers, Alexander (ed): 1994: Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language: Studio Editions (London):: ISBN 1 85891 126 5; quotes the preface to the 1843 edition of the epitome |
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Char - Salvelinus alpinus The char or charr, arctic charr, is a member of the Salmonidae family, Salvelinus alpinus. It has a circumpolar distribution, either landlocked in mountainous regions, or in sea. In the south part of its range, including the Lake District, it is found in cool, deep lakes where it has survived since these waters were cut off from the seas after the last ice age. Lake populations are smaller fish than the migratory sea char. Lake char, adults, are about 20cm long. They are salmon like, have small scales, and large round pinkish spots on back and sides.  Red char 13 ounce male, and silver char 6 ounce male, Salvelinus salvelinus, both caught in lake Windermere, by J F Peters, 21 September and 1 October, 1914. Photo courtesy of Kendal Museum (item KEDLM:1994.40) |
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Thomas West, 1778
Page 54:- ... The char here [Coniston Water] are said to be the finest in England. They are taken later than on Windermere-water, and continue longer in the spring. Page 56:- ... The fish here [Esthwaite Water] are perch, pike, eel, and trout. No char are found in this lake, though it is connected with Windermere-water. Page 73:- The fish of this lake [Windermere] are char, trout, perch, pike, and eel. Of the char there are two varieties, the case char, and the gelt char. The greatest depth of the lake is, opposite to Ecclerigg-cragg, 222 feet. The fall from Newby-bridge, where the current of the lake becomes visible, to the high water-mark of the tide at Low-wood (distant two miles) is 105 feet. The bottom of the lake is therefore 117 feet below the high water-mark of the sea. Page 138 footnote 1 This lake [Crummock Water] abounds with the finest char, and red trout, and contains also some pike and perch. Page 139:- ... These lakes [Crummock Water] are of a much greater depth than Derwent-water, and this may be the only reason why they have char, and some others have not. The char, in the summer months, retire to the deeps, probably to avoid the heat. The water here is clear, but not so transparent as the lake of Derwent. The outlet is at the north-east corner, by the river Cocker, over which is a handsome stone bridge, of four arches. This lake is four miles in length, and in some places almost half a mile over. Page 140:- ... This lake [Loweswater], in opposition to all the others, has its course from north to south, and under Mellbreak falls into Cromack-water. It is of no great depth, and without char; but it abounds with pike and perch, and has some trout. Page 157:- ... The lake [Ullswater] is of a depth sufficient for breeding char, and abounds with a variety of [other fish] ... Page 209:- ... ... There are no char ever taken in these lakes [Derwent Water, Bassenthwaite Lake], but plenty in Buttermere-water, which lies a little way north of Borrowdale, about Martinmas, which are potted here. ... |
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Daniel Defoe, 1724-26
But I must not forget Winander Mere, which makes the utmost northern bounds of this shire, which is famous for the char fish found here and hereabout, and no where else in England; it is found indeed in some of the rivers or lakes in Swisserland among the Alps, and some say in North Wales; but I question the last. It is a curious fish, and, as a dainty, is potted, and sent far and near, as presents to the best friends; but the quantity they take also is not great. Mr. Cambden's continuator calls it very happily the Golden Alpine Trout. |
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Celia Fiennes, 1698
At the Kings Arms [Kendal] one Mrs. Rowlandson she does pott up the charr fish the best of any in the country, I was curious to have some and so bespoke some of her, and also was as curious to see the great water which is the only place that fish is to be found in, and so went from Kendall to Bondor 6 miles thro' narrow lanes, ... ... ... 7 miles to this great lake Wiandermer or great standing water, which is 10 mile long and near halfe a mile over in some places; it has many little hills or isles in it, ... the water is very clear and full of good fish, but the Charr fish being out of season could not easily be taken so I saw none alive, but of other fish I had a very good supper; the season for the Charrfish is between Michaelmas and Christmas, at that tyme I have had of them which they pott with sweete spices, they are as big as a small trout rather slenderer and the skinn full of spots some redish, and part of the whole skinn and the finn and taile is red like the finns of a perch, and the inside flesh looks as red as any salmon; if they are in season their taste is very rich and fatt tho' not so strong or clogging as the lamprys are, but its as fatt and rich a food. |
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Tullie House, Carlisle
Tullie House, Carlisle, has a char dish in its collections, specially manufactured for the sale of potted char. Their display states that char is still being fished on lake Windermere and Coniston Water, using a weighted line with hooks at intervals. There are char in Haweswater, Wastwater, Crummock Water, Buttermere, Ennerdale Water, Windermere, and Coniston Water |
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Ruskin Museum, Coniston
The museum has a char dish:- 
And two displays of arctic char fishing, a tradional style taxidermy and a modern sculpture:- 
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References
Defoe, Daniel: 1724: Tour Through England and Wales: (London) Fiennes, Celia & Morris, Christopher (ed): 1947: Journeys of Celia Fiennes: Cresset Press (London); a definitive text from the manuscript at Broughton Castle. Wheeler, Alwyne: 1979: Fishes of the World: Ferndale Editions (London):: ISBN 0 905746 05 8 West, Thomas: 1778 & 1821 (11th edn): Guide to the Lakes: (Kendal, Westmorland and London) |
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English Lake District Fisheries Photocopies of pages about the char, Salvelinus alpinus, from The English Lake District Fisheries, by John Watson, published by T N Foulis, London and Edinburgh, 1925. The book copied is in Kendal Library, Local Studies. source type: Watson 1925
NB: scanned photopcopy images are presented instead of a transcription as an experiment. Keywords are recorded for each page for indexing. Extracts from this text are NOT included in Place Records in the Old Cumbria Gazetteer. |
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Skelly - Coregonus laveretus The skelly or schelly, is a member of the Salmonidae family, Coregonus lavaretus. It is widely distributed in northern Europe and the north parts of Russia. There are many local names; in the Lakes it is the skelly or schelly, in the lochs of Scotland the powan, in Wales the gwyniad. A migratory form in the North Sea was the houting. It is a whitefish, the adults about 51cm long. 
Skelly caught in Ullswater, 1929. Photo courtesy of Kendal Museum (item KEDLM:1994.39) |
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Jonathan Otley, 1823
Page 8:- ... ULLSWATER ... ... This lake abounds with trout which are sometimes caught of very large size; here are also some char, but they are neither numerous nor of the best quality. Large shoals of a peculiar kind of fish are met with, called here the skelly; ... |
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James Clarke, 1787
James Clarke's map of Ullswater, 1787, shows Skelley Neb, a headland at NY438208:- 
Tradition says that skelly were netted from here. |
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References
Wheeler, Alwyne: 1979: Fishes of the World: Ferndale Editions (London):: ISBN 0 905746 05 8 Otley, Jonathan: 1823 & 1834 (5th edn): Concise Description of the English Lakes: ( Keswick, Westmorland and London) |
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The Picturesque
Notes towards an essay?
Topographic Scenes Once upon a time Topography was regarded as unworthy in comparison with Landscape, and Landscape unworthy as regards more serious art. Johnathan Richardson, 1719:- A History is preferable to a Landscape, Sea-piece, Animals, Fruit, Flowers, or any other Still-Life, pieces of Drollery, &c. ... the reason is ... they cannot improve the Mind, they excite no Noble Sentiments ... Take a pinch of salt. However, Henry Fuseli, Keeper of the Royal Academy and a Professor of Painting, early 19th century, accepted landscapes by Titian, Salvator, Poussin, Claude, Rembrandt, et al:- ... to them nature disclosed her bosom in the varied light of rising, meridian, setting suns, ... Paintings where:- ... we tread on classic or romantic ground But he rejected what he called views which might please their inhabitants or owners, and the antiquary:- ... but to every other eye they are little more than topography. I notice today, that outside the fine art showrooms, and their artificially inflated prices, the owners, inhabitants, visitors, and rare antiquary, vastly outnumber the self appointed connoisseurs. In many shops of dealers in prints the topographic prints take first place, while prints from classic landscapes and other subjects are more likely found in the a pound for anything bin. Tastes evolve. |
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W M Thackeray wrote a preface to The Landscape Painters
of England, views engraved by Louis Mary:-
... There are no incidents in our show upon which the showman can dilate ... in most cases he has to introduce his audience to the sight of a simple and quiet landscape, over which ideal pleasure is ever the best commentary ... The painters whose scenes are engraved include Turner, Constable, de Wint, Gainsborough ... The art world has turned around ... again? While many topographical prints depict real places and offer some idea of how the place looked, there are caveats to their use. Some views are just idealised scenes, impossible to locate even given a clue in a caption. They never existed, and offer an insight into the artist's conception of the picturesque elements of the place. Some views are much more true, but have elements shifted about to make the scene more pleasing, or are constructed from an impossible viewpoint. Don't believe everything you are shown. John Lewis Roget, an antiquarian writing a History of the Old Water Colour Society, 1891:- The fact of an old topographical prints being stiff and devoid of the sensuous charm of beauty need not disentitle it to respect as a characteristic embodiment of the important features of the place or object depicted. The producers of such works were content to describe in the simple graphic language of their day the outward appearance, not only of the objects, but of the people among whom they lived, costumed as they really were, and engaged in their ordinary pursuits. |
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Picturesque Beauty William Gilpin, while a student at Queen's College, Oxford, 1740s, developed ideas about Picturesque Beauty. His ideas are not awfully good, as an artist he wasn't very good either, but he seems to have been persuasive. His words were listened to:- Beautiful objects please the eye in their natural state ... Picturesque object please for some quality capable of being illustrated in painting. A circular argument if ever I saw one. Photogenic is what is capable of being photographed in a pleasing way? photography for me must accept what is there to be pictured. Roughness forms the most essential part of the difference between the beautiful and the picturesque A piece of palladian architecture may be elegant in the last degree ... But if we introduce it in a picture, it immediately becomes a formal object, and ceases to please ... to give it picturesque beauty we must use the mallet, instead of the chisel; we must beat down one half of it, deface the other, and throw the mutilated members around in heaps ... Cows are commonly the most picturesque in the months of April and May, when the old hair is coming off ... Rev Gilpin was satyrised by William Combe and Thomas Rowlandson, as Dr Syntax in the Tours of Dr Syntax. ... "But as my time shall not be lost, "I'll make a drawing of the post; "And, tho' your flimsy tastes may flout it, "There's something picturesque about it: "'Tis rude and rough, without a gloss, "And is well cover'd o'er with moss; "And I've a right - (who dares deny it?) "To place yon group of asses by it. "Aye! this will do; and now I'm thinking, "That self-same pond where Grizzle's drinking, "If hither brought 'twould better seem, "And faith I'll turn it to a stream; "I'll make this flat a shaggy ridge, "And o'er the water throw a bridge; "I'll do as other sketchers do - "Put any thing into the view; "And any object recollect, "To add a grace, and give effect, "Thus, tho' from truth I haply err, "The scene preserves its character. "What man of taste my right will doubt, "To put things in, or leave things out? "'Tis more than right, it is a duty "If we consider landscape beauty:-, "He ne'er will as an artist shine, "Who copies nature line by line; "Who'er from nature takes a view, "Must copy and improve it too. "To heighten ev'ry work of art, "Fancy should take an active part: "Thus I (which few, I think, can boast) "Have made a landscape of a Post. ... I'd rather an abstract painting exploring form, colour and so on than this dishonest depiction of landscape. Or, an honest depiction by an eye that can see the beauty and interest for real. John Dalton, in a Descriptive Poem addressed to Two Young Ladies at their Return from Viewing the Mines near Whitehaven, Keswick, 1753:- Horrors like these at first alarm, But soon with savage grandeur charm, And raise to noblest thoughts the mind: ... I view with wonder and delight A pleasing, tho' an awful sight: ... Edmund Burke, in a Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, 1757, claimed that beauty was smooth and gentle, sublime was terrifying, enormous and obscure. He had a graduated scale of the sublime in which astonishment is half way between respect and terror. Thomas Love Peacock, in Nightmare Abbey, 1818, refers to the graduated scale of the sublime:- ... There must be some mistake in this, for the whole honourable band of gentlemen-pensioners has resolved unanimously, that Mr Burke was a very sublime person, particularly after he had prostituted his own soul, and betrayed his country and mankind for L1200 a year: yet he does not appear to have been a terrible personage, and certainly went off with a very small portion of human respect, though he contrived to excite, in a great degree, the astonishment of all men. Uvedale Price make more declarations on what makes for the picturesque:- ... two opposite qualities of roughness and sudden variation, joined to that of irregularity ... Among trees, it is not the smooth young beech, nor the fresh tender ash, but the rugged old oak, or knotty wych elm that are picturesque; nor is it necessary they should be of great bulk; it is sufficient if they are rough, mossy, with a character of age and with sudden variation in their forms ... Sounds just like the quality of arguments in post modernism doesn't it? Thomas Love Peacock again, in Crochet Castle, 1831:- [Captain Fitzchrome] ... wandered despondently up and down hill for several days, passing many hours of each sitting on rocks; making, almost mechanically, sketches of waterfalls, and mountain pools; taking care, nevertheless, to be always before nightfall in a comfortable inn ... |
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Nature Nature is personified; William Gilpin, in Observations on the River Wye, 1772:- [Nature] ... works on a vast scale; and no doubt harmoniously, if her schemes could be comprehended ... Nature is not sentient, has no schemes; though the working of natural forces is a wondrous subject of study. William Gilpin again:- [the artist] ... is confined to a span; and lays down his little rules, which he calls principles of picturesque beauty, merely to adapt such diminutive parts of nature's surfaces to his own eye as come within its scope. ... and may adapt the scene, adding some trees, or altering the foreground, adding figures etc to adapt it to his rules ... A hill here, a cliff there, ... All through the descriptions of scenes in the early guide books, Nature is personified. The raw force of events can be appreciated without ascribing wants and desires to the storm or flood or water or wind. The blind force of evolution is fascinating without incorrectly seeing planned aims and targets behind every step and change. The mechanics of weather and erosion are remarkable, but do not have intelligence. |
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Pictorial Photography Modern man has replaced the gentleman, and photography has replaced the sketch pad. Democracy rules; everyone makes pictures. A century ago, photography was still a specialized hobby, and still struggling to own some right to praise. In an article in the Barnet Book of Photography, 1898, A Horsley Hinton wrote:- First let us come to an understanding as to the term Pictorial Photography. Picture-making by photography would perhaps be a simpler phrase, but that to my mind the word 'picture-making' is too similar in idea to boot-making, lace-makig, etc., all of which imply a mechanical manufacture, whereas a picture - a real picture - like a musical composition, a poem or a beautiful thought, grows or is evolved rather than made to order. Art photography would be a better term, but that in photography the word 'art' has so often been coupled with things the very antithesis of artistic and might hence be misleading, ... ... You look at a photograph of this or that sea-side place and remark, 'Ah, yes, that's dear old Yarmouth, many a time ... ... Where's that? ... What a good photograph ... Now, compare such feelings as these with those stirred byan example of good pictorial work. In the first place your esteem for it, if you value it at all, is quite as great whether you know the place where it was made or not. If it pleases you, that pleasure is not dependent upon the fact that it does represent some place. In the case of paintings and drawings as often as not they do not pretend to represent any place at all, but are oure fiction, yet we do not value them the less. To what then is the pleasure we feel when looking at a good picture due? Is it not that a picture stirs up, that is, creates pleasant or beautiful thoughts and ideas ... ... and eventually goes on to rules of composition, comments on the focal length of lenses, the application of different f.stops, the uses of different papers, and so on ... including:- Ultimate success, by the way, often depends less on knowing what to take and how to take it than on a well-trained judgment which knows what is good or bad when we have taken it. ... ... Nature does not always present herself in pleasingly arranged masses ... ... Lens were not invented for pictorial purposes, and therefore there is no reason for concluding that what the lens gives is necessarily right, ... ... |
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Eyes Open, Mind Open It seems to be that picturesque and romantic, an idea from centuries ago, is still how we are expected to see our landscape today. I challenge that attitude. I prefer to go about with my eyes open, to be aware of what is, to appreciate and enjoy it without imposing artificial ideas of beauty, elegance, picturesque, and so on. I know I cannot escape imposing my world view to some extent; but I try to keep that under restraint. No Comparison Guide book descriptions have an attitude of competition, or at least of comparison, worrying about what scene or view is better than another. Just like the attitude of modern advertising, full of best, best, best. The tourist must look for perfection, the artist must get things just right. They must fuss about from exact station to exact station, and wish for chance figures in the foreground and correct arrangements of clouds in the background, to make a perfect picturesque view. The artist, of course, can re-arrange things a little. Along with this attitude is the implication that other views, other places, other stations, are less worthwhile. Don't buy them; buy ours. This tacit discouragement is sad; all is worth looking at, none is perfect. Enjoy every view, be aware of every detail; even if that wide everyday awareness makes the intrusion of cars, caravans, motor boats, sailing yachts, buildings, roads signs, crowds, and litter, ... more difficult to ignore. |
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References older books : 1898: Barnet Book of Photography: Elliott and Son (Barnet, Hertfordhire) Burke, Edmund: 1757: Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful Combe, William & Rowlandson, Thomas (illustrator):: Tours of Dr Syntax Dalton, John: 1753: Descriptive Poem addressed to Two Young Ladies at their Return from Viewing the Mines near Whitehaven Gilpin, William, Rev: : Essay on Picturesque Beauty Gilpin, William: 1973 (reprint) & 1786: Observations on the Mountains and Lakes of Cumberland and Westmorland: Richmond Publishihg Co (Richmond, Surrey):: illutsrated with aquatints and sktech maps of Win/Der/Ull Mary, Louis (engraver) & Thackeray, W M (introduction):: Landscape Painters of England Peacock, Thomas Love: 1818: Nightmare Abbey Roget, John Lewis: 1891: History of the Old Water Colour Society Peacock, Thomas Love: 1831: Crochet Castle today's books Bicknell, Peter: 1990: Picturesque Scenery of the Lake District: St Paul's Bibliographies (Winchester, Hampshire) :: ISBN 0 906795 60 5 Russell, Ronald: : Guide to British Topographical Prints: David and Charles (Newton Abvbbot, Devon):: ISBN 0 7153 7810 4 |
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Map Folding
A useful map is printed on a large sheet of paper, larger than the size of the page in a guide book if the map covers more than a small locality. To provide a map with a guide book, the map has to be folded, slipped in a pocket in the book cover, or tipped in at a convenient page. Folding the map does it immediate damage, but this is not too serious. The repeated folding in use does the map great harm, even more if the refolding is inaccurate and the edges of the map stick out from the protection of the pages. When book and map are old, the owner, museum, archive, or private owner, has to ask whether the map should be removed from the book for its good preservation. Flattened and stored well, it is much safer, and more easy to use. But: the map and book are separated, a bad thing. ... Fold it how? The pattern of folding some of the maps seen in the Lakes Guides project has been noted. I have drawn no seriousconclusions, but do notice that some elements of the process are safer for the map than others. The diagrams are shared here.
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Shutting a Map: J M Barrie Transcribed from an undated newscutting in the Bartholomew Archive. It is known to be by J M Barrie, but first appeared anonymously in the Edinburgh Evening Dispatch, probably Wednesday 11 September 1889. The transcription was kindly supplied by Diana Webster through Cartographiti. source type: Barrie 1897 |
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SHUTTING A MAP: a note of warningProminent among the curses of civilisation is the map that folds up "convenient for the pocket". There are men who can do almost anything except shut a map. It is calculated that the energy wasted yearly in denouncing these maps to their face would build the Eiffel Tower in thirteen weeks.Almost every house in Edinburgh has a map warranted to shut easily, which the whole family, working together, is unable to fold. It is generally concealed in the back of a press (ie. wall cupboard, hence pressmark instead of shelfmark), with a heavy book on it to keep it down. If you remove the book, the map springs up like a concertina. Sometimes after the press is shut you observe something hanging out. This is sure to be part of the map. If you push this part in, another part takes its place. No press is large enough to hold a map that shuts. This is because maps that shut are maps that won't shut. They have about as much intention of shutting when you buy them as the lady has of obeying her husband when she gives a promise to that effect in the marriage service. Maps that shut may also be compared to the toys that whistle, spin, or jump when the shopman is showing you how to work them, or to the machinery which makes mangling a pleasure, or to the instrument that sharpens a pencil in no time. These are completely under the control of the shopman, but after you have bought them and taken them home they become as uncertain in temper as a nervous dog. The impossibility of shutting maps except by accident having been long notorious, it is perhaps remarkable that the public should go on buying them. There are hundreds of persons engaged at this moment upon making maps that shut (as the advertisement puts it), and there must, therefore, be a demand to meet such a supply. It is vanity that brings so many people to folly. To do the nineteenth century justice, no one now-a-days enters a shop with the object of buying a map that shuts. Wives, especially young ones, have asked their husbands to buy curious things for them; and husbands, especially old ones, have done it without being asked. But no wife who valued her domestic happiness has ever requested her husband to run into Macniven & Wallace's in passing and buy a map that shuts. Even if she did, the husband would refuse. He might buy "Pigs in clover" if she wanted it, but the map puzzle, never. Yet is has to be sorrowfully admitted that Princes Street could be paved with the maps that we do buy. Vanity is the true cause of our fall, but a shopman is the instrument. That even shopmen can shut maps which do not shut except in the shop, no thoughtful person believes; but over a counter they do it as easily and prettily as a conjuror plays with cards. "Have you seen this new map of Edinburgh?" they ask with affected carelessness, while they tie up your books. "Anything special about it?" you reply guardedly. "Well, yes; it is very convenient for the pocket." At the words "convenient for the pocket" you ought to up with your books and run, for they are a danger signal; but you hesitate and are lost. "You see," he goes on, "it folds into an unusually small space." This is merely another way of saying, "You see this is the most diabolical kind of map that has yet been invented." "These maps that shut are so difficult to shut," you venture to say. He laughs. "My dear sir," he says, "a child could shut this one." Then he opens and shuts it like a lady manipulating her fan, and a fierce desire grows within you to do likewise. When you leave the shop you take away with you a map convenient for the pocket. What makes you buy it? In your heart you know that you are only taking home a pocket of unhappiness, but you have the pride of life. In an age when we have made slaves of electricity and steam, it seems humiliating that we cannot shut a map. We have ceased, as a people, to look for the secret of perpetual motion, but we still hanker after the secret of how to shut a map. No doubt the most maddening things about maps that shut is that they do shut occasionally. They never shut, however, when you are particularly anxious that they should do so ~ before company for instance. Very probably you take the map with you from the shop to your office, and there open it up. To your delight it shuts quite easily. This gives you a false feeling of security. If you would really know whether this map shuts more easily than the various others over which you have lost your temper, ask your office-boy to come in and see you shut it. You will find that it no longer shuts. This is a sure test. Instead of experimenting in this way, and ordering the boy out of the room when you see him trying to get his face behind his hand, you are so foolish as to take the map home with you, to let your wife see how easily it shuts. If you are a keen observer, you will notice her turn white when she sees you produce the map from your pocket. She knows there will be no harmony this evening, and her first determination is to keep the map from you until after dinner. What follows when you produce the map and begin, is too well known to require description. What you ought to do in the circumstances no one out of a pulpit could tell you, but there are certain negative rules which it would be well if you would observe. For instance- Do not be too sanguine. - Your tendency is to open the map with a flourish, as one sometimes unfurls a handkerchief. Accompanied by the remark that nothing is easier than to shut a map once you have the knack of it, this raises hopes which are not likely to be realized. The smile of anticipatory triumph on your face loses you the sympathy which is your right at such a moment. If you are over-confident, the feeling is that your failure will do you good. On the other hand. Keep your misgivings to yourself. - Most men, however confident they have been when thinking of the ease with which they can close maps, lose hope at the last moment, and admit that perhaps they have forgotten the way. This is a mistake, for there is always the possibility of the map~s shutting as easily as an ordinary book. Should you have prefaced your attempt with misgivings, you will not get the credit of this, and it will be ascribed to chance. Therefore be neither too sanguine nor too openly doubtful. Don't repeat the experiment. - This, of course, is in the improbable event of your succeeding the first time. At once hand the map over to your wife, as if you have solved the puzzle forever. Encouraged by your success, she will probably attempt it also and fail, when the chances are that she will ask you to do it again. As you value her good opinion of you, decline to do so. Make any excuse you think best. To carry out the deception more completely, lie back in your chair, and smile good-naturedly at her futile efforts. Put on the expression of being amused at seeing her unable to do so simple a thing. As a result she will think more of you than ever - if possible. Don't boast. - The chances, of course, are that you will have no occasion to boast; but in the event of succeeding by accident, don't wave your arms in the air, or go shouting all over the house, "I've done it, I've done it!" If you behave in this way your elation will undo you, and no one will believe that you can do it again. Control yourself until you are alone. Don't speak to the map. - Now we come to the rules which you should obey if you fail. As the chances are forty-nine to one that you will fail, these rules are more important than the others. When you have got the map half-folded you will see that there is something wrong. Do not frown, at this point, and say, "Confound you, what is the matter with you now?" The map will not answer. It will give you no assistance. You ought at once to realise that you and it have entered upon a desperate struggle. Don't be rude. - You would like to shake it as a terrier shakes a rat; but forbear. You may remember that when you witnessed the illegal contest between Jem Smith and Kilrain they shook hands before trying to kill each other. [In London in December 1887 American boxing champion Jake Kilrain fought 106 rounds bare-knuckled with English champion Jem Smith.] In the same way you should look as if you had no ill-will toward the map, even when it is getting the better of you. Don't fold it the wrong way. - When you can't discover the right way, don't clench your teeth and fold it by brute force. In this way you can no doubt appear to gain a momentary advantage over it, but your triumph is short-lived. The instant you take your hand off it, the map springs up, and now, instead of finding it convenient for the pocket, you would have some difficulty in packing it away in a sack. Don't put your fist through it. - When you find that it will neither go this way nor that, don't pummel it. Spread it out and begin again. Don't tear it. - It is a waste of energy on your part to do this, for it is sure to tear itself. It can be relied upon for this alone. Don't kick it round the room. - Though this is a pleasure for the moment, it is not lasting. When you come to yourself you see that the proceeding has been undignified, and, besides, the map is no nearer being folded than ever. You cannot remember too persistently that a map is not to be folded by bullying. On the other hand, you can try kindness if you like. Don't deceive yourself into thinking you have done it. - Your wife has been wringing her hands in anguish all the time you have been at it, and is wildly anxious to get you off to bed. (It is now midnight.) Accordingly, should you double the map up, as if you were making a snowball of it, she will pretend to think you have folded it. Don't be deceived by her. However great the temptation to accept her verdict, remember that you are a man, and consequently have a mind of your own. Have the courage to admit defeat. Don't blame your wife. - It is unmanly to remark pointedly that you did it quite easily when she was not by. To imply that she is in league with the map against you is unworthy of a reasoning animal. Don't lie. - In other words, if she leaves the room for a moment, don't say you did it while she was out. Don't strike your boy. - The boy may snatch it from your hands, and fold it in a moment. There is great provocation in this, but don't yield to it. Don't take gloomy views of life. - Your ignominious failure casts a gloom over the household. Fling it off. Don't speak of your expenditure being beyond your income, or having to sell the piano. Be cheerful: remember that there is nobler work for you to do than that on which you have squandered an evening, and that nobody can fold maps. |
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Shepherd's Guide, James Moore, 1824 These notes are from a copy of the guide in Kendal Library, Local Studies, item WOO636.3 No.302. source type: Moore 1824 Title page:-
 THE SHEPHERD'S GUIDE, OR, A DELINEATION OF THE Wool and Ear Marks ON THE DIFFERENT SHEEP, IN THE EXTENT OF WHARTON, RAVENSTONEDALE, ORTON, HOWGILL, TEBAY, MARTHWAITE, COUTLEY, GRISDALE, GARSDALE, DENT, WENSLEYDALE, SWALEDALE, MALLERSTANG, LUNDS, WADLEY, SMARDALE, CROSBY, LITTLE ASHBY, GREAT ASHBY, &c. &c. ULVERSTON; PRINTED BY W. R. KNIPE, & Co., MARKET STREET. 1824. (Price Two Shillings and Six-pence.) This guide is for an eastern region of shepherds. Introductory matter:- Introduction, pages iii to v:- MY first inducement to engage in this Work was the favourable opinion of the plan by several Shepherds to whom I communicated it; and the success it has met with since its commencement is sufficient to shew the extensive benefit which is likely to result from it: it has not been presented to any Sheep breeder who has not considered it of the greatest importance; the number of Subscribers sufficiently proves the fact. Indeed, its importance is so self-evident, as altogether to supercede any apology from me in bringing it before the public. It is well known to every proprietor of sheep, how apt they are to stray from their owners, and consequently, either from not knowing the proper owner, from neglect, or a worse cause, are often entirely lost to him. Now my object in bringing this work before the public, is to lay down a plan by which every man may have it in his power to know the owner of a stray sheep, and to restore it to him; and at the same time, that it may act as an antidote against the fraudulent practices too often followed,- in a word, 'restore to every man his own.' If the work itself does not shew how far I have succeeded in these views, any thing I can say in its behalf would be useless, and cannot recommend it. I consider that the best mode of representing the Wool and Ear marks would be to have printed delineations of the animals. James Moore. Wharton Dykes, 21st. June, 1824. which is a direct crib of James walker's original words. For the better accomplishing the objects in view, it may be necessary to observe the following RULES: IF any Sheep be found strayed or straying, and its mark be not in the Book, it shall be delivered to the Lord of the Manor, or his Bailiff; it is then to be proclaimed at the Church, and the two nearest Market Towns, on two Market days, and if not then claimed by the Owner, shall belong to the King; and now commonly by grant of the Crown, to the Lord of the Manor, or the Liberty; the estray is not absolutely the property of the Lord, till the Year and day after the proclamation; and therefore if it escape to another Lord before, to another Manor, he cannot reclaim it. If proclamation is neglected, the owner may claim it without paying the expences, and may do so at all times within the year and day; if proclaimed, upon paying them, but afterwards it is vested in the Lord absolutely. The Year and Day runs from the first proclamation, not from the seizure. Page iii is inscribed by an owner:- [J.H.Long Roundthwaite Abby, Orton Aug 1824.] |
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Examples The guide is printed in black and white only. A typical page spread is:-
 and an example:-
 No.99.- Mr. ANTHONY WILKINSON, Howgill, sheep mark a stroke in the near ribs, and W on the far ribs; slit near ear. A W in the near horn. |
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Shepherd's Guide, William Hodgson, 1849 These notes are from a copy of the guide in Kendal Library, Local Studies, item WOO636.3 No.8106. source type: Hodgson 1849 Title page:-
 THE SHEPHERD'S GUIDE, OR A DELINEATION OF THE WOOL AND EAR MARKS OF THE DIFFERENT STOCKS OF SHEEP IN Lancashire, Cumberland, and Westmorland. BY WILLIAM HODGSON, NORMOSS, CORNEY, CUMBERLAND. ULVERSTON: PRINTED BY S. SOULBY, ADVERTISER OFFICE, KING STREET, 1849. The modern binding:- {
 } Introductory matter:- THE SHEPHERD'S GUIDE. THIS book will be found not only a Guide, but will prove of the utmost benefit to all Sheep-owners who have Stocks going upon the Commons within the Districts it comprehends. It will be a great preventative against the loss of Sheep that may go astray, by observing the following RULES;- 1st.- It will be considered the duty of every person who enters into this book, when he has seen a stray sheep, to take care of it; and should he not have a book of his own, that he make application to some person who has one, in order to peruse it, and endeavour to find out whether the owner of the stock to which the strayed sheep belongs be entered in it; if he finds him out, notice must be sent him, as soon as possibly convenient, to take it away; if the owner cannot be made out, the sheep will belong to the Lord of the Manor, according to custom and the law. 2nd.- Should any one be found keeping a sheep, the property of another person who has entered in this book, for a longer time than is necessary for making application to some one having a book, (should he not have one himself,) it will be considered that he intended to defraud the owner of it, and will be prosecuted according to law. N.B.- Twinters are generally redded on the back of the head. |
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Examples A typical page spread:-
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Examples The sheep diagrams are printed in black and white, hand coloured to show the marks. Examples from Longsleddale:- |
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| Sadgill |
BENJAMIN MARTIN, Sad Gill. Cropped near ear, a stroke over the fillets and down both lisk[s], and a stroke from that up the back to the shoulders. |
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| Tom's Howe |
JOHN MATTINSON, Thomshow. Cropped and upper fold bitted far ear, a stroke down the far shoulder, M on the near side, MM on the horns, and a figure. |
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| Middale |
JOHN MATTINSON, Middale. Upper fold bitted far ear, a red stroke down the far shoulder, M on the far side, IM on the horn, and a figure. |
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| High Swinklebank |
THOMAS FISWICK, High Swingle Bank. Cropped and punch holed near ear, a red stroke from the shoulder to the fillets and down the lisk on the near side, TF on the near horn. |
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| Middle Swinklebank |
HENRY MATTINSON, Middle Swingle Bank. Cropped far ear, a red stroke from the shoulder blade to the lisk, and down the lisk on the far side, HM on the far horn. |
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| Low Swinklebank |
JOHN TAYLOR, Low Swingle Bank. Cropped near ear, a red stroke down the near shoulder, and a black pop on top of the shoulders, IT on the horn. |
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| Wads Howe |
THOMAS HUDSON, Wadshow. Cropped and forked far ear, a red pop on the shoulders, and a stroke down the near buttock TH on the horns. |
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| Sadgill |
GEORGE HUDSON, Sad Gill. Forked near ear, a red stroke from the fillets to the far side of the tail, and a stroke from the near hock bone over and across the other and down the buttock, TH on the far horn. |
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| Sadgill |
GEORGE HUDSON, Sad Gill. Under key bitted near ear, cropped far, a red stroke over and down both shoulders, and one over the back and down both sides, and a pop at the tail head. |
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| Beech Hill |
JAMES HORSFALL, Beach-hill. Cropped near ear, a red stroke down the near shoulder, and a black pop on the far hock. |
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| High House |
MYLES SINKINSON, High House. Cropper far ear. a red stroke down the near shoulder, and a pop at the tail head, RS on both horns. 
MYLES SINKINSON. Potter fell sheep no ear mark, a red pop on the top of the shoulders. |
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| Docker Nook |
JAMES ATKINSON, Dockernook. Ritted near ear, forked far, a red pop on the near hock, G on the near side, JA on the horn. |
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| Stockdale |
JOHN MARTINDALE, Stockdale. Cropped and punch holed far ear, a red stroke over the fillets and down both lisks, and a cross on the face, M on the near shoulder. |
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Shepherd's Guide, Daniel Gate, 1879 These notes are from a copy of the guide in Kendal Library, Local Studies, item WOO636.3 No.8272. source type: Gate 1879 Title page:-
 GATE'S NEW SHEPHERD'S GUIDE FOR CUMBERLAND, WESTMORELAND, & LANCASHIRE. PRINTED BY BRASH BROS.: COCKERMOUTH,- 'WEST CUMBERLAND TIMES' OFFICE. LANCASTER,- 3, CHEAPSIDE. 1879. { The binding:-
 } Introductory matter:- INTRODUCTION. GENTLEMEN,- It is needless for me to explain to you the object of the Publication I have now the pleasure to put before you; but for the benefit of those who have not seen a similar work, and do not understand its purpose, I may just state, that. owing to the greater portion of our mountains being unenclosed, sheep are daily straying away from their heath, and are often taken up by shepherds many miles away from the residence of their owner; and though there are some hundreds of different marks, the party who has taken up the stray sheep can at once find out their rightful owner by referring to the 'SHEPHERD'S GUIDE;' whereas, if advertised in a newspaper, it often occurs that the party to whom the sheep belongs, through living in a different district, never sees the advertisement, and the sheep is eventually sold to defray expenses. In placing my Guide before you, I feel certain that some errors will be found in its pages; but I wish to impress upon you that it is my intention to have these corrected, whether they arise from my informants, printer's errors, or through any fault of my own. I purpose doing this by having a small supplement printed, and sent to each Subscriber. The Printers have spared no pains in doing their work as efficiently as possible, and it has involved much patient labour on their part to accomplish such an undertaking. It may not be here out of place to state, that on account of the ear marks all being different, only eight pages could be printed at one time. Before giving an explanation of the Book, I must gratefully thank all those gentlemen who have given me assistance and encouragement to produce this work, and more especially those who have contributed the Essays. Also Mr. Hawell, of Lonscale, for the Photographs of two of his Prize Sheep, from which the Engravings are taken. For a further explanation I have added a few concise notes to Shepherds. Trusting this Book will merit your approbation, which I hope you will show by your further patronage on some future day, for which purpose I beg to refer you to the Advertisement Pages, and remain yours respectfully, DANIEL GATE. |
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Examples A typical page spread:-
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Examples The sheep diagrams are printed in black and white, either hand coloured or overprinted to show the marks. The picture of the sheep is:- Eng by G. E. Oliver Edinr. / From a Photo by Mayson Keswick of sheep belonging to Mr Hawell, Lonscale. |
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| High Swinklebank |
THOMAS ATKINSON, High Swingle Bank; cropped and punch holed near, stroke on near side from shoulder to fillets and down lisk, TA on near horn. |
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| High Sadgill |
GEORGE ARMISTEAD, High Sadgill; stroke over and down both shoulders, pop on tail head. |
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| Middle Sadgill |
THOMAS HUDSON, Middle Sadgill; under key bitted near, cropper far, stroke over and down both shoulders, one over back and down both sides, pop at tail head, TH on horn. |
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| Low Sadgill |
WILLIAM GREEN, Low Sadgill; cropped near, stroke over fillets and down both lisks, and a stroke from that up the back to shoulders. |
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| Tills Hole |
ROBERT HUDSON, Till's Hole; forked near, stroke from fillets to far side of tail, stroke from near hock bone over and across the other and down far buttock, RH on horn. |
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| Stockdale |
RICHARD ROGERSON, Stockdale; cropped and punch hold far, stroke over fillets and down both lisks, RR on near horn. |
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| Middle Swinklebank |
I. T. TAYLOR, Middle Swingle Bank and Thornshow; cropped far, stroke from shoulder to fillets and down lisk on far side, IT on both horns. |
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| Low Swinklebank |
GEORGE READE, Low Swingle Bank; cropped near, stroke down near shoulder, black pop on top of shoulders. |
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| Middale |
WILLIAM STAINTON, Mid-dale; upper fold bitted far, stroke down far shoulder, S on far side, WS on horn. |
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| Wellfoot |
JAMES DIXON, Well-foot; upper fold bitted near, stroke from fillet down near lisk, JD on near horn. |
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| Wads Howe |
THOMAS HUDSON, Wadshow; cropped and forked far, pop on shoulders, stroke down near buttock, TH on horns. |
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| Ubarrow Hall |
THOMAS KITCHEN, Yewbarrow; cropped both, pop on both hocks, TK on horn. |
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| Kilnstones |
JAMES DIXON, Kilnstone; red stroke over both shoulders, TK on horn. |
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| Docker Nook |
A. W. LONG, Docker Nook; ritted near, forked far, pop on near hock, L on near side, AL on horn. |
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| Low House |
GEORGE WHITWELL, Low House; cropped far, stroke down near shoulders, pop on tail head, GW on horn. |
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| Nether House Farm |
JOHN ATKINSON, Nether House; stroke down near shoulder, A on near side. |
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| Beech Hill |
WILLIAM MILES, Beach Hill; cropped near, stroke down near shoulder, black pop on far hock, WM on horn. |
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Advertisements An advertisement, facing the title page:- Under the Patronage of H.R.H. The Prince of Wales. ALFRED PETTITT'S FINE ART GALLERY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT, And the Derwentwater Portrait & Landscape Photographic Establishment, ST. JOHN STREET (90 yards from the Royal Oak Hotel, on the Ambleside Road), KESWICK. OPEN FROM 8-0 A.M. TO 10-0 P.M., FREE. (Established 1854.) THE PAINTINGS (in Oil and Water Colors) Exhibited for Sale, represent the Mountains, Lakes, and Passes of the English lake District; by ALFRED PETTITT, KESWICK. PHOTOGRAPHS. Mr. PETTITT'S series (4) of the English Lake District are the Largest and most complete published, and include Views of and from the summit of Scawfell Pike, Great Gable, Helvellyn, Striding Edge, Red Tarn, Pillar Rock, Wastwater, &c. CATALOGUES on application to Mr. PETTITT, or at the Hotels and Stationers of the District. Payne Jenning's Photographs and Books also on Sale. ... The DERWENTWATER PORTRAIT STUDIO (in connection with the Fine Art Gallery) is Open Daily, and Portraits Taken in all the Newest Styles, including the 'Rembrandt,' 'Tourist,' &c. &c. ALFRED PETTITT, FINE ART GALLERY ST. JOHN'S STREET, KESWICK The advertisement includes a portrait of Daniel Gate:-
 PHOTOGRAPHED BY ALFRED PETTITT. / Yours truly, DANIEL GATE. And Gate's has his own advert:-
 ADVERTISEMENTS. To every Farmer and Flockmaster D. GATE, KESWICK Will give FIVE PER CENT. DISCOUNT OFF LIST PRICES on all Orders entrusted to him for every description of SHEEP DIPPING. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS BY ANY MAKER LISTS FREE ON APLICATION. Orders by Post punctually attended to. YOUR PATRONAGE RESPECTFULLY SOLICITED 5 per cent. off List Prices. NOTE THE ADDRESS: D. GATE, KESWICK. |
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Shepherd's Guide, Robinson, Dent and Vickers, 1885 These notes are from a copy of the guide in Kendal Library, Local Studies, item WOO636.3 No.300. source type: Robinson, Dent and Vickers 1885 Title page:-
 THE SHEPHERDS' GUIDE; BEING AN AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION COMPRISING THE FOLLOWING SOCIETIES:- THE EAST, SOUTH, AND NORTH FELLS ASSOCIATIONS; Including certain parts of Unenclosed Lands, lying and being within the Counties of YORKSHIRE, WESTMORLAND, CUMBERLAND, DURHAM, AND NORTHUMBERLAND: AND Giving a proper account of the Members' Names, their Places of Residence, the names of the Committee, the Treasurer, and Secretaries; ALSO, A PROPER DELINEATION OF THE WOOL, HORN, AND EAR MARKS OF ALL THE MEMBERS' SHEEP. / EXTENDING From Bowes and Wensleydale, to Sedbergh, in Yorkshire; from Ravenstonedale and Brough, to Gillumholme, in Westmorland; from Cross Fell and Kirkoswald, to Castle Carrick, in Cumberland; from Knaresdale and Allendale, Hexhamshire, to Blanchland, in Northumberland; from Lanchester and Stanhope, to Middleton, in Durham; and from thence to Bowes, in Yorkshire. TO WHICH ARE ADDED THE RULES AND AN INDEX. BARNARD CASTLE: PRINTED BY WILLIAM WARD, BOOKSELLER AND STATIONER, MARKET PLACE. 1885. { The modern rebinding:-
 } Introductory matter, page iii:- PREFACE. To the Flock-Masters of Yorkshire, Westmorland, Cumberland, Northumberland, and Durham. GENTLEMEN, The following pages are presented to you, 'the Flock-masters' occupying the unenclosed Moors, Commons, Fells, Stinted Pastures, or Waste Lands, in Yorkshire, Westmorland, Cumberland, Northumberland, and Durham, by Messrs. ROBINSON, DENT, and VICKERS, who were appointed by the East, South, and North Fells Associations, and they now publish this work as a Guide Book for the Shepherds upon those tracts of unenclosed Land, for the recovery of Lost or Strayed Sheep, so as to be in keeping with the progressive changes of the present time. From a desire to make this work as clear and distinct as possible, we include the Rules, the Names of the Committee of Management, the Treasurer, and Secretaries; also, the proper delineations of the Marks of Sheep belonging to the Members; and an Index, giving a clear and distinct account of Members' Names, their place of Residence, &c., belonging to, or connected with, the Amalgamated Association. We are, Gentlemen, Yours obediently, JOHN ROBINSON, Secretary for the East Fells Association, A. C. DENT, Secretary for the South Fells Association, WM. VICKERS, Secretary for the North Fells Association. July, 1885. Pages v to vii RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION, ENTITLED THE SHEPHERDS' GUIDE 1.- The each Township appoint a member, or person within the district, to attend the Exchange Meeting of Stray Sheep, and discharge the duties of any other office connected with the Association. 2.- That each member shall gather all Stray Sheep belonging to the Members of this Association, upon the Moor or Common upon which his Sheep usually go, four days previous to the Meeting of Exchange within his district where he resides, and forward them in proper time to the aforesaid meeting. 3.- That the Meetings take place in the following order, viz.:- For the East Fells District - At the Blue Bell Inn, St. John's Chapel, Weardale, on the first Monday after the 8th of July, for the Midsummer; and on the first Monday after the 8th of November, for the Autumn gathering. At Slaggyford, and High Force Inn, in Teasdale, on the Tuesday; at Shaw House, and Renwick, On Wednesday; at Melmerby, and Hilton, on Thursday; and the Central Meeting at Gullom Holme, on the Friday following these dates. For the South Fells District - At Nateby, near Kirkby Stephen; Hardrow, in Wensleydale; New Spittal, Bowes; and C.B. Inn, Arkingarthdale, on the first Monday after the 8th of July, for Midsummer; and on the first Monday after the 8th of November, for Autumn gathering. At the Punchbowl Inn, near Brough, on the Tuesday; and at Grains-o-beck, Lunesdale, on the Friday following these dates. At the Miners' Arms Inn, Keld Green, Swaledale; at Shaw Paddock Inn, near Hawes; and Stang Foot Inn, near Barnard Castle, on the Saturday before Nateby gathering. At the Cross Keys Inn, Tebay; at the King's Head Inn, Gunnerside, Swaledale; and Gearstones Inn, Horton-in-Ribblesdale, on the Friday before Nateby meeting. At the Red Lion Inn, Sedburgh; and Bolton Arms Inn, Downholme, Richmond, on the Thursday before Nateby meeting. At the King's Head Inn, Coldbeck, Ravenstonedale, on the second Tuesday in July, for the Midsummer gathering; and on the first Tuesday in November, for Autumn gathering. For the North Fells District - At Bolts Law, in Weardale; Carrshield and Allendale Town, on the first Friday after the 12th of July, for the Midsummer; and on the first Friday after the 12th of November for the Autumn gathering; and the Central Meeting at the house of Mr. W. Sparke, Corn Mill Inn, Allenheads, on the Saturday following these dates. 4.- If any member shall wilfully neglect to gather any Stray Sheep belonging to any member of this Association, from that part of the Moor or Common upon which his sheep are usually depastured; or, when gathered, if he shall neglect to forward them in due time to the proper Meeting of Exchange within his district, he shall be fined for the first neglect, in either particular, the sum of One Shilling; for the second Two Shillings; and for the third he shall be excluded the benefits of this Association. 5.- If any member shall refuse to attend in his turn to remove such Sheep as require removing (having reasonable expenses allowed from the person owning the sheep), he shall be reported, and excluded the benefits of the Association. 6.- Should any member find any Stray Sheep belonging to any of the members of this Association during the intervals between the meetings: that is to say, between Midsummer and Autumn, or Autumn and Midsummer gatherings, in any year, he must give information of the same to the member or members, or any other person to whom the sheep may belong, either by proxy or otherwise - the owner of the sheep to pay postage and all other expenses. 7.- If any Sheep be found straying, and its marks be not in this Association Book, it shall be conveyed to the nearest Meeting of Exchange; and if not owned or claimed there, to be delivered up to the Lord or Lady, or their Bailiff (expenses being paid), of that manor upon which it was taken up: the marks to be taken down in writing, and also the address of the person who takes charge of the sheep, by the Committee of the meeting, and forwarded to the Secretary, together with One Shilling, to meet the expenses of getting bills printed and sent to every Sheep Meeting house for circulation. 8.- All Stray or neighbouring Sheep to be at each meeting place by Twelve o'clock at noon; and those Sheep whose marks are not in the book to be drawn into a fold by themselves, for the inspection of all present at the meeting. Members who infringe this rule to be fined Sixpence each. 9.- If any member shall, at any meeting, wilfully challenge and claim for his own, or for any other person, any Stray Sheep not being his or theirs, upon such conduct being clearly proved against him, he must bear all expenses of such sheep to the owner, or to the Lord or Lady of the manor upon which it was taken up. 10.- That each member attending the Exchange shall pay One Shilling for refreshments, otherwise be excluded the benefits of the Association. 11.- As it is generally supposed that occasionally a number of Sheep are unlawfully driven off from sundry moors and commons, it is therefore requested by the Committee that every member be diligent in studying his book, so as to be conversant with the various marks contained therein, and thereby be qualified to detect such improper proceedings. 12.- That a Committee-man be appointed in each township throughout the district to see that these rules are properly acted up to and carried into effect; any three to have power to act in their district. 13.- That all fines, &c., be paid to the Treasurer of the Amalgamated Societies; and that the Treasurers and Secretaries make up their accounts for the inspection of the members every year, against the Autumn Central Meeting. |
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Examples The guide is printed in black and white. A typical page spread:-
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Examples Example from Longsleddale:- |
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| Sadgill |
103 - JOHN FISHWICK, Sad Gill, Longsleddale. Cropped near ear; a stroke over the fillets and down both lisks, and a stroke from that up the back to the shoulder. |
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Smit Marks, 2005-06 Photographs of wool marks on sheep in Longsleddale. |
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| Docker Nook |
Docker Nook Farm flock; blue pop on near hook. |
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| High Swinklebank |
High Swinklebank flock; red stroke down far shoulder. |
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| Low House |
Low House flock; black pop on near shoulder. |
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Middale;
Wads Howe |
Middale flock; blue stroke down far shoulder. 
Wadshowe flock; red pop on shoulder. |
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Middle Sadgill;
Tills Hole |
Sadghyll flock; red M on near rib. |
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| Nether House Farm |
Nether House flock; red pop on far mid rib. |
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Wellfoot flock; red stroke down near lisk. |
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Shepherd's Guide, Craven Co, 1899 These notes are from a copy of the guide in Kendal Library, Local Studies, item WOO636.3 No.5193. source type: Craven 1899 Title page:-
 THORNTON IN LONSDALE AND SETTLE SHEEP MARKS ASSOCIATION. Settle: THE CRAVEN PRINTING AND STATIONERY COMPANY LIMITED, 1899. The original soft binding:-
 The guide has explanatory diagrams:-
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Examples The guide has descriptive text only. A typical page spread:-
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Shepherd's Guide, Thomas Wilson, 1913 These notes are from a copy in a private collection; I am grateful to the owner for permission to look at the book. source type: Wilson 1913 Title page:-
 WILSON'S NEW SHEPHERDS' GUIDE FOR Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire
 I haven't much faith in the man who complains Of the work he has chosen to do; He's lazy, or else he's deficient in brains, And maybe - a hypocrite, too, He's likely to cheat, and he's likely to rob, Away with the man who finds fault with his job. But give me the man with the sun in his face, And the shadows all dancing behind, Who can meet his reverses with calmness and grace, And never forgets to be kind; For whether he's wielding a sceptre or swab I have faith in thye man who's in love with his job. ANON. LANCASTER: Printed by R. Brash, and Eaton and Bulfield. 1913. Introductory matter:- PREFACE. The compilation of a new Shepherds' Guide was undertaken by the late Thomas Wilson, of Keswick, at the request of the Buttermere Shepherds' Meeting, in September, 1906, supported shortly afterwards by those of Caldbeck, Stoneside, Mardale, Braithwaite, Wasdale, Broughton Mills, etc. During 1907, Mr. Wilson visited the fell farms of Cumberland, Westmorland and Furness, and he had obtained over 1,300 entries of sheep-marks when the Mardale Shepherds' Meeting of November 20th, 1907, was held. Here, as at other Shepherds' Meetings in the three counties, he spoke in favour of a central association to take up the interests of sheep farmers and to prosecute sheep stealers. In the midst of these labours, he was attacked suddenly with acute peritonitis and within fourteen hours succumbed to the malady. The necessity of such a guide, arises from the greater part of the mountain grasslands being unenclosed, so that sheep stray from their owner. The possessor of a Guide, by referring to it, is able at once to tell to whom the stray sheep belong, and the owner's place of residence, so that the sheep may be returned immediately to the rightful owner without any prolonged expense of keeping and advertising. The usefulness of the Guide depends on its completeness, its simplicity for reference, and upon copies being well distributed amongst subscribers. Every care has been taken to make the Guide as complete as possible. New districts have been added to those covered by old Guides, all have been visited, and notices were inserted in twenty-four newspapers to attract the attention of owners of any outlying farms which migt have been overlooked. The increase in the size of the book testifies to the completeness of the work and to the energy of its compiler, as well as to the readiness of shepherds generally to enter their flocks. Grateful acknowledgement is made for the assistance given by Mr. H. Douthwaite, Wet Sleddale, Mr. John Newby, Althurstide, and Mr. Wm. Gregg, Kentmere Hall, and many others. At the suggestion of shepherds, the districts have NOT been put in the Guide in alphabetical order, but, where possible, adjoining districts have been joined together, so that a farmer taking up a stray sheep would first look up the marks of his neighbours' sheep and then those forward and backward in the book, of adjoining districts. The classification under counties has alone broken this continuity. In a work of such a size and character, it is well nigh impossible but that some error may have crept in; and the removal of the early compiler by death, before the matter was ready for the press, has increased the chances of error; but every care has been taken to guard against mistakes, and it is hoped there will be no serious ones. In case of disputed marks, it has been thought advisable to print as received, leaving disputants to settle the matter themselves. The custom of the marks belonging to the farm and not the farmer does not apply in all localities. In cases where two distinct sets of marks have been combined in one entry, only one set has been shown on the print of the sheep. 'Ear marks various' or 'uncertain' mean that the sheep have been bought from different stocks. The blank sheep prints interspersed in the book will be found useful for entering new stock marks. Much of the usefulness of the Guide will be lost unless farmers generally purchase a copy for their own farm. Mr. Wilson obtained many orders when registering the sheep-marks, and without such support it would have been impossible to have produced the book. A list of subscribers is incorporated in the Guide. Farmers without a copy are dependent upon those who have one to return stray sheep, yet unprepared themselves to return a like favour. G. W., March, 1908. Delay in the issue of the Guide has been caused by the printer of the first portion being unable to complete the work, which was at a standstill when Mr. John Simpson, Hazel Bank, Borrowdale, and Mr. Thomas Bennett, Walthwaite, Threlkeld, were apointed to take the matter in hand. Arrangements were made with the representative of the late Mr. Wilson, the parts already printed were purchased, and Messrs. Eaton and Bulfield, Lancaster, were given the Guide to print and complete. Mr. George Watson, who was a friend and helper of Mr. Wilson in the early part of the work, has, since his death, superintended and brought up-to-date the present Guide, and it is mainly due to the time and trouble he has devoted to the work that it is now being issued to the subscribers. Mr. J. R. Bleasdale, Cockermouth, gave valuable assistance at this time. It was deemed unnecessary to print the literary matter and illustrations which the original promoters intended to be inserted in the Guide. The guide has an alphabetical index of places within each county, a list of shepherds' meetings, a list of subscribers, a supplement about changes of tenants etc. |
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Examples The guide is printed in black and white, and colour to show the smit marks. A typical page spread:-
 A typical entry from the shepherds' meetings lists:-
DISTRICT. - Mardale, Martindale, Patterdale,
Troutbeck, Kentmere, Longsleddale, Shap, Bampton,
Helton, etc.
PLACE OF MEETING. DATE. - Mardale - Nearest Saturday
to Nov. 20th. / Kirkstone Pass - Second meeting
Thur. after
FINES. -
REMARKS. - Meeting advertised. Most interested do
most work. No rules. Very old established meeting.
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. The printing of Subscribers' names in alphabetical order, with addresses, would have made a cumbersome list; the names have therefore been grouped in districts and these only have been arranged in alphabetical order. ... LONG SLEDDALE.- F. W. Carr, Messrs. Fishwick, James Nicholson. It is one of these three copies that I am studying! |
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Examples Examples from Longsleddale:- Eng by G. E. Oliver Edinr. / From a Photo by Mayson Keswick and are the same as those used in Gate's Shepherds' Guide, 1879. It is not clear whether the remark at the top of page 367 applies to the first entry on that page, or, unlikely? to all sheep in the valley:- LONG SLEDDALE - WESTMORLAND. Year of birth on horn. |
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| High Swinklebank |
James Nicholson, High Swinkle Bank; cropped and punch holed near ear, red stroke on near side from shoulder to fillets and down lisks, J N on near horn, lambs and ewes after clipping N on near side |
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| High Sadgill |
Joseph Fishwick, High Sadgill; stroke over and down both shoulders, pop on tail head. |
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| Middle Sadgill |
William Gibson, Middle Sadgill; under key bitted near ear, red stroke over and down both shoulders and another over back and down both sides, red pop at tail head, W G on horn. Inside sheep G on near mid rib. |
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| Low Sadgill |
Joseph Fishwick, Low Sadgill; cropped near ear, red stroke over fillets and down both lisks, and a stroke from that up the back to shoulders. Inside sheep, M on near mid rib. |
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| Tills Hole |
Thomas Park, Till's Hole; forked near ear, red stroke from fillets to far side of tail, stroke up from near hock bone over and across the other and down far buttock, T P on far horn. Inside sheep P on far hook. |
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| Stockdale |
Richard Rogerson, Stockdale; under bit far ear, red stroke over loins, R on near side, R R on near horn. |
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| Middle Swinklebank |
F. W. Carr, Middle Swinkle Bank; cropped far ear, red stroke from shoulder to fillets and down lisk on far side, I T on both horns; lambs and ewes after clipping T on far side. |
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| Low Swinklebank |
Miles Walker, Low Swinkle Bank; cropped near ear, red stroke down near shoulder, black pop on top of shoulders, horn burn M W. Inside sheep W on near mid rib. |
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| Toms Howe |
William Black, Tomshow; cropped and upper key bitted far ear, red stroke down far shoulder, M on near side, horn burn W B. |
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| Middale |
William Black (continued), Mid-dale; upper fold bitted far, stroke down far shoulder, M on far side, W B on horn. |
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| Wellfoot |
William Farrer, Well foot; upper fold bitted near ear, red stroke from fillet down near lisk, W F on horn. |
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| Kilnstones |
William Farrer, Kilnstone; red stroke over both shoulders, horn burn W F. |
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| Wads Howe |
George Blenkinsop, Wadshow; cropped and forked far, pop on shoulder, G B on horns. |
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| Ubarrow |
Thomas Cragg, Yewbarrow; cropped both ears, red pop on both hocks, W C on horn, K on near ribs. |
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| Murthwaite |
William Thompson, Murthwaite; W T burned on both horns, red T on near side. |
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| Docker Nook Farm |
J. Dawson, Docker Nook; ritted near ear, forked far ear, red pop on near hock, red D on far side, J D on both horns. |
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| Low House |
Roger Martindale, Low House; cropped far ear, red stroke down near shoulder, red pop on tail head, M on far ribs, R M on near horn. |
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| Nether House Farm |
William Wilson, Nether House; cropped near ear, W W burned near horn, red pop on far ribs, red W on near side. |
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| Beech Hill |
William Stott, Beech Hill; punch holed near ear, black pop on far hock, W S on horn. |
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| Dale End |
Henry Dowthwaite, Dale End; D on near side. |
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Shepherd's Guide, J Brown, 1835 These notes are from a copy of the guide in Carlisle Library, Local Studies, item 0 8003 03045 9630, shelf mark M29. source type: Brown 1835 Title page:-
 THE SHEPHERD'S GUIDE, OR, A DELINEATION OF THE WOOL AND EAR MARKS ON THE DIFFERENT SHEEP OF THE EAST FELLS, EXTENDING FROM CLOVER HILL, IN KNARESDALE, TO LUNEDALE, IN YORKSHIRE, ON THE EAST SIDE; AND FROM CROGLIN TO STAINMORE, ON THE WEST SIDE. TO WHICH IS AFFIXED AN INDEX, SHEWING THE PROPRIETORS' NAMES AND PLACES OF ABODE. PENRITH: PRINTED BY J. BROWN. 1835. { The original binding:-
 } Introductory matter, pages iii - iv:- FOR THE BETTER ACCOMPLISHING THE OBJECTS IN VIEW, IT MAY BE NECESSARY TO OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING RULES. 1.- That each township appoint a person by house-row, or any other manner it may think proper, to attend the exchange of stray sheep and other requisite offices. The first meeting at Slaggyford the day before Shaw House, and at Shaw House, Renwick, and Grainside Beck, the first Wednesday after the 10th of November; Melmerby and the Wheatsheaf the day after; and the other the first Wednesday after the 10th of July; and that a central meeting will be held the day following the preceding dates, at Gullom Holme, near Appleby, where the committee will attend, for the purpose of every man claiming his own, and fix the expenses of driving, &c. 2.- Previous to the meetings, all stray sheep ought to be collected by the person whose sheep usually go on the same part of the common, and delivered by him to the person, at that time appointed, for the purpose of exchange; who shall convey them, agreeable to his office, to the place of exchange. 3.- If a man shall wilfully neglect to collect any stray or neighbouring sheep from that part of the common on which his sheep usually go, previous to the aforesaid meetings, for the exchange, and not deliver them to the person appointed as aforesaid, he shall be fined 2s. 6d. or excluded the benefit of this association. 4.- If any person refuse to attend, in his turn, to remove sheep, as may be required, he shall be reported, and excluded the benefit of the association. 5.- If any sheep be found strayed or straying, and its mark be not in the book, it shall be conveyed to the exchange; and, if not owned there, to be delivered to the Lord of the Manor, or his bailiff. 6.- That any additional rule and rules may be added, or any amendment or amendments made in the foregoing rules, by the delegates appointed to attend the first and second meetings of exchange, which said additions and amendments shall be lodged at the place of exchange, and also inserted in the public books of the respective townships. |
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Examples A typical page spread:-
 There are no sheep diagrams, just descriptive text. As:- |
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The book studied has additional marks recorded
in manuscript at the back, as:-
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| Black House |
Jacob Stobbart Black House Tar mark S on the near side and a pop on the near hook, horn burn BS on each horn face burn I. |
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Shepherd's Guide, H Brown, 1848 These notes are from a copy of the guide in Carlisle Library, Local Studies, item 3 8003 00828 4508, shelf mark 1A 636.3. source type: Brown 1848 Title page:-
 THE SHEPHERD'S GUIDE, OR A DESCRIPTION OF THE WOOL AND EAR MARKS, OF THE RESPECTIVE STOCKS OF SHEEP IN CALDBECK, MOSEDALE, BOWSCALE, MUNGRISDALE, THRELKELD, UNDERSKIDDAW, BASSENTHWAITE, ULDALE, IREBY, &C. MEETINGS Are annually and alternately held at Caldbeck, Mungrisdale, Threlkeld, Bassenthwaite and Uldale, on the first Monday in December, and at Skiddaw House, on the last Monday in July. PENRITH: PRINTED BY H. BROWN. 1848. The book has a modern binding. Introductory matter:- RULES. FOR the better accomplishing the objects in view, it may be necessary to observe the following RULES:- 1.- It is requested of every person in the different townships, whose stock are entered in this book, that they collect strayed or straying sheep from all parts of the township, against the usual time of exchange, which will be the last Monday in July, and first Monday in December, in each year, as mentioned in the title-page of this book. 2.- If any person shall wilfully neglect to collect stray or neighbouring sheep, from that part of the common on which his sheep usually go, previous to the aforesaid meeting for exchange, and deliver them to the person at that time appointed for the purpose of exchanging, to be by him conveyed, agreeable to his office, to the place of exchange, he shall be reported and excluded the benefit of this association. 3.- If any person refuse to attend in his turn to remove sheep, as may be required, he shall also be reported and excluded the benefit of this association. 4.- If any sheep be found strayed or straying, and its mark be not in the book, it shall be conveyed to the exchange, and if not owned there, be delivered to the lord of the manor, or his bailiff. It is then to be proclaimed at the church, and two nearest market towns on two market days; and if not claimed by the owner, shall belong to the queen, and now commonly, by grant of the crown, to the lord of the manor or the liberty. The astray is not the absolute property of the lord, till the year and day after proclamation; and therefore, if it escape from the lord before, to another manor,he cannot reclaim it. If proclamation is neglected, the owner may claim it without paying the expenses, and may do so at all times within the year and day, if proclaimed, upon paying them; but afterwards it is vested in the lord absolutely. The year and day runs from the first proclamation, not the seizure. 5.- That any additional rule or rules may be added or any amendment or amendments made in the foregoing rules, by the delegates appointed, and the major part of any annual meeting; which said additions and amendments shall be lodged at the place of exchange, and also inserted in the public books of the respective townships. |
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Examples A typical page spread:-
 The sheep diagrams are printed in black and white, but in this copy have no marks. The marks would probably have been hand coloured, a laborious task. The ear crops on the engravings are just a basis for illustration, also not completed. The incomplete engravings suggest the possibility that the guide was sold either coloured or uncoloured, the latter cheaper. An example:- |
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| Mosedale |
William Barrow, Mosedale, under halved near ear, cropped far, a red stroke from the far ribs over the pen to the near side of the tail, and R.B. on the near side. |
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Shepherd's Guide, B T Sweeten, 1853 These notes are from a copy of the guide in Carlisle Library, Local Studies, item 3 8003 03045 9911, shelf mark M29. source type: Sweeten 1853 Title page:-
 THE SHEPHERD'S GUIDE; OR, A DELINEATION OF THE WOOL, HORN, AND EAR MARKS, OF THE DIFFERENT STOCKS OF SHEEP, ON THE EAST FELLS, EXTENDING, ON THE EAST SIDE, FROM CLOVER HILL, IN KNARESDALE, TO PIKE STONE, IN WEARDALE AND LUNEDALE, IN YORKSHIRE; AND ON THE WEST SIDE, FROM GELTSDALE FOREST TO STAINMORE. TO WHICH IS PREFIXED, THE RULES, A LIST OF THE COMMITTEE, AND AN INDEX, SHEWING THE PROPRIETOR'S NAMES, HORN BURNS, AND PLACES OF ABODE. PENRITH: PRINTED AT THE OFFICE OF B. T. SWEETEN. 1853. Introductory matter, pages 4 to 6:- OBSERVATIONS. 1. A Bit or Fork, denotes a sharp bottom, and a Key Bit or Square Fork, a square bottom. 2.- Underhalfed denotes a piece out of the underside of the ear. 3.- Upperhalfed denotes a piece out of the top side of the ear. 4.- Stowed denotes a piece cut off the end of the ear. RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE SHEPHERD'S GUIDE. 1.- That each Township appoint a Person by House-row, or any other manner it may think proper, to attend the exchange of Stray Sheep, and other requisite Offices. 2. That the Meetings take place in the following order, viz.,- at the Blue Ball Inn, St. John's Chapel, Weardale, and Morpeth Arms Inn, Hartleyburn, on the first Monday after the Eighth of July, for the Midsummer; and on the first Monday after the Eighth of November, for the Autumn gathering, at Slaggyford, Castle Carrick, High Force Inn, in Teesdale, and Punch Bowl Inn, on Stainmore, on the Tuesday; at Show House, Renwick, and Grainside Beck, on Wednesday; at Melmerby, and Wheatsheaf Inn, on Thursday; and the Central Meeting at Gullum Holme, on the Friday following these dates. 3.- That the Committee-man for each Township, appoint a day within four days of the Meeting in his district; on which every Member in the Township shall assemble, and gather all Stray Sheep on their Fell, and deliver the same to the person appointed to carry them to the place of exchange. 4.- If any Member shall wilfully neglect to collect on the day appointed by the Committee-man, all Stray or neighbouring Sheep from that part of the common, on which his sheep usually go, and not deliver them to the person appointed, as aforesaid, he shall be fined Two Shillings and Sixpence, or excluded the benefit of this association. 5.- If any Member refuse to attend in his turn, to remove such sheep as may be required (having reasonable expenses allowed from the person belonging such sheep), he shall be reported, and excluded the benefit of this association. 6.- Should any Member find any Stray Sheep belonging to a Member of this, or the South Association, in the interval between meetings, (that is to say, betwixt Midsummer and Autumn, and Autumn and Midsummer) he must give information of the same, to the Member or Members to whom the sheep may belong, either by letter or proxy. The owner of the sheep to pay postage, &c. 7.- If any sheep be found straying, and its mark be not in this, or the South Association Book, it shall be conveyed to the nearest exchange, and if not owned there, to be delivered to the Lord of the Manor (or his Bailiff), upon which it was taken up; the marks to be taken down in writing, by the Committee of the Meeting, and forwarded to the Central Meeting, to be kept there. 8.- All Stray or neighbouring Sheep to be at each meeting place by one o'clock, p.m., and those sheep whose marks are not in the books, to be drawn into a fold by themselves, for the inspection of all persons at the meeting. Members who infringe this rule to be fined Sixpence each time. 9.- I any Member shall at any Meeting wilfully challenge and claim for his own, or for any other person, any Stray Sheep, and that sheep not being his or theirs; upon such conduct being clearly proved against him, he must bear all expenses of such sheep to the owner, or to the Lord of the Manor, upon which it was taken up. 10.- That each Member attending the exchange, shall pay One Shilling for refreshment, other be dismembered. Members of the South Association, to be exempt from this Rule. 11.- As it is generally supposed, that occasionally, a number of sheep are unlawfully driven off sundry moors; it is therefore requested by the Committee, that every Member be diligent in studying his Book, so as to be conversant with the various marks, and thereby qualified to detect such improper proceedings. 12.- That a Committee-man be appointed in each Township throughout the district, to see that these rules are properly acted up to; any three to have power to act in their own district. 13.- That all fines be paid to the Treasurer; and that the Secretary and Treasurer make up their accounts every year against the Autumn Central Meeting. |
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Examples The sheep diagrams are printed in black and white. A typical page spread:-
 An example:- |
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| Wanwood Hill |
169.- ISABELLA RAINE, Wanwood Hill.- Face burn, [diamond]; horn burn. E R on both horns, and a figure on the far horn; near ear upperhalfed (bought sheep, different ear marks); tar mark, [diamond] on the near, and R on the far side. Ewes and old Wedders, no R on. |
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This copy of the guide has several extras bound
in, including a supplementary pamphlet:-
 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SHEPHERDS' GUIDE. A typical page has descriptive text, but no diagrams, excepting a neat tail piece:-
 ... J. Barnes, Printer, Bridge-Street, Appleby. |
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Shepherd's Guide, Robert Bailey, 1869 These notes are from a copy of the guide in Carlisle Library, Local Studies, item 3 8003 18271 6506, shelf mark 1A 636.3. source type: Bailey 1869 Title page:-
 THE SHEPHERD'S GUIDE, OR A DESCRIPTION OF THE WOOL AND EAR MARKS OF THE RESPECTIVE STOCKS OF SHEEP IN CALDBECK, MOSEDALE, BOWSCALE, MUNGRISDALE, THRELKELD, UNDERSKIDDAW, BASSENTHWAITE, ULDALE, IREBY, &C. MEETINGS Are annually and alternately held at Caldbeck, Mungrisdale, Threlkeld, Bassenthwaite, and Uldale, on the First Monday in December, and at Skiddaw House on the last Monday in July. KESWICK: PRINTED BY ROBERT BAILEY, MARKET-PLACE. 1869. The book has been rebound. Introductory matter:- RULES. FOR the better accomplishing the objects in view, it may be necessary to observe the following RULES;- 1.- It is requested of every person in the different townships, whose stocks are entered in this book, that they collect strayed or straying sheep from all parts of the township, against the usual time of exchange, which will be the last Monday in July, and first Monday in December, in each year, as mentioned in the title-page of this book. 2.- If any person shall wilfully neglect to collect stray or neighbouring sheep, from that part of the common on which his sheep usually go, previous to the aforesaid meeting for exchange, and deliver them to the person at that time appointed for the purpose of exchanging, to be by him conveyed, agreeable to his office, to the place of exchange, he shall be reported, end excluded the benefit of this association. 3.- If any person refuse to attend in his turn to remove sheep, as may be required, he also shall be reported and excluded the benefit of this association. 4.- If any sheep be found strayed or straying, and its mark be not in the book, it shall be conveyed to the exchange, and if not owned there, to be delivered to the lord of the manor, or his bailiff. It is then to be proclaimed at the church, and two nearest market towns on two market days; and if not claimed by the owner, shall belong to the queen, and now commonly, by grant of the crown, to the lord of the manor or the liberty. The astray is not the absolute property of the lord, till the year and day after proclamation; and therefore, if it escapes from the lord before, to another manor, he cannot reclaim it. If proclamation is neglected, the owner may claim it without paying expenses, and may do so at all times within the year and day, if proclaimed, upon paying them; but afterwards it is vested in the lord absolutely. The year and day runs from the first proclamation, not the seizure. 5.- That any additional rule or rules may be added or any amendment or amendments made in the foregoing rules by the delegates appointed, and the major part of any annual meeting; which said additions and amendments shall be lodged at the place of exchange, and also inserted in the public books of the respective townships. |
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Examples The sheep diagrams are printed in black and white, and in this copy have no colouring or overprinting to show the marks. The ear crops printed are just a basis for illustration, also not completed. The incomplete engravings suggest the possibility that the guide was offered either coloured or uncoloured, the latter cheaper. A typical page spread:-
 An example:- |
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| Beck Side |
JOSEPH MANDALE, beck Side, cropped near ear, holed far, a red bugle horn on the near side, and M. on the far side. |
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Shepherds' Guide, Lambert, Robinson and Stephenson, 1907 These notes are from a copy of the guide in Carlisle Library, Local Studies, item 3 8003 00306 2973, shelf mark 1A 636.3. source type: Lambert et al 1907 Title page:-
 [THE] SHEPHERDS' GUIDE: BEING AN AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION COMPRISING THE FOLLOWING SOCIETIES:- THE EAST, SOUTH, AND NORTH FELLS ASSOCIATIONS; INCLUDING CERTAIN PARTS OF UNENCLOSED LANDS, LYING AND BEING WITHIN THE COUNTIES OF Yorkshire, Westmorland, Cumberland, Durham, and Northumberland; And giving a proper account of the Members' Names, their Places of Residence, the names of the Committee, the Treasurer, and Secretaries; ALSO A PROPER DELINEATION OF THE WOOL, HORN, AND EAR MARKS OF ALL THE MEMBERS' SHEEP. EXTENDING From Bowes and Wensleydale, to Sedbergh, in Yorkshire; from Cross Fell and Kirkoswald, to Castle Carrick, in Cumberland; from Knaresdale and Allendale, Hexhamshire, to Blanchland, in Northumberland; from Lanchester and Stanhope, to Middleton, in Durham; and from thence to Bowes, in Yorkshire. TO WHICH ARE ADDED THE RULES AND AN INDEX. Barnard Castle: PRINTED BY A. AND E. WARD, BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS, MARKET PLACE. 1907. The book is soft bound, sewn and wrapped. It has been 'protected' by a sticky film, quite ruinous:-
 Introductory matter, pages iii to vi:- PREFACE. TO THE FLOCK MASTERS OF YORKSHIRE, WESTMORLAND, CUMBERLAND, NORTHUMBERLAND, AND DURHAM. GENTLEMEN, In presenting to you a revised edition of the 'SHEPHERDS' GUIDE,' we venture to say that we have made it as perfect as circumstances will permit; errors there may be, but they are of such a nature that we as Secretaries are unable to detect them, and will mostly be caused by indifferent marking on the blank sheets. We venture to remind you that this Association is in every sense a Co-operative Society, and that its success or failure is in the hands of each individual member. We therefore earnestly request you, each and all, to use his or her utmost endeavours to comply with the rules set out, and diligently gather and forward to the places of meeting all stray sheep on the respective moors, and to bear in mind that united we have a great power for good, divided we are powerless. Should any member discover that sheep are wilfully or negligently detained from the meetings, or that proper access is not allowed to the waifs set apart, or that any illegal practices are suspected in any district, if they will write to the Secretary of their Association, we feel sure every endeavour will be made to set the matter right. Thanking the different members who have so ably assisted in gathering the marks, etc, we place the book in your hands, and trust it will meet with approval, if so we shall feel amply repaid. We beg to remain, Gentlemen, Your obedient servants, R. W. LAMBERT. GEO. ROBINSON. MOSLEY STEPHENSON. RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION, ENTITLED THE 'SHEPHERDS' GUIDE.' 1.- That each Township appoint a member, or person within that district, to attend the Exchange Meeting of Stray Sheep, and discharge the duties of any other office connected with the Association. 2.- That each member gather all Stray Sheep belonging to the Members of this Association, upon the Moor or Common upon which his Sheep usually go, four days previous to the Meeting of Exchange within his district, where he resides, and forward them in proper time to the aforesaid meeting. 3. That the Meetings take place in the following order, viz:- For the East Fells District - At Bollihope on Saturday before St. John's Chapel, both Midsummer and Autumn; at the Blue Bell Inn, St. John's Chapel, Weardale, on the first Monday after the 8th of July, for the Midsummer; and on the first Monday after the 3rd of November, for the Autumn gathering. At Slaggyford, and High Force Inn, in Teesdale, on the Tuesday; at Shaw House, and Croglin, on Wednesday; at Melmerby, and Hilton, on Thursday; and the Central Meeting at Gullum Holme, on the Friday following these dates. For the South Fells District - At Nateby, near Kirkby Stephen; Hardrow, in Wensleydale; Unicorn Inn, Bowes; and C.B. Inn, Arkengarthdale, on the first Monday after the 8th of July, for Midsummer; and on the first Monday after the 3rd of November, for Autumn gathering. At the Punchbowl Inn, near Brough, on the Tuesday; a Sub Meeting at the Strathmore Arms, Holwick, on Thursday the day before Grains-o'-Beck meeting, and at Grains-o'-Beck, Lunedale, on the Friday following these dates. At the Miners' Arms Inn, Keld Green, Swaledale; at Shaw Paddock Inn, near Hawes; and Stang Foot Inn, near Barnard Castle, on the Saturday before Nateby gathering. At the Cross Keys Inn, Tebay; at King's Head Inn, Gunnerside, Swaledale; and Gearstones Inn, Horton-in-Ribblesdale, on the Friday before Nateby Meeting. At the Lion Inn, Sedbergh; and Bolton Arms Inn, Downholme, Richmond, on the Thursday before Nateby meeting; also at the Sun Inn, Crosby Ravensworth, same date. At the King's Head Inn, Coldbeck, Ravenstonedale, on the second Tuesday in July, for the Midsummer gathering; and on the second Tuesday in November for Autumn gathering. For the North Fells District - At Bolts Law, in Weardale; Carrshield and Allendale Town on the first Friday after 5th July, for the Midsummer; and on the first day in November for the Autumn gathering; and the Central Meeting at Mr. Shields' Allenheads Inn, Allenheads, Allendale, on the Saturday following these dates. 4.- If any member shall wilfully neglect to gather any Stray Sheep belonging to any member of this Association, from that part of the Moor or Common upon which his Sheep are usually depastured; or, when gathered, if he shall neglect to forward them in due time to the proper Meeting of Exchange within his district, he shall be cautioned for the first neglect, and for the second he shall be excluded the benefits of this Association. 5.- If any member shall refuse to attend in his turn to remove such Sheep as require removing (having reasonable expenses allowed from the person owning the Sheep), he shall be reported, and excluded the benefits of the Association. 6.- Should any member find any Stray Sheep during the intervals between the Meetings, he shall either forward the marks to the Secretary, or advertise in the local papers, giving full marks, etc. Parties claiming sheep to pay all reasonable expenses. 7.- If any Sheep be found straying, and its marks be not in this Association Book, it shall be conveyed to the nearest Meeting of Exchange; and if not owned or claimed there, to be delivered up to the Lord or Lady, or their Bailiff (expenses being paid), of that manor upon which it was taken up; the marks to be taken down in writing, and also the address of the person who takes charge of the sheep, by the Committee of the Meeting, and forwarded to the Secretary, together with one shilling, to meet the expenses of getting bills printed and forwarded to every Sheep Meeting House for circulation. 8.- All Stray or neighbouring Sheep to be at each Meeting place by Twelve o'clock at noon; and those Sheep whose marks are not in the Book, to be drawn into a fold by themselves, for the inspection of all present at the meeting. Members who infringe this rule to be fined Sixpence each. 9.- If any member shall, at any meeting, wilfully challenge and claim for his own, or for any other person, any Stray Sheep not being his or theirs, upon such conduct being clearly proved against him, he must bear all expenses of such Sheep to the owner, or to the Lord or Lady of that manor upon which it was taken up. 10.- That each member attending the Exchange shall pay One Shilling and Sixpence for refreshments, otherwise be excluded the benefits of the Association. 11.- Non-members to be charged Sixpence each Sheep. 12.- As it is generally supposed that occasionally a number of Sheep are unlawfully driven off sundry moors and commons, it is therefore requested by the Committee, that every member be diligent in studying his book, so as to be conversant with the various marks contained therein, and thereby be qualified to detect such improper proceedings. 13.- That a Committee man be appointed in each township throughout the district, to see that these rules are properly acted up to and carried into effect; any three to have power to act in their district. 14.- That all fines, etc., be paid to the Treasurers of the Amalgamated Societies; and that the Treasurers and Secretaries make up their accounts for the inspection of the members every year against the Autumn Central Meeting. The book has an index, arranged in groups for each district, then alphabetically by the horn burn, which is usually initials, as:-
HORN BURN / NAME / PLACE / PAGE
eg:-
AD each / Elizabeth Dobson / Low Row / 424
AD both / Alfred E Dobson / Hill House / 448
...
Ace both / Thomas Robinson / Shield Ash / 475
...
A far / Robt. Atkinson / Low Barn / 541
etc. |
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Examples The sheep diagrams are printed in black and white. A typical page spread:-
 An example:- |
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| Bowderdale |
1.- ISABELLA BRYNING, Bowderdale. IB near horn; near ear forked; far ear underbit; stroke behind far shoulder and O on far hook. |
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Shepherds' Guide, R H Lamb, 1927 These notes are from a copy of the guide in Carlisle Library, Local Studies, item 3 8003 00306 2981, shelf mark 1A 636.3. source type: Lamb 1927 Title page:-
 THE SHEPHERDS' GUIDE, OR A DESCRIPTION OF THE WOOL AND EAR MARKS OF THE RESPECTIVE STOCKS OF SHEEP IN Caldbeck, Mosedale, Bowscale, Mungrisdale, Threlkeld, Underskiddaw, Bassenthwaite, Uldale, &c. COMPILED BY R. H. LAMB. MEETINGS. Held alternately at, and in the following rotation:- Caldbeck, Mungrisdale, Threlkeld, Bassenthwaite, and Uldale (Hunt meets) on the first Monday in December, and Wylie Gills on the last Monday in July, and the first Monday after the 29th October (Hogg meet). The fine at all meets is 2/6. { The binding:-
 } THE SHEPHERD'S GUIDE 1927 Nicely contrasting the spelling on the title page ... Introductory matter:- THE compilation of a new Shepherds' Guide of small size was undertaken at the request of the Caldbeck Shepherds' Meeting, in December, 1925, as many changes have taken place since the publication of the last Guide of similar dimensions in 1892. The utility of the Guide depends upon its accuracy, its completeness, and upon copies being well distributed amongst flockowners. Every care has been taken to prevent mistakes and duplicate marks, and to register every flock in the districts which this publication embraces. Possibly some errors may have crept in, but it is hoped they are of a minor nature. Grateful acknowledgement is made for the assistance given by Mr. Wm. James and Mr. Wm. Coulthard, Caldbeck; Mr. Wilson Martin and Mr. Jos. Bleasdale, Mungrisdale; Mr. T Gasgarth and Mr. T. Robinson, Threlkeld; Mr. J. H. Mattinson and Mr. A. Thompson, Bassenthwaite; and Mr. J. Cowx and Mr. J. Fawcett, Uldale. All flockmasters are requested to collect stray sheep against the usual times - as mentioned on the title page - of exchange, and generally to assist in the identification and restoration of such. Every effort has been made to give the correct postal address of each owner, so that the possessor of a Guide, by referring to it, may be able to ascertain the ownership of stray sheep and where to write to, so that the sheep may be restored without loss of time or prolonged expense of keep. R.H.L. CALDBECK. September, 1927. |
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Examples The sheep diagrams are printed in black and white, and colour to show the marks. A typical page spread:-
 An example:- |
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| Bowscale |
JOHN JACKSON, Bowscale. Cropped near ear, underfold bitted far ear, red stroke over the fillets and red stroke down near shoulder, J on far side. |
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Technicolor Sheep Sheep are meant to be whiteMN: 20.12.2004 |
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Sheep Markers 2006 Several modern marking aids were found at a sheep fold near Shap, NY568100, 6 October 2006. |
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| Stay On |
Spray can.
Stay-on STOCK MARKER SPRAY ... for all stock 
DIRECTIONS FOR USE / Shake can well. / Spray approximately 4-6 inches away from the animal, when the fleece or hide is dry. ... Notice also the ear tags and pliers etc. |
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| Bradford marking fluid |
BRADFORD SHEEP MARKING FLUID / A traditional Northern Hill and [Fell] ... |
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| Denimark |
Spray can.
Denimark / Spray Marker / Aerosol de [marquage] pour moutons ... |
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I'm sorry better notes were not made. It was pouring
with rain; not a day for marking sheep, or writing notes.
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Shepherds' Guide, Walker 1817 source type: Walker 1817 Title and Preface Title page:-
 THE Shepherd's Guides OR A DELINEATION OF THE WOOL AND EAR MARKS ON THE DIFFERENT STOCKS OF SHEEP IN MARTINDALE, BARTON, ASKHAM, HELTON, BAMPTON, MEASAND, MARDALE, LONGSLEDDALE, KENTMERE, APPLETHWAITE, TROUTBECK, PATTERDALE, AMBLESIDE, AND RYDALE. TO WHICH IS PREFIXED AN INDEX, Shewing the Proprietors' Names and Places of abode, with a Description of the Marks, &c. BY JOS. WALKER. PENRITH: PRINTED BY W. STEPHEN. 1817. Introductory matter, pp.iii-viii:- INTRODUCTION. MY first inducement to engage in this work was the favourable opinion entertained of the plan by several shepherds to whom I communicated it, and the success it has met with since its commencement is sufficient to shew the extensive benefit which is likely to result from it: it has not been presented to any sheep breeder who has not considered it of the greatest importance; the number of subscribers sufficiently proves the fact. Indeed its importance is so self-evident as altogether to supercede any apology from me in bringing it before the public. It is well known to every proprietor of sheep how apt they are to stray from their owners, and consequently, either from not knowing the proper owner or from neglect, or a worse cause - the fraudulent intent of the discoverer - are often entirely lost to him. Now my object in bringing this work before the public is to lay down a plan by which every man may have it in his power to know the owner of a stray sheep, and to restore it to him, and, at the same time, that it may act as an antodote against fraudulent practices too often followed,- in a word, to restore to every man his own. If the work itself does not shew how far I have succeeded in these views, any thing I can say in its behalf would be useless and cannot recommend it. I considered that the best mode of representing the wool and ear marks would be to have printed delineations of the animals on which the respective marks might be laid down, and to which the printed description preceeding would sevrve as an index. I have endeavoured to make this work as intelligible as possible; but as I never have seen any treatise on the same subject, I cannot say but that improvements might have been introduced, and that imperfections may occur; but these, I hope, the good natured reader will overlook. I cannot conclude without acknowledging the great assistance I have received in the prosecution of the work from Messrs. Richard Mounsey and William Jackson of Martindale. Parish Marks I SHALL lay down a rule by which a man's character may be preserved when he is innocent, and exposed when he is guilty. Let a man be appointed in each parish, and respectively furnished with a particular sign, with which when sheep are bought and cannot be made the purchaser's ear-mark, he shall burn them on the face or horn, and enter them in a book kept for that purpose; then if any dispute arise, he would be a good evidence, having them specified in his book, and on them the impression of the iron. The same impression would be of great use to explain to other parishes when sheep are bought and cannot be made the purchaser's ear-mark; for instance, when any parish sign is seen upon them, the ear-mark is not according to the book, but the wool-mark only; and if that should be defaced, the said sign would shew to where they belonged.
 A TABLE, Shewing the Form of the Irons or Signs to be used by each Township. 1. MARTINDALE ... [ ] 2. BARTON, ... [ ] 3. ASKHAM and HELTON, ... [ ] 4. BAMPTON, ... [ ] 5. MEASAND and MARDALE, ... [ ] 6. LONGSLEDDALE, ... [ ] 6. SHAP, SWINDALE, and FOREST HALL, ... [ ] 7. KENTMERE, ... [ ] 8. APPLETHWAITE, ... [ ] 9. TROUTBECK, ... [ ] 10. PATTERDALE, ... [ ] 11. AMBLESIDE and RYDALE, ... [ ] The numbering error is in the original. N.B. These marks, when put upon the face, ought to be made three times as large as the representation here laid down. JOS. WALKER. Rules, Shepherds' Meetings For the better accomplishing the objects in view, it may be necessary to observe the following RULES. 1. That each Township appoint a person by house-row, or in any other manner it may think proper, to attend to the exchanging of strayed sheep and other requisite offices; for which purpose two General Meetings of such delegates should be held annually at some conveniently situated public-house. Say, the first on the [20] day of [July] at the house of [Sarah Sisson] in [Martindale]; the second on the [25] day of [November] at the house of [Mr Addison] in [Helton] except either of the above dates should happen to be Sunday, then to be held on the day following; the greatest benefit may result by proper attention to these duties. 2. Previous to the meetings, all stray sheep ought to be collected by the person whose sheep usually go on the same part of the common, and be delivered by him to the person at that time appointed for the purpose of exchange, who shall convey them, agreeably to his office, to the place of exchange. 3. If a man shall wilfully neglect to collect stray or neighbouring sheep from that part of the common on which his sheep usually go, previous to the aforesaid meetings, for exchange, and deliver them to the person appointed as aforesaid, he shall be reported, and excluded the benefit of this Association. 4. If any person refuse to attend in his turn to remove sheep, as may be required, he also shall be reported and excluded the benefit of the Association. 5. If any sheep be found strayed or straying, and its mark be not in the book, it shall be conveyed to the Exchange; and if not owned there, be delivred to the Lord of the Manor, or his bailiff. It is then to be proclaimed at the church, and two nearest market-towns on two market-days; an if not claimed by the owner, shall belong to the king; and now commonly, by grant of the crown, to the lord of the manor or the liberty. The estray is not the absolute property of the Lord, till the year and day after proclamation; and therefore, if it escape from the Lord before to another manor, he cannot reclaim it. If proclamation is neglected, the owner may claim it without paying the expences, and may do so at all times within the year and day, if proclaimed, upon paying them; but afterward it is vested in the lord absolutely. The year and day runs from the first proclamation, not the seizure. 6. That any additional Rule or Rules may be added, or any amendment or amendments made in the foregoing Rules, by the Delegates appointed to attend at the first and second meetings of exchange, which said additions and amendments shall be lodged at the place of exchange, and also inserted in the public books of the respective townships. In the Rules the day, month, person, and place are added to this volume in manuscript. Observations on the following Survey. TWINTERS in general are marked on the head, consequently I omit mentioning them except when it serves as a mark for the whole stock. Letters on the face or horns agreeably to a person's name, will be understood without being mentioned so many times over; but persons that burn a letter or character on the face or horns, different from their names, are inserted. N.B. A bit or a fork signifies a sharp bottom, and a key-bit or square fork denotes a square bottom. When different colours of a mark are used upon the same flock, one of them will be placed above the picture, as in No.3, Martindale; also, when the same colour is omitted, it will be placed in the above form, as in No.7, Barton. A letter not always used on the same flock, will also be placed above the picture, as in No.2, Martindale. J.W. |
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Description and Pictures The index begins:-
 The Shepherd's Guide. Index to the Engravings. CHAP. I. MARTINDALE. No.1 - ROBERT WILKINSON, Bouskel: A square fork far ear, a red mark on the far side of the back, and a pop on the near huck bone. Each entry is the caption for a picture. The sheep diagrams are printed in black and white and hand coloured to show the smit marks. A typical page is:-
 There are three engravings for each page. There are said to be 6 woodcuts of a pair of sheep. The Longsleddale pages, used as examples below, use 3 of them. Look at the grass in the middle of the picture:-
 One of the woodcuts is signed:-
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Examples, Longsleddale The smit marks and descriptions for Longsleddale are on pp.41-46 and pp.20-22 respectively:- CHAP. VI. LONGSLEDDALE. |
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| Sadgill |
No.1 - JAMES MATTINSON, Sadgill: Cropped near ear, a red mark on the back and down both lisks, IM on the horn, and a figure. |
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| Sadgill |
No 2 - THOMAS WALKER, Sadgill: Cropped far ear, and under key bitted near, a red mark over both shoulders, and another over behind the shoulders, a pop on the tail head, and TW on the horns. |
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| Tomshow |
No.3 - MICHAEL MATTINSON, Thomshow: Cropped far ear and upper bitted stump, a red mark down the far shoulder, M on the near side, MM and a figure on the horns. |
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| Swinklebank |
No.4 - MILES WALKER, Swinklebank: Cropped far ear, a red mark on the back and down the far lisk, MW on the horns. |
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| Swinklebank |
No.5 - EDWARD WALKER, Swinklebank: Cropped near ear, a red mark down the near shoulder, and a black pop on the shoulders, MW on the horns. |
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| Tilshole |
No.6 - THOMAS HUDSON, Tilshole: Sharp bottomed fork near ear, a red cross on the far huck bone, TH on the horns. |
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| Stockdale |
No.7 - THOMAS HOGARTH, Stockdale: Under bitted far ear, a red mark from the far side of the the back down the near side of the tail, TH on the horns. |
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| Bridge End |
No.8 - WILLIAM WILSON, Bridge-end: Cropped near ear, a red mark under the near ridge, and a pop on the far ribs. |
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| Tenter How |
No.9 - THOMAS WILSON, Tenterhow: Cropped far ear, under bitted and upper bitted near; two red marks over the back before the hucks, four inches parted. |
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No.10 - RICHARD TAYLOR: Cropped both ears, and slit near stump, a red pop on the shoulders and on the head, R on the near side, RT on the horns. |
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No.11 - MILES BECK: Cropped near ear, and slit stump, under bitted far, a red pop on the near huck bone, and a black pop on the back. |
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No.12 - JOHN FRANKLAND, Forest Hall. Cropped both ears, and a black pop on the near shoulder, I on the face. |
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| Forest Hall |
No.13 - JOHN FRANKLAND, Forest Hall: Cropped both ears, and a black pop on the far huck bone, I on the face. |
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| Swindale Head |
No.14 - GERARD RAWES, Swindale-head: Cropped near ear and upper halved far, a red pop upon the loins, GR on the horns. |
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| Swindale |
No.15 - JAMES SEWELL, Swindale: No ear mark, a red mark down the near ribs, and half crupper on the same side, IS on the horn; bought sheep may have [black square?] ear marks. |
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| Shap |
No.16 - JOHN HENDERSON, Shap: Cropped both ears, a black pop on the far shoulder, H on the near side; some have a red pop on the tail head, others the red pop on the neck, H on the face, IH on the horns. |
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| Shap Abbey |
No.17 - MATTHEW CLARK, Shap Abbey: Croppe near ear, a black pop on the tail head, C on the near side, MC on the near horn, and a figure on the far; the polled sheep have C on the face. |
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| Shap Abbey |
No.18 - MATHEW CLARK, Shap Abbey: Cropped near ear and under bitted far, a black mark down he (sic) near shoulder, and C on the far side, face and horns as above. |
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The next chapter is Kentmere.
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Acknowledgements This shepherds guide, the earliest, is rare. I am grateful to George Akrigg, Liskeard, Cornwall, for permission to look at his copy; arranged through Barry McKay of Appleby. |
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| The only copy I have discovered in a public collection is in the Special Libraries and Archives, University of Aberdeen, call number SB 6363 Wal. | |||
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Smit Marks
These notes are about the smit marks used to distinguish the farm and owner of sheep in Westmorland and Cumberland, recorded in Shepherd's Guides from 1817 to the present day; the smit marks are used alongside cropping of ears, branding on horns, and more recently ear tags. The smit mark is a bold stroke or pop, spot, or other coloured mark on the sheep's body, that can be seen clearly from a distance. The ear crop and horn brand, and ear tag, are only readable close at hand. Thanks I am grateful to various institutions and people for their help in gathering these notes:-
Kendal Library and Carlisle Library local studies
sections; John Bennett, Ruth Fishwick, Richard Simpson,
Geoff Wayne, Barry McKay, George Akrigg, and others.
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Shepherd's Guide About 1817 a sheep farmer in Martindale, Joseph Walker, had the idea of collecting and publishing wool marks of sheep in various areas as a guide to shepherds: if a stray is found you know where it belongs; or more practically, at a shepherds' meet or gathering, you can quickly claim your own. source type: Walker 1817 Joseph Walker wrote:- THE SHEPHERDS' GUIDE, or a Delineation of the Wool and Ear-marks of the different Stocks of Sheep, in Martindale, Barton, Askham, Helton, Bampton, Measand, Mardale, Long Sleddale, Kentmere, Applethwaite, Troutbeck, Ambleside, and Rydal. To which is prefixed an Index, showing the Proprietors' Names and Places of Abode. With a description of the Marks. PREFACE.- My first inducement to engage in this book was the favourable opinion entertained of the plan by several shepherds to whom I communicated it, and the success it has met with since its commencement is sufficient to show that extensive benefit which is likely to result from it: it has not been presented to any sheep-breeder that has not considered it of the greatest importance; the number of subscribers sufficiently proves the fact. Indeed its importance is so self-evident as to supercede any apology in bringing it before the public. It is well known to every proprietor of sheep, how apt they are to stray from their owners; and, consequently, either from not knowing the proper owner, or from a worse cause, (the fraudulent intention of the discoverer) are often entirely lost to him. Now my object in bringing this work before the public is to lay down a plan by which every one may have it in his power to know the owner of a stray sheep, and to restore it to him: and that it may act as an antidote against the fraudulent practices too often followed,- in a word, restore to every man his own. I considered the best mode of representing the wool and ear-marks would be to have printed delineations of the animals on which the respective marks might be laid down, and to which the printed description would serve as the index. I have endeavoured to make the work as intelligible as possible: but as I have never seen any treatise on the same subject, I cannot say but that improvements might have been introduced, and that imperfections may occur, but these I hope the good-natured reader will overlook. I cannot conclude without acknowledging the great assistance I have derived from Richard Mounsey and William Jackson of Martindale. J. WALKER The format is simple. Each page of a shepherd's guide has three pairs of sheep drawn in outline, facing each other ie showing the near and far sides. Near side is the sheep's left, far side the right (I haven't yet discover why). The sheep's ears are drawn extra large, so that the ear crop can be shown clearly. Under each drawing are the names of the farmer, farm and the flock. Example:-
 JOHN MATTINSON, Middale. / Upper fold bitted far ear, a red stroke down the far shoulder, M on the far side, IM on the horn and a figure. Middale is a farm in Longsleddale; most illustrations used in these notes are from that valley, chosen because I live there. Further notes are made from a series of shepherd's guides:- |
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Rudballs Smit marks were once made with a rudball, made from red haematite iron ore. Or a ruddle might be made by boiling up a mixture of grease, Stockholm tar, and Venetian red. Nowadays there are chemical preparations to be bought. |
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Sheep Stealing A 19th century handbill:- Sheep Stealing. / Five Guineas REWARD. / Whereas for about twenty years past Sheep and Lambs have been annually stolen from the Montain Sheep Pastures belonging to the Black Hall and Gaitscale Estates, at the head of the division of Ulpha, in the parish of Millom, Cumberland, and the Framer there has not been able to detect the thief or thieves. / Nitice id hereby given, / that if any Sheep or Lambs shall infuture be stolen from the Flocks belonging to either Estate, any peron giving such information to Mr. GEORGE TYSON of Black Hall, as shall lead to the Offender or Offenders to conviction, shall receive a reward of Five Guineas. / THE MARKS ARE; / BLACK HALL STOCK.- A red smit stroke down the near side; and both Ears cropped and upper Key bitted. / GAITSCALE STOCK.- A red smit mark over the Shoulder; and some of them also a red pop on the near Hook Bone, as a gathering mark for a particular part of the pasture; and both Ears cropped and under Key bitted. / Last year a Lamb of the Black Hall Stock which had been stolen, returned with one Ear cut off leaving the appearance of a Short Fork. / N.B. - Any communication made to Mr. WILLIAM BLENDALL, Solicitor, Broughton in Furness, will be forwarded to Mr. TYSON. / Black Hall, 18th Augt 18[2 ] / MARY TYSON, PRINTER, KING STREET, ULVERSTON. |
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Old Print An engraving in the volume 2 of Westmorland, Cumberland, Durham and Northumberland Illustrated, published by Thomas Rose, 1832, is:-
Brother's water from Kirkstone Foot, drawn by Thomas
Allom, engraved by R Sands
 Look carefully at the sheep; there is a smit mark, two strokes along the far side rib. As yet I haven't traced this mark, but the artist is unlikely to have made it up. A Painting A detail from the Gates of Borrowdale, painted by Frederick Clive Newcom (1847-94):-
 The red mark does not look like a tup's mark, it does look a little like the mark still used at Fold Head Farm, Watendlath, Borrowdale. |
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Shepherd's Guide, Joseph Walker, 1817. | ||
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Shepherd's Guide, James Moore, 1824. | ||
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Shepherd's Guide, J Brown, 1835. | ||
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Shepherd's Guide, H Brown, 1848. | ||
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Shepherd's Guide, William Hodgson, 1849. | ||
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Shepherd's Guide, B T Sweeten, 1853 | ||
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Shepherd's Guide, Robert Bailey, 1869. | ||
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Shepherd's Guide, Daniel Gate, 1879. | ||
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Shepherd's Guide, Robinson, Dent and Vickers, 1885. | ||
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Shepherd's Guide, Craven Co, 1899. | ||
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Shepherds' Guide, Lambert, Robinson and Stephenson, 1907. | ||
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Shepherd's Guide, Thomas Wilson, 1913. | ||
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Shepherds' Guide, R H Lamb, 1927. | ||
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Shepherd's Guide, R H Lamb, 1937. | ||
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Shepherds' Guide, Wilkinson, Wales, Wilkinson and Beck, 1960. | ||
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Shepherds Guide, Malcolm Short, 1967. | ||
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Shepherds Guide, Brown and Rawling 1985 | ||
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Shepherds Guide, Brown 2005 | ||
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Smit Marks, Longsleddale, 2005-06 | ||
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Sheep Markers, 2006 | ||
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Technicolor Sheep | ||
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References Bailey, Robert (?): 1869: Shepherd's Guide (printer, Keswick, Cumberland):: Carlisle Library Brown, G F & Rawling, W: 1985: Lakeland Shepherds' Guide: (Ennerdale Bridge, Cumbria):: Kendal Library Brown, Geoff (et al): 2005: Lakeland Shepherds' Guide: Lakeland Shepherds' Guide Committee (Ennerdale, Cumbria) Brown, H (?): 1848: Shepherd's Guide: Brown, H (printer, Penrith, Cumberland):: Carlisle Library Brown, J (?): 1835: Shepherd's Guide: Brown, J (printer, Penrith, Cumberland):: Carlisle Library Gate, Daniel: 1879: Gate's New Shepherds Guide: Brash Bros (printer, Cockermouth, Cumberland):: Kendal Library Hart, Edward: 1977: Hill Shepherd: David and Charles (Newton Abbot, Devon):: ISBN 0 7153 7483 4 Hodgson, William: 1849: Shepherd's Guide: Soulby, S (printer, Ulverston, Lancashire):: Kendal Library Lamb, R H: 1927: Shepherds' Guide:: Carlisle Library Lamb, R H: 1937: Lamb's Shepherds Guide: Herald Printing Co (printer, Penrith, Cumberland):: Kendal Library Lambert, R W & Robinson, George & Stephenson, Mosley: 1907: Shepherds' Guide: Ward, A and E (printer etc, Barnard Castle, Northumberland) Moore, James: 1824: Shepherd's Guide::: Kendal Library Powley, Miss: 1876: Past and Present among the Northern Fells: TransCWAAS: 1st series vol.2: pp.354-374 Robinson, John & Dent, A C & Vickers, William: 1885: Shepherds' Guide: Ward, William (printer, Barnard Castle, Northumberland):: Kendal Library Rollinson, William: 1974: Life and Tradition in the Lake District: Dent, J M and Co (London):: ISBN 0 460 07847 X Sweeten, B T (?): 1853: Shepherd's Guide: Sweeten, B T (printer, Penrith, Cumberland):: Carlisle Library Walker, Joseph: 1817: Shepherd's Guide: Stephen, T (Penrith, Cumberland) Wilkinson & Wales & Wikinson & Beck: 1960: Shepherds' Guide: Ramsden Williams Publications (Consett, Durham):: Carlisle Library |
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{ LONGSLEDDALE MAP NOTES }
*FILENAME lslfram.htm
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Longsleddale Map Notes The more you look, and listen, the clearer it becomes that there is no right spelling for a placename. How do you find out what a place is called? you ask. If you are a map maker and not a local resident (or offcomers, as we will be for another three decades), you have several problems: who do you ask; in what circumstances are you asking; do you hear what the informant says correctly; are you copying an earlier list. |
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| who do you ask? |
An ordinary local resident, who has learned
the placename from everyday usage.
A local worthy, the vicar or the squire, who might or might not be more trustworthy about usage. Beware of antiquarians and amateur students of placenames. An official source, one of the local authorities, or the Ordnance Survey gazetteer or maps, Ministry of Transport road signs, or whatever. These authorities have no direct knowledge of accepted local usage; and might suffer from a sense of self importance that leads to distortions. Some of these authorities are not even self consistent; check one scale of OS map against another for example. |
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| circumstances of asking |
In formal circumstances, in which the respondent
is on their best behaviour, which may distort the answer
from the accepted norm.
Or informal circumstances, which may provide an everyday but less formally accepted term. Perhaps the everyday usage is the best guide of all, but hardly practical for fieldwork survey. There is an added problem of people's disbelief in their own placename usage. A neighbour refers to some of their fields by terms which are used by the family, but because these are not the same as on a map of 1875, believes she might be wrong. No, her usage today is more right than anything else. How people spell placenames is not always reliable, but they can get quite excited about it, especially, and reasonably, for their own home. |
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| do you hear correctly? |
The speaker and the listener will likely speak, and
thus hear, differently, both in dialect
and pronunciation.
The way a placename is spelt by the recorder will match what the recorder hears, which may not be what the informant said. Errors in this mode can happen even when the placenames are pronounced clearly. English spelling depends greatly on the etymology of a word, as well as its sound. If the language and dialect of the speaker and listener are not exactly the same the questioner may not know the words being used, and can more easily spell them wrong. Dialect is not necessarily related to class, we all speak a dialect. |
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| copying |
Using an existing map as a source for copy
has special dangers. Labels on maps are placed
with difficulty. A label belonging to a different place
might look as if it the one you are looking for. A
placename of several words might have bits of its
label separated, apparently belonging to several
places.
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The next step in the chain of recording is transcription
of field notes to a fair copy, or a database.
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| handwriting |
Can you read your own handwriting? It is
important that the fair copy is made soon after the
initial recording.
As well as the obvious difficult of reading there is also the problem of believing what you wrote; or thinking that you got it wrong. So, the placename gets tidied up, perhaps wrongly. |
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| transcription |
Every transcription of a placename from one
system to another, fair copy to database, database to
map draft, map draft to engraved plate, can generate
new errors.
Every stage of transcription is an editing process, even if this is not overtly recognised. There will be a tendency to normalise what looks wrong or unbelievable or just unsatisfactory. For example, a 1922 OS map has apostrophes inserted in Till's Hole, Tom's Howe, and Wad's Howe. There seems to be no other evidence for these, and there are no apostrophes today. Transcription goes badly wrong when the next person in the chain speaks a different language. Some early maps were engraved in Holland, or by dutch engravers. Further north you have only to ask a Gaelic speaker about local placenames recorded in the OS name book to raise a laugh. Once in a database there should be no further transcription errors. Databases ought to have an extra level of checking for correctness; they are going to be trusted so much more, for much longer, without being questioned. |
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Some spelling issues are worth remark.
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| spaces |
An example
Docker Nook the house, and for the area round about. Dockernook Gill the name of the beck that runs off the fell nearby. The stress pattern in the pronunciation of these names is different. But: the valley itself is recorded as Long Sleddale and Longsleddale at different times and in different circumstances. Both are pronounced the same way. |
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| gill / ghyll |
Gill comes from Old Norse word geil or Old West
Scandiavian gil, meaning a ravine. As there are often
streams in ravines the derived word gill has got shifted
to mean stream. Its present usage is mixed.
The spelling ghyll is reputed to be a recent invention, to make the g hard. It seems to be disregarded in the standard works about placenames. We live at Low Sadgill, at Sadgill. The sheep farmer who lives at Middle Sadgill farms Sadghyll Farm. |
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| gill force |
High up Longsleddale is Galeforth Spout, a water fall on
Galeforth Gill. Galeforth is of course gill force ie the gill
with a waterfall. There is some very typical tautology in this
and many other placenames; here, waterfall gill waterfall,
and waterfall gill gill.
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| how / howe |
Some hows are spelled how and others howe. There seems no
rhyme or reason for the difference.
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Although many, perhaps most, placenames are descriptive
in origin they have become nominative, proper names.
The strict rules of spelling for ordinary words no
longer apply. |
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Tabulations
The places recognised on each map are tabulated in four columns symbol / feature / label / place
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Longlseddale Map Notes, Places
| Longsleddale settlement | Sadgill | Stockdale | Tills Hole | Toms Howe | Hill Cottage | Underhill House | Swinklebank | Wellfoot | Hollin Root | Middale | Wads Howe | Beech Hill | Capplebarrow House | Ubarrow Hall | Kilnstones | Nether Bower | High House | Docker Nook | Low House | Bridge End | Tenter Howe | Murthwaite | Nether House Farm | Dale End | St Mary's Church | Community Hall | Longsleddale Parish | Whirl Howe | Wrengill Quarry | |
| Saxton 1576 | Sleddale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kip 1607 | Sleddale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed 1611 | Sleddale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jansson 1646 | Sleddale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Blome 1673 | Sleddale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sanson 1679 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lea 1689 | Sleddale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Morden 1695 | Lang Sleddale | Ewbarrow Hall | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bowen 1720 | Lang Sleddle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Moll 1724 | Ewbarrow Hall | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Badeslade 1742 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cowley 1743 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rocque 1746 | Ewbarrow Hall | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kitchin 1750s | Ewbarrow Hall | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jefferys 1757 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bowen and Kitchin 1760 | Sleddale | Ubarrow Hall | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Seale 1761 | Sleddale | Ubarrow Hall | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bowen 1763 | Sleddale | Uharrow Hall | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kitchin 1763 | Sleddale | Ewbarrow Hall | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ellis 1765 | Sleddale | Ewbarrow Hall | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hogg 1784 | Sleddale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| West 1784 map | Long Sleddale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cary 1787 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Seller 1694 | Sleddale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cary 1789 | Sand Gills | Little London | Ingshole | Under Hill | High Swinkle Bank | Hollin Foot | Wood Ho | Ewbarrow Hall | Gill Stone | Docker Nook | Bridge End | Tenter How | Marthwaite | Nether How | Dale End | |||||||||||||||
| Cary 1794 | Little London | Dale End | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cary 1794 | Dale End | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mogg 1822 | block/s | block/s | block/s | block/s | block/s | block/s | block/s | cross | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Smith 1804 | Sand Gills | Lit. London | block/s | Under Hill | Swinkle Bank | block/s | block/s | Bridge End | Dale End | cross | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cole and Roper 1805 | Lit. London | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cooper 1808 | Longsleddale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rowe 1816 | Sand Gills | Little London | Under Hill | Swinkle Bank | Ewbarrow Hall | Low Ho | Dale End | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otley 1818 map | block/s | block/s | block/s | block/s | block/s | cross | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Red Guide 1892 map | block/s | block/s | block/s | block/s | block/s | cross | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hall 1820 | Church Ho. | Docker Nook | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hall 1822 | Little London | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hodgson 1823 | Sad Gill | Stock Dale or Little London | Hole | Toms How | Hill | House under Hill | High Swingley Bank / Low Swingley Banks | Well Foot | Hollin Root | Mid Dale | Wads How | B[ ] Hill | Wood House | Yewbarrow Hall | Kiln Stone | [Bower Wood] | High House | Docker Nook | Low House | Bridge End | Tenter How | Murthwaite | Nether House | Dale End | Long Sleddale Chapel | School | dotted line (?) | Wrangdale Slate Quarry | ||
| Greenwood 1824 | Sad Gill | Stockdale | Tills Hall | Town How | Hill | Swinkle Bank | Well Foot | Hollin Foot | Midale | Wades How | Wood House | Yewbarrow Hall | Gill Stone | Docker Nook | Murthwaite | Nether House | Dale End | Long Sleddale Chapel | Slate Quarry | |||||||||||
| Cary 1828 map 2 | Dale End | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pigot 1828 | Chapel Ho | Ewbarrow Hall | Low House | Bridge End | Marthwaite | Nether How | Dale End | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wilkes 1810-28 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Greenwood 1830 | Sad Gill | Stockdale | Town How | Swinkle Bank | [Y]ewbarrow Hall | Docker Nook | Long Sleddale Chapel | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leigh 1830 map | Longsleddale | Stockdale | Docker Nook | Dale End Coal | cross | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Teesdale 1830 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lewis 1831 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lewis 1831 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Murray 1830 | Sand Gills | Little London | Under Hill | Swinkle Bank | Dale End | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hall 1833 | Stockdale | Hellin Foot | Gill Stone | Dale End | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bell 1834 | Stockdale | Hellin Foot | Gill Stone | Dale End | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dugdale 1835 | Long Sleddale | Stock Dale | Hill | Murthwaite | Dale End | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Moule 1836 | Stockdale | Hellin Foot | Gill Stone | Dale End | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Walker 1837 | Long Sleddale | Stock Dale | Hill | Swingley Bank | Murthwaite | Dale End | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Black 1841 map | Stockdale | Murthwaite | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ford 1839 map | Long Sleddale | Stockdale | Docker Nook | Dale End Coat | cross | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fisher 1845 | Steddale | Stock Dale | Dale End | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Walker 1830 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Garnett 1850 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cruchley 1856 | Sand Gills | Little London | Ings Hole | Under Hill | High Swinkle Bank | Hollin Foot | Chapel Ho. / Wood Ho. | Ebarrow Hall | Gill Stones | Low House | Bridge End | Marthwaite | Nether How | Dale End | ||||||||||||||||
| Philip 1857 | Sadgill | Stockdale | Tills Hole | Toms Howe | Hill Ho. | Hollin Boot | Wads Howe | Beech Hill | High & Low Ho. | Docker Nook | High & Low Ho. | Bridge End | Tenter Howe | Murthwaite | Nether Ho. | Dale End | ||||||||||||||
| Whellan 1858 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dispatch 1863 | Long Sleddale | block/s | Stockdale | Hill Ho. | Swinkle Bank | Murthwaite | Docker Nook | Dale End | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1860s Old Series | Sadgill | Stockdale | Tills Hole | Toms Howe | Hill Ho. | Swinklebank | Wellfoot | Hollin Root | Middale | Wads Howe | Beech Hill | block/s | block/s | Kilnstones | High Ho. | Docker Nook | Low Ho. | Bridge End | Tenter Howe | Murthwaite | Nether Ho. | Dale End | Ch. [P.] Cur. | |||||||
| Reynolds 1848 | Stockdale | Dale End | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stanford 1864 | Stockdale | Dale End | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ramsay 1866 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cruchley c1870 | block/s | Stockdale | Town How | Hellin Foot | Beech Hill | Yewbarrow Hall | Kilnstones | [R]ocker Nook | Low Ho. | Murthwaite | [Nether Ho ] | Dale End | ||||||||||||||||||
| Barber 1873 map | Long Sleddale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jenkinson 1875 map 1 | Little London | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1880s | Sadgill | Stockdale | Long Sleddale Chap. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1881-82 New Series | Sadgill | Stockdale | Tills Hole | Hill Ho. | block/s | Swinklebank | Wellfoot | Hollin Root | Middale | Wads Howe | Beech Hill | block/s | block/s | Kilnstones | High Ho. | Docker Nook | Low Ho. | Bridge End | Tenter Howe | Murthwaite | Nether House | Dale End | Ch. | LONG SLEDDALE | ||||||
| Letts 1884 | Long Sleddale | block/s | Stock Dale | Hill | Swingley Bank | block/s | block/s | Murthwaite | Dale End | block/s | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Owen-Jones 1885 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| W H Smith c1889 | Sadgill | Stockdale | Long Sleddale Chap. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mill and Heawood 1895 | Sadgill | Stockdale / Little London | Middale | Beech Hill | Dale End | Long Sleddale Ch. & Pass | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bacon 1896-1902 | Long Sleddale | block/s | Stockdale | Hill Ho. | Swinkle Bank | Murthwaite | Docker Nook | Dale End | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1899 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1899 | Sadgill | Stockdale | Long Sleddale Chap. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1900 | Sadgill | Stockdale / Lile London | Middale | Beech Hill | Dale End | Long Sleddale Ch. & Pass | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1900 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bacon 1900s | Dale End | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1904 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bacon c1907 | Long Sleddale | block/s | Stockdale | Hill | Swinkle Bank | Murthwaite | Docker Nook | Dale End | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Marr 1909-12 map 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Marr 1909-12 map 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bacon 1910s | Dale End | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nurse 1918 | LONG SLEDDALE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1920s | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1920s motoring | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1922 | Sadgill | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1925 | Sadgill | Till's Hole | Hill Ho. | block/s | Swinklebank | Wellfoot | Hollin Root | Middale | Wad's Howe | Beech Hill | block/s | Ubarrow Hall | Kilnstones | High Ho. | Docker Nook | Low Ho. | Bridge End | Tenter Howe | Murthwaite | Nether Ho. | Dale End | cross | Sch. | Whirl Howe | ||||||
| Amalgamated Press 1930s | Sadgill | Beech Hill | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1946 Quarter Inch | Sadgill | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AA 1920s |
Longlseddale Map Notes, Places
valleys |
Longsleddale valley |
Gatescarth Pass | Stock Dale | Branstree | Selside Brow | Harter Fell | Adam Seat | The Knowe | Tarn Crag | Harrop Pike | Kentmere Pike | Steel Pike | Raven Crag | Buckbarrow Crag | Grey Crag | Sleddale Fell | Goat Scar | Great Howe | Shipman Knotts | Ancrow Brow | Swinklebank Crag | Cocklaw Fell | Capplebarrow Crag | Todd Fell |
| Saxton 1576 | hillocks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kip 1607 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed 1611 | hillocks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jansson 1646 | hillocks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Blome 1673 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sanson 1679 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lea 1689 | hillocks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Morden 1695 | hillocks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bowen 1720 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Moll 1724 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Badeslade 1742 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cowley 1743 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rocque 1746 | hillocks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kitchin 1750s | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jefferys 1757 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bowen and Kitchin 1760 | hill hachuring | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Seale 1761 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bowen 1763 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kitchin 1763 | hillocks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ellis 1765 | hillocks | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hogg 1784 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| West 1784 map | Harter Fell | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cary 1787 | Harter Fell | Crow Brow | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Seller 1694 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cary 1789 | Harter Fell | Crow Brow | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cary 1794 | hill hachuring | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cary 1794 | hill hachuring | hill hachuring | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mogg 1822 | LONG SLEDDALE | hill hachuring | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Smith 1804 | Long Sleddale | hill hachuring | Harter Fell | CODKA | CROW BROW | Tod Fell | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cole and Roper 1805 | hill hachuring | hill hachuring | Harter Fell | Crow Brow | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cooper 1808 | hill hachuring | hill hachuring | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rowe 1816 | hill hachuring | hill hachuring | Codka | Crow Brow | Tod Fell | |||||||||||||||||||
| Otley 1818 map | LONG SLEDDALE | Branstree | Harter Fell | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Red Guide 1892 map | LONG SLEDDALE | Gate Scarth | Branstree | Harter Fell | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Hall 1820 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hall 1822 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hodgson 1823 | LONG SLEDDALE | GATE SCARTH | Stock Dale | Branstree | HARTER FELL | Adam Seat | HARROP PIKE | BUCKBARROW CRAG | Goatka or Goat Crag | |||||||||||||||
| Greenwood 1824 | LONGSLEDDALE | hill hachuring | HARTER FELL | Grey Cragg | Great How | Iron Crow Brow | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cary 1828 map 2 | hill hachuring | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pigot 1828 | Harter Fell | Codka | Crow Brow | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Wilkes 1810-28 | hill hachuring | hill hachuring | Harter Fell | Crow Brow | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Greenwood 1830 | Long Sleddale | Gatescar | Harter Fell | Grey Cragg | Great How | |||||||||||||||||||
| Leigh 1830 map | hill hachuring | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Teesdale 1830 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lewis 1831 | Long Sleddale | hill hachuring | Harter Fell | Harrop Pike | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Lewis 1831 | Long Sleddale | hill hachuring | Harter Fell | Harrop Pike | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Murray 1830 | Long Sleddale | hill hachuring | Harter Fell | Tod Fell | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Hall 1833 | Long Sleddale | hill hachuring | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bell 1834 | Long Sleddale | hill hachuring | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dugdale 1835 | hill hachuring | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Moule 1836 | Long Sleddale | hill hachuring | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Walker 1837 | hill hachuring | hill hachuring | Harter Fell | Harrop Pike | Goatka Crag | |||||||||||||||||||
| Black 1841 map | Long Sleddale | Gatescarth Pass | Branstree | Harter Fell | Harrop Pike | |||||||||||||||||||
| Ford 1839 map | hill hachuring | hill hachuring | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fisher 1845 | hill hachuring | hill hachuring | Harrop Pike | Kentmere Fell | Gontka Crag | Swingley | ||||||||||||||||||
| Walker 1830 | hill hachuring | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Garnett 1850 | Long Sleddale | Gatescarth Pass | Branstree | Harter Fell | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cruchley 1856 | Long Sleddale | hill hachuring | Harter Fell | Gortskaw | Crow Brow | |||||||||||||||||||
| Philip 1857 | hill hachuring | Gatescarth Pass | Harter Fell | Adam Seat | The Knowe | Tarn Crag | Grey Crag | Shipmans Knotts | Capplebarrow | |||||||||||||||
| Whellan 1858 | Long Sleddale | Gatescarth Pass | Branstree | Harter Fell | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Dispatch 1863 | Long Sleddale | Gatescarth Pass | Branstree | Harter Fell | Harrop Pike | |||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1860s Old Series | hill hachuring | Gate Scarth | Branstree / 2333 | Harter Fell | Adam Seat / 2180 | The Knowe / 2509 | Tarn Crag / 2176 | Harrop Pike | Raven Crag | Grey Crag / 2093 | Sleddale Fell | Goat Scar | / 1580 | Shipman Knotts / 1926 | Cocklaw Fell | Capplebarrow / 1683 | Tod Fell | |||||||
| Reynolds 1848 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stanford 1864 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ramsay 1866 | hill hachuring | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cruchley c1870 | hill hachuring | GATE SCARTH PASS | BRANSTREE / 2333 | Harter Fell | Adam Seat | The Knowe / 2059 | HARROP PIKE | Grey Crag / 2093 | Goat Scar | Great How | ||||||||||||||
| Barber 1873 map | Long Sleddale | Gatescarth Pass | Branstree | Harter Fell | Harrop Pike | Grey Crag | ||||||||||||||||||
| Jenkinson 1875 map 1 | Gatescarth Pass | Harter Fell | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1880s | Long Sleddale | Gate Scarth | Harrop Pike | |||||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1881-82 New Series | contours | Gate Scarth | [Branstree] / 2333 | Harter Fell | Adam Seat / 2180 | The Knowe / 2509 | Tarn Crag / 2176 | Harrop Pike | Raven Crag | Grey Crag / 2093 | Sleddale Fell | Goat Scar | Shipmans Knotts / 1926 | Cocklaw Fell | Tod Fell | |||||||||
| Letts 1884 | hill hachuring | hill hachuring | Harter Fell | Harrop Pike | Goatka Fell | |||||||||||||||||||
| Owen-Jones 1885 | The Knowe | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| W H Smith c1889 | Long Sleddale | Gate Scarth | Harrop Pike | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Mill and Heawood 1895 | Long Sleddale | Gatescarth Pass | Branstree / 2333 | Harter Fell / 2500 | Adam Seat / 2160 | 2176 | Harrop Pike | 2397 | Grey Crag / 2093 | Capplebarrow / 1683 | ||||||||||||||
| Bacon 1896-1902 | Long Sleddale | Gatescarth Pass | Branstree | Harter Fell | Harrop Pike | |||||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1899 | contours & layer colouring | contours & layer colouring | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1899 | Long Sleddale | Gate Scarth | 2176 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1900 | Long Sleddale | Gatescarth Pass | Harter Fell / 2500 | Adam Seat / 2180 | 2176 | Harrop Pike | Grey Crag / 2093 | Capplebarrow / 1683 | ||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1900 | Longsleddale | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bacon 1900s | hill hachuring | hill hachuring | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1904 | hill shading | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bacon c1907 | Long Sleddale | Gatescarth Pass | Branstree | Harter Fell | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Marr 1909-12 map 1 | contours & layer colouring | contours & layer colouring | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Marr 1909-12 map 2 | hill hachuring | hill hachuring | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bacon 1910s | hill hachuring | hill hachuring | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nurse 1918 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1920s | Harter Fell / 2500 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1920s motoring | contours & layer colouring | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1922 | Long Sleddale | Gatescarth Pass | The Knowe / 2509 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1925 | Long Sleddale | Gate Scarth Pass | 2333 | Selside Brow | Harter Fell / 2538 | Adam Seat / 2180 | The Knowe / 2509 | Tarn Crag / 2176 | Harrop Pike / 1963 | Kentmere Pike / 2397 | Steel Rigg | Raven Crag | Grey Crag / 2093 | Sleddale Fell | Goat Scar | Shipman Knotts / 1926 | Ancrow Brow | Swinklebank Crag | Cocklaw Fell | Capplebarrow / 1683 | Tod Fell / 1313 | |||
| Amalgamated Press 1930s | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1946 Quarter Inch | Long Sleddale | Gate Scarth Pass | The Knowe / 2509 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| AA 1920s | contours & layer colouring |
Longlseddale Map Notes, Places
lakes |
Sprint, River | Wren Gill | Galeforth Gill | Stockdale Beck | Brow Gill | beck, Tills Hole | beck, Toms How | Black Beck | beck, Kilnstones | Dockernook Gill | Skeggleswater Dike | Galeforth Spout | Greycrag Tarn | Skeggles Water | tarn, Tenter Howe |
| Saxton 1576 | Sput Flu. | ||||||||||||||
| Kip 1607 | Spur flu. | ||||||||||||||
| Speed 1611 | Sput flud | ||||||||||||||
| Jansson 1646 | Spud fl. | ||||||||||||||
| Blome 1673 | Sput flu | ||||||||||||||
| Sanson 1679 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Lea 1689 | Sput flu. | ||||||||||||||
| Morden 1695 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Bowen 1720 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Moll 1724 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Badeslade 1742 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Cowley 1743 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Rocque 1746 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Kitchin 1750s | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Jefferys 1757 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Bowen and Kitchin 1760 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Seale 1761 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Bowen 1763 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Kitchin 1763 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Ellis 1765 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Hogg 1784 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| West 1784 map | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | |||||||||||
| Cary 1787 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | ||||||||
| Seller 1694 | Spud, fl. | ||||||||||||||
| Cary 1789 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skegales Water | |||||||
| Cary 1794 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | |||||||||
| Cary 1794 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | |||||||||
| Mogg 1822 | River Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | |||||||||||
| Smith 1804 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | ||||||||
| Cole and Roper 1805 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | |||||||||
| Cooper 1808 | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggle Water | ||||||||||||
| Rowe 1816 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | ||||||||
| Otley 1818 map | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline, shaded | |||||||||
| Red Guide 1892 map | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline, tinted | |||||||||
| Hall 1820 | wiggly line | ||||||||||||||
| Hall 1822 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline | ||||||||||
| Hodgson 1823 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Galeforth Spout a Cascade | Grey Crag Tarn | Skeggle Water | ||||
| Greenwood 1824 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | ||||||
| Cary 1828 map 2 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | ||||||||||
| Pigot 1828 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | |||||||
| Wilkes 1810-28 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline, shaded (?) | |||||||||
| Greenwood 1830 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | ||||||||||
| Leigh 1830 map | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline | |||||||||
| Teesdale 1830 | wiggly line | Skeggles Wr. | |||||||||||||
| Lewis 1831 | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline | ||||||||||||
| Lewis 1831 | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline, tinted | ||||||||||||
| Murray 1830 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | |||||||||
| Hall 1833 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | |||||||||||
| Bell 1834 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | |||||||||||
| Dugdale 1835 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline (perhaps) | outline (perhaps) | ||||||||
| Moule 1836 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | |||||||||||
| Walker 1837 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | lines across stream | Grey Crag Tarn | Skeggles Water | ||||
| Black 1841 map | R. Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Galeforth Spout | Grey Crag Tarn | Skeggles Water | ||||||
| Ford 1839 map | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline, form lines | ||||||||||
| Fisher 1845 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Galeforth Spout | Grey Crag Tarn | Skeggles Water | |||||||
| Walker 1830 | wiggly line | wiggly line | |||||||||||||
| Garnett 1850 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline | outline | ||||||
| Cruchley 1856 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | |||||||
| Philip 1857 | R. Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Grey crag Tarn | Skeggles Water | ||||
| Whellan 1858 | Sprint R. | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline | Skeggles Wr. | |||||||
| Dispatch 1863 | R. Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Galeforth Spout | Grey Crag Tarn | Skeggles Water | |||||
| OS 1860s Old Series | River Sprint | Wren Gill | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Greycrag Tarn / 1949 | Skeggles Water / 1017 | |||
| Reynolds 1848 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline | |||||||||||
| Stanford 1864 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline | |||||||||||
| Ramsay 1866 | wiggly line | wiggly line | |||||||||||||
| Cruchley c1870 | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Galeforth Spout | Skeggles Water | ||||||||
| Barber 1873 map | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline, shaded (?) | Skeggles Water | |||||||
| Jenkinson 1875 map 1 | R. Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline | Skeggles Water | ||||||
| Bartholomew 1880s | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Greycrag Tarn / 1949 | Skeggles Water | |||||||||
| OS 1881-82 New Series | River Sprint | Wren Gill | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Greycrag Tarn / 1949 | Skeggles Water | outline, form lines | ||
| Letts 1884 | R. Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Galeforth Spout | Grey Crag Tarn | Skeggles Water | ||||
| Owen-Jones 1885 | River Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | outline | |||||||||
| W H Smith c1889 | R. Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Greycrag Tarn / 1949 | Skeggles Water | ||||||||
| Mill and Heawood 1895 | R. Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Greycrag Tarn / 1949 | Skeggles Water / 1017 | ||||||||
| Bacon 1896-1902 | R. Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Galeforth Spout | Grey Crag Tarn | Skeggles Water | |||||
| Bartholomew 1899 | R. Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | |||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1899 | R. Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Greycrag Tarn / 1949 | Skeggles Water | |||||||
| Bartholomew 1900 | R. Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Greycrag Tarn / 1949 | Skeggles Water | ||||||||
| Bartholomew 1900 | wiggly line | wiggly line | Galeforth Spout | ||||||||||||
| Bacon 1900s | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | |||||||||
| OS 1904 | |||||||||||||||
| Bacon c1907 | R. Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Galeforth Spout | Grey Crag Tarn | Skeggles Water | |||||
| Marr 1909-12 map 1 | R. Sprint | ||||||||||||||
| Marr 1909-12 map 2 | R. Sprint | ||||||||||||||
| Bacon 1910s | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Skeggles Water | |||||||||
| Nurse 1918 | |||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1920s | R. Sprint | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | |||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1920s motoring | |||||||||||||||
| OS 1922 | R. Sprint | wiggly line, blue | wiggly line, blue | wiggly line, blue | wiggly line, blue | outline, blue | outline, blue | ||||||||
| OS 1925 | R. Sprint | Wren Gill | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | wiggly line | Greycrag Tarn / 1949 | Skeggles Water | ||||
| Amalgamated Press 1930s | |||||||||||||||
| OS 1946 Quarter Inch | R. Sprint | wiggly line, tinted blue | wiggly line, tinted blue | wiggly line, tinted blue | wiggly line, tinted blue | outline, tinted blue | outline, tinted blue | ||||||||
| AA 1920s |
Longlseddale Map Notes, Places
bridges |
road, Garnett Bridge to Sadgill |
track, Sadgill to Gatescarth Pass |
track, Sadgill to&nbs;Stile End |
track, Brownhowe Bottom to Mosedale |
track, Garnett Bridge to Tills Hole |
track, Tills Hole to Green Quarter Fell |
track, Wads Howe to Ulthwaite |
track, Docker Nook to the fell |
track, Tenter Howe to Brunt Knott |
track, Murthwaite to Moser |
Sadgill Bridge | bridge, Tills Hole |
Stockdale Bridge | bridge, Toms Howe |
bridge, Underhill |
bridge, Wellfoot |
Wadshowe Bridge | bridge, Beech Hill |
bridge, Kilnstones |
bridge, Docker Nook |
bridge, Bridge End |
bridge, Nether House Farm |
| Saxton 1576 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kip 1607 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed 1611 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jansson 1646 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Blome 1673 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sanson 1679 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lea 1689 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Morden 1695 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bowen 1720 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Moll 1724 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Badeslade 1742 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cowley 1743 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rocque 1746 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kitchin 1750s | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jefferys 1757 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bowen and Kitchin 1760 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Seale 1761 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bowen 1763 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kitchin 1763 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ellis 1765 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hogg 1784 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| West 1784 map | double line, solid, tinted | double line, solid, tinted | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cary 1787 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Seller 1694 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cary 1789 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Cary 1794 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Cary 1794 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Mogg 1822 | double line, solid and dotted | double line, solid and dotted | double line, solid and dotted | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||
| Smith 1804 | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | road cross stream | road cross stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Cole and Roper 1805 | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Cooper 1808 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rowe 1816 | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Otley 1818 map | double line, solid and dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Red Guide 1892 map | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Hall 1820 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hall 1822 | single line, solid | single line, solid | single line, solid | road across stream | ||||||||||||||||||
| Hodgson 1823 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||
| Greenwood 1824 | double line, solid and dotted | double line, solid and dotted | double line, solid and dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Cary 1828 map 2 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Pigot 1828 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Wilkes 1810-28 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Greenwood 1830 | double line, solid and dotted | double line, dotted | double line, solid and dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Leigh 1830 map | double line, solid | double line, solid | single line, solid | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Teesdale 1830 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lewis 1831 | double line, solid | double line, solid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Lewis 1831 | double line, solid | double line, solid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Murray 1830 | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Hall 1833 | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Bell 1834 | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Dugdale 1835 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||||
| Moule 1836 | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Walker 1837 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||||
| Black 1841 map | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Ford 1839 map | double line, solid | double line, solid | single line, solid | road across stream | ||||||||||||||||||
| Fisher 1845 | double line, solid and dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | ||||||||||||||||||
| Walker 1830 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Garnett 1850 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Cruchley 1856 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Philip 1857 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, solid and dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||
| Whellan 1858 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||||
| Dispatch 1863 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1860s Old Series | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, solid and dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | ||||||||||
| Reynolds 1848 | double line, solid | double line, solid | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||||
| Stanford 1864 | double line, solid | double line, solid | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||||
| Ramsay 1866 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cruchley c1870 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||
| Barber 1873 map | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, solid & single line, dotted | single line, dotted & double line, solid | single line, dotted | single line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||
| Jenkinson 1875 map 1 | single line, dotted | single line, dotted | single line, dotted | single line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | ||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1880s | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||
| OS 1881-82 New Series | double line, solid | double line, solid and dotted (narrow) | double line, dotted (narrow) | double line, dotted (narrow) | double line, dotted (narrow) | double line, dotted (narrow) | double line, dotted (narrow) | double line, dotted (narrow) | double line, dotted (narrow) | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | |||||
| Letts 1884 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | single line, solid | road across stream | ||||||||||||||||||
| Owen-Jones 1885 | double line, solid | double line, solid | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||||
| W H Smith c1889 | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | double line, solid | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||
| Mill and Heawood 1895 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | single line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||
| Bacon 1896-1902 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, solid | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | ||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1899 | single line, solid | single line, solid | single line, solid | single line, solid | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1899 | double line, solid, tinted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted and solid | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | ||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1900 | double line, solid, tinted | double line, dotted, tinted | double line, dotted, tinted | single line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1900 | single line, solid | single line, solid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Bacon 1900s | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| OS 1904 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bacon c1907 | double line, solid | double line, dotted | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||||
| Marr 1909-12 map 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Marr 1909-12 map 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bacon 1910s | double line, solid | double line, dotted | double line, dotted | road across stream | road across stream | |||||||||||||||||
| Nurse 1918 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1920s | single line, solid | single line, solid | single line, solid | single line, solid | single line, solid | road across stream | road across stream | road across stream | ||||||||||||||
| Bartholomew 1920s motoring | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1922 | double line, solid | road across stream | ||||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1925 | double line, solid, tinted brown & spot heights | double line, solid (narrows) & single line, dotted & spot heights | single line, solid, tinted (?) | single line, dotted | single line, dotted | single line, dotted | single line, dotted | single line, dotted | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | road across stream | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | bridge symbol | ||
| Amalgamated Press 1930s | single line, solid (narrow) | single line, solid (narrower?) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| OS 1946 Quarter Inch | double line, solid, tinted yellow | road across stream | ||||||||||||||||||||
| AA 1920s |
Longlseddale Map Notes, Places
| Sadgill Wood | Swinklebank Wood | Underhill Wood | Wellfoot Wood | Spring Wood | Ubarrow Wood | Bowers Wood | Kilnstones Wood | Sleddale Forest | |
| Saxton 1576 | trees (just two) | ||||||||
| Kip 1607 | |||||||||
| Speed 1611 | |||||||||
| Jansson 1646 | |||||||||
| Blome 1673 | |||||||||
| Sanson 1679 | |||||||||
| Lea 1689 | trees (just two) | ||||||||
| Morden 1695 | trees | ||||||||
| Bowen 1720 | |||||||||
| Moll 1724 | |||||||||
| Badeslade 1742 | |||||||||
| Cowley 1743 | |||||||||
| Rocque 1746 | |||||||||
| Kitchin 1750s | |||||||||
| Jefferys 1757 | |||||||||
| Bowen and Kitchin 1760 | |||||||||
| Seale 1761 | |||||||||
| Bowen 1763 | |||||||||
| Kitchin 1763 | |||||||||
| Ellis 1765 | |||||||||
| Hogg 1784 | |||||||||
| West 1784 map | |||||||||
| Cary 1787 | Sleddale Forest | ||||||||
| Seller 1694 | |||||||||
| Cary 1789 | trees | Sleddale Forest | |||||||
| Cary 1794 | |||||||||
| Cary 1794 | |||||||||
| Mogg 1822 | |||||||||
| Smith 1804 | trees | trees | trees | SLEDDALE FOREST | |||||
| Cole and Roper 1805 | Sleddale Forest | ||||||||
| Cooper 1808 | |||||||||
| Rowe 1816 | Sleddale Forest | ||||||||
| Otley 1818 map | |||||||||
| Red Guide 1892 map | |||||||||
| Hall 1820 | |||||||||
| Hall 1822 | |||||||||
| Hodgson 1823 | trees | trees | trees | trees | trees | trees | trees | ||
| Greenwood 1824 | trees | trees | trees | trees | trees | trees | |||
| Cary 1828 map 2 | |||||||||
| Pigot 1828 | SLEDDALE FOREST | ||||||||
| Wilkes 1810-28 | |||||||||
| Greenwood 1830 | |||||||||
| Leigh 1830 map | |||||||||
| Teesdale 1830 | |||||||||
| Lewis 1831 | |||||||||
| Lewis 1831 | |||||||||
| Murray 1830 | Sleddale Forest | ||||||||
| Hall 1833 | |||||||||
| Bell 1834 | |||||||||
| Dugdale 1835 | |||||||||
| Moule 1836 | |||||||||
| Walker 1837 | |||||||||
| Black 1841 map | |||||||||
| Ford 1839 map | |||||||||
| Fisher 1845 | |||||||||
| Walker 1830 | |||||||||
| Garnett 1850 | |||||||||
| Cruchley 1856 | SLEDDALE FOREST | ||||||||
| Philip 1857 | Sleddale Forest | ||||||||
| Whellan 1858 | |||||||||
| Dispatch 1863 | |||||||||
| OS 1860s Old Series | Sadgill Wood | trees | Underhill Wood | trees | trees | Bowers Wood | trees | Sleddale Forest | |
| Reynolds 1848 | |||||||||
| Stanford 1864 | |||||||||
| Ramsay 1866 | |||||||||
| Cruchley c1870 | Forest | ||||||||
| Barber 1873 map | |||||||||
| Jenkinson 1875 map 1 | Sleddale Forest | ||||||||
| Bartholomew 1880s | |||||||||
| OS 1881-82 New Series | Sadgill Wood | trees | Underhill Wood | trees | trees | Bowers Wood | trees | Sleddale Forest | |
| Letts 1884 | |||||||||
| Owen-Jones 1885 | |||||||||
| W H Smith c1889 | |||||||||
| Mill and Heawood 1895 | Sleddale Forest | ||||||||
| Bacon 1896-1902 | |||||||||
| Bartholomew 1899 | |||||||||
| Bartholomew 1899 | |||||||||
| Bartholomew 1900 | Sleddale Forest | ||||||||
| Bartholomew 1900 | |||||||||
| Bacon 1900s | |||||||||
| OS 1904 | |||||||||
| Bacon c1907 | |||||||||
| Marr 1909-12 map 1 | |||||||||
| Marr 1909-12 map 2 | |||||||||
| Bacon 1910s | |||||||||
| Nurse 1918 | |||||||||
| Bartholomew 1920s | |||||||||
| Bartholomew 1920s motoring | |||||||||
| OS 1922 | trees | trees | trees | trees | trees | ||||
| OS 1925 | Sadgill Wood | trees | Underhill Wood | trees | trees | Bowers Wood | trees | Sleddale Forest | |
| Amalgamated Press 1930s | |||||||||
| OS 1946 Quarter Inch | outline, tinted green | outline, tinted green | outline, tinted green | outline, tinted green | outline, tinted green | outline, tinted green | |||
| AA 1920s |
Longsleddale Map Notes|
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Longsleddale Map Notes An extract has been made from each map used for the Lakes Guides project, that shows Longsleddale, a civil parish in Westmorland, now in Cumbria. The map features, symbols and labelling, have been studied for places in the parish. Why Longsleddale? simply because we live there; it is the area we know best and are most interested in. Studying all maps at this level would be nice, but would take more time than we have, and we wanted to try a detailed look at a small area. The places identified in the tabulations are in the parish. A line had to be drawn somewhere. Places outwith the parish can be seen on many of the map extracts, but the coverage varies, and consistency is important; so, Longsleddale only. Map Features The more you look closely the more you distrust maps, of any period. |
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| rivers |
Rivers, in particular the River Sprint, are a strong
clue to other features. Even when unnamed it is possible
to recognise tributary streams.
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| relief |
Early maps suggest relief very roughly, usually
with hillock symbols. It is possible to believe that
the valley is defined more or less well on some of
these maps.
When hill hachuring takes over the definition of valley, pass, and individual hills is more credible, but still uncertain unless supported by a label. Contours, particulary when supported by layer colouring, give a better idea of the shape of the valley and its hills. Labels, even if just a spot height, enable reliable identifications of some hills. |
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| settlements |
The most curious thing on early maps, and on small
scale maps at any period, is why particular houses and
farms are chosen to be included on the map. Inclusion is not
a reliable measure of importance. Nor is it a
reliable indicator of age. Nor is it a reliable indicator
of position until the more scientific mapping begins at
medium scale in the 18th century.
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copying;
placenames |
It is possible to find clues about who copies who if
the inclusion, position, and the spelling of the labels
of places are studied. Inclusion and spelling are
tabulated for a range of features to enable this.
Placename labels on a map are not an authoritative guide to the names of places, on modern maps or on old. |
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Saxton 1576, Longsleddale|
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Saxton 1576, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmorlandiae et Cumberlandiae Comitatus by Christopher Saxton, London, engraved by Augustinus Ryther, 1576. map type: Saxton 1576
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 300000 ? (from scale line using Old English Mile of 1.25 statute mile; 1 to 246077 wrongly assuming a statute mile) 5 miles to 1 inch |
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rivers;
bridges |
The valley is drawn on a NW-SE axis with the:-
Sput flu: running down the middle. Two bridges are drawn across the River Sprint, but it is not clear which these are, perhaps Garnett Bridge and Sprint Bridge, outwith Longsleddale. |
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relief;
hillocks |
Hillocks are drawn either side of the valley, but it is not
reasonable to try and identify particular hills. The hills
at the dale head are larger.
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woods;
trees |
A group of two tree symbols is drawn at the lower end
of the valley on the west.
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| hamlet |
A circle with a drawing of a building, used on this map for
hamlets, is marked near the ?top of the valley, labelled:-
Sleddale The valley has no nucleated settlement but the symbol indicates that the area is settled and has an identity. (Do not mistake the dot and circle for any sort of mill wheel, it is the position symbol for settlements.) |
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Places identified:-
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Kip 1607, Longsleddale|
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Kip 1607, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of Westmorlandiae ie Westmorland, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by Christopher Saxton, engraved by William Kip, about 1607. map type: Kip 1607
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 230000 ? (1 to 230730 from scale line wrongly assuming a statute mile) 3.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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*FILENAME sp13lsln.htm
Speed 1611, Longsleddale|
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Speed 1611, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, The Countie Westmorland and Kendale the Cheif Towne, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Speed, 1610, published by George Humble, Popes Head Alley, London, 1611-12. The map is most likely copied from the map of Christopher Saxton. map type: Speed 1611
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 160000 ? (1 to 162014 from scale line wrongly assuming a statute mile) 2.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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*FILENAME jan3lsln.htm
Jansson 1646, Longsleddale|
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Jansson 1646, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Map, Cumbria and Westmoria, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Jansson, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1646. map type: Jansson 1646
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 240000 ? (1 to 236321 from scale line wrongly assuming a statute mile) 3.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Blome 1673, Longsleddale|
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Blome 1673, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Mapp of ye Countie of Westmorland, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by Richard Blome, probably engraved by Richard Palmer, published, London, 1673. map type: Blome 1673
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 200000 ? (1 to 197063 from scale line wrongly assuming a statute mile) 3 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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*FILENAME san2lsln.htm
Sanson 1679, Longsleddale|
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Sanson 1679, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Ancien Royaume de Northumberland aujourdhuy Provinces de Nort, scale about 9.5 miles to 1 inch, by Nicholas Sanson, Paris, France, 1679. map type: Sanson 1679
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 600000 ? (1 to 607300 from scale line wrongly assuming a statute mile) 9.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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*FILENAME lea3lsln.htm
Lea 1689, Longsleddale|
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Lea 1689, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Comberland and Westmorland, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Christopher Saxton, 1576, amended by Philip Lea, London, 1689 to 1693. The alterations were made to Christopher Saxton's original printing plate. map type: Lea 1689
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 250000 ? (1 to 251068 from scale line assuming a statute mile) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME md10lsln.htm
Morden 1695, Longsleddale|
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Morden 1695, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of Westmorland by Robert Morden, in Camden's Britannia, translated by Edmund Gibson, published by Abel Swale, Awnsham, and John Churchill, London, 1695. map type: Morden 1695
 |
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|
Map Features |
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| rivers |
The River Sprint can be recognised, drawn as a wiggly line
tapering upstream.
A bridge is drawn low down, perhaps Sprint Bridge, outwith the parish. |
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relief;
hillocks |
Relief is shown by hillocks shaded to the east, tinted brown.
There are hills either side of the valley, but the valley ends in
an opening, not by a high pass over hills.
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woods;
trees |
Groups of tree symbols, the area tinted green, indicate
woodland all down the western side of the valley, and on the
eastern side above Ubarrow. Although very suggestive, these can
not properly be matched to present day woodland.
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| settlements |
Two settlements are marked by a circle, labelled:-
Ewbarrow hall Lang Sledale |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 170000 ? (average from scale lines, wrongly assuming a statute mile) 2.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified are:-
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Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME b271lsln.htm
Bowen 1720, Longsleddale|
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Bowen 1720, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from A Map of Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, plate 271 in Britannia Depicta, published by Emanuel Bowen, St Katherines, London, 1720. map type: Bowen 1720
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 500000 ? (1 to 504497 from scale line) 8 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME mol7lsln.htm
Moll 1724, Longsleddale|
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Moll 1724, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmorland, scale about 5.5 miles to 1 inch, by Herman Moll, London, about 1724. map type: Moll 1724
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 360000 ? (1 to 358429 from scale line assuming a statute mile) 5.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME bad8lsln.htm
Badeslade 1742, Longsleddale|
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Badeslade 1742, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from A Map of Westmorland North from London, scale about 10 miles to 1 inch, and descriptive text, by Thomas Badeslade, London, engraved and published by William Henry Toms, Union Court, Holborn, London, 1742. map type: Badeslade 1742
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 630000 ? (1 to 631115 from scale line) miles 10 to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME cow2lsln.htm
Cowley 1743, Longsleddale|
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Cowley 1743, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Improved Map of Westmoreland, ie Westmorland, scale about 5.5 miles to 1 inch, by J Cowley, London, probably published in a Geography of England, by Robert Dodsley, The Tully's Head, Pall Mall, London, 1744-45. map type: Cowley 1743
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 350000 ? (1 to 346095 from scale line assuming a statute mile) 5.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME roq3lsln.htm
Rocque 1746, Longsleddale|
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Rocque 1746, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmorland, scale about miles 7.5 to 1 inch, by John Rocque, 1746, published Strand, London, 1753. map type: Rocque 1746
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 490000 ? (1 to 486207 from scale line) miles 7.5 to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME kn15lsln.htm
Kitchin 1750s, Longsleddale|
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Kitchin 1750s, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, by Thomas Kitchin, first published in the London Magazine, London, 1753. map type: Kitchin 1750s
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 500000 ? (1 to 499796 from scale line) 8 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME gnt8lsln.htm
Jefferys 1757, Longsleddale|
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Jefferys 1757, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the New Map of England and Wales, scale about 25 miles to 1 inch, by Thomas Jefferys, published in the Gentleman's Magazine, London, 1757. map type: Jefferys 1757
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 1600000 ? (1 to 1606132 from scale line assuming statute mile) 25 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME bo10lsln.htm
Bowen and Kitchin 1760, Longsleddale|
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Bowen and Kitchin 1760, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from A New Map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland Divided into their Respective Wards, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Emanuel Bowen and Thomas Kitchin et al, published by T Bowles, Robert Sayer, and John Bowles, London, 1760. map type: Bowen and Kitchin 1760
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 240000 ? (1 to 240380 from scale line wrongly assuming a statute mile) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME sea1lsln.htm
Seale 1761, Longsleddale|
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Seale 1761, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 7 miles to 1 inch, by R W Seale, 1761. map type: Seale 1761
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 450000 ? (1 to 452063 from scale line) 7 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME bo12lsln.htm
Bowen 1763, Longsleddale|
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Bowen 1763, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Improved Map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, by Emanuel Bowen, scale about 5.5 miles to 1 inch, published by I Ryall, Robert Sayer, Thomas Kitchin, Henry Overton, John Bowles, H Parker, and Carington Bowles, London, 1762-63. map type: Bowen 1763
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 360000 ? (1 to 356641 from scale line) 5.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME kn13lsln.htm
Kitchin 1763, Longsleddale|
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Kitchin 1763, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from A New Map of Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 6 miles to 1 inch, by Thomas Kitchin, 1763, published by R and J Dodsley, Pall Mall, London, 1763-64. map type: Kitchin 1763
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 380000 ? (1 to 383177 from scale line) 6 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME els3lsln.htm
Ellis 1765, Longsleddale|
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Ellis 1765, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from A Modern Map of Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 6 miles to 1 inch, by John Ellis, London, 1765. map type: Ellis 1765
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 390000 ? (1 to 390617 from scale line) 6 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME hog2lsln.htm
Hogg 1784, Longsleddale|
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Hogg 1784, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from A New Map of Cumberland and Westmoreland, scale about 12 miles to 1 inch, engraved by T Condor, published by Alexander Hogg, the Kings Arms, 16 Paternoster Row, London, 1784. map type: Hogg 1784
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 760000 ? (1 to 762722 from scale line which says statute miles) 12 miles to 1 inch |
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| settlements |
Settlements are marked by a circle; labelled in italic
lowercase text. Two places are chosen; Sleddale marked as a place
bit representing the dispersed settlement of the whole valley,
and Horse Hall which is a fiction. The plotting is confused by
the erroneous plot of the Kendal to Shap road crossing the River
Sprint, an error copied from earlier maps. Horse Hall, in the
location of Horse House, a questionale place on the great road of
earlier maps, seems to be a conflation of Ubarrow Hall and Horse
House.
If you make maps by copying a poor source you will end up with some nonsenses. |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME ws02lsln.htm
West 1784 map, Longsleddale|
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| WEST02.txt | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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West 1784 map, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from A Map of the Lakes in Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, engraved by Paas, 53 Holborn, London, in A Guide to the Lakes by Thomas West, 2nd edn 1784. map type: West 1784 map
 |
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Map Features |
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orientation;
up is W |
The map is printed with West at the top of the sheet; North is
to the right.
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 230000 ? (from scale line) 3.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME cy13lsln.htm
Cary 1787, Longsleddale|
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Cary 1787, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, now Cumbria, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, in Cary's New and Correct English Atlas, by John Cary, 188 Strand, London, 1787. map type: Cary 1787
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 320000 ? (1 to 319949 from scale line) 5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME sel5lsln.htm
Seller 1694, Longsleddale|
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Seller 1694, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmorland, now Cumbria, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, by John Seller, 1694, edition of 1787. map type: Seller 1694
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 520000 ? (1 to 520823 from scale line) 8 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME cy06lsln.htm
Cary 1789, Longsleddale|
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Cary 1789, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from A Map of Westmoreland, now Cumbria, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Cary, included in Britannia by William Camden, translated by Richard Gough, published by T Payne and Son, and G G J and J Robinson, London, 1789. map type: Cary 1789
 |
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|
Map Features This is one of the earliest maps to show details in the valley with some level of reliability. |
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relief;
hill hachuring |
Green Quarter is labelled south of Skeggles Water, an area
that has no particular name.
|
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| settlements |
Note that the Docker Nook label, with no symbol, is nicely
plotted to mislead a later copyist.
Two houses, Wood House and Chapel House are shown, but not the chapel about here. There is but one house, Capplebarrow House once the vicarage, once Wood House. Perhaps Chapel House is a mistake for the chapel. Notice that Ubarrow Hall is plotted on the wrong side of the road, a mistake copied by later map makers. |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 150000 ? (1 to 152725 from scale line) 2.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME cy14lsln.htm
Cary 1794, Longsleddale|
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Cary 1794, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from plate 58 of a New Map of England and Wales, Westmorland, Cumberland, and parts of Lancashire, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by John Cary, 181 Strand, London, 1794. map type: Cary 1794
 |
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Map Features |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 320000 (1 to 317425 from scale line) 5 miles to 1 inch |
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|
Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME cy15lsln.htm
Cary 1794, Longsleddale|
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Cary 1794, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from plate 58 of a New Map of England and Wales, parts of Lancashire, Westmorland, and Cumberland, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by John Cary, 181 Strand, London, 1794, later edition, mid 19th century. map type: Cary 1794
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 320000 (1 to 317425 from scale line) 5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME mog4lsln.htm
Mogg 1822, Longsleddale|
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Mogg 1822, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Map of the Lakes, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, in Paterson's Roads, by the late LtCol Daniel Paterson, 1771, edited and published by Edward Mogg, Charing Cross, London, 16th edn 1822. map type: Mogg 1822
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Map Features |
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orientation;
up is E |
The map is printed with East at the top of the sheet; North is
to the left.
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 210000 ? (1 to 214009 from scale line) 3.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME sm11lsln.htm
Smith 1804, Longsleddale|
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Smith 1804, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the New Map of the County of Westmorland, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, published by Charles Smith, 172 Strand, London, 1804. map type: Smith 1804
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Map Features |
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relief;
hill hachuring |
Green Quarter is labelled twice, once where it should be and
once south of Skeggles Water where it isn't.
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 150000 ? (1 to 147346 from the scale line assuming a statute mile) 2.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME col3lsln.htm
Cole and Roper 1805, Longsleddale|
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Cole and Roper 1805, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, now Cumbria, scale about 6 miles to 1 inch, by G Cole, engraved by J Roper, published by Vernor, Hood and Sharpe, Poultry, London, 1807. map type: Cole and Roper 1805
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 380000 ? (1 to 378669 from scale line) 6 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME cop2lsln.htm
Cooper 1808, Longsleddale|
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Cooper 1808, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 9 miles to 1 inch, by H Cooper, 1808, published by G and W B Whittaker, London, 1824. map type: Cooper 1808
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 550000 ? (1 to 554946 from the sacle line assuming a statute mile) 9 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME tsd6lsln.htm
Rowe 1816, Longsleddale|
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Rowe 1816, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmorland, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by Robert Rowe, published by Henry Teesdale and Co, 302 Holborn, London, 1830s. map type: Rowe 1816
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 190000 ? (1 to 191842 from scale line) 3 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME ot02lsln.htm
Otley 1818, Longsleddale|
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Otley 1818, Longsleddale Notes for Longsleddale from the map of The District of the Lakes, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Jonathan Otley, Keswick, 1818, engraved by J and G Menzies, Edinburgh, published by Jonathan Otley, 1833. map type: Otley 1818 map
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Map Features |
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rivers;
bridges |
The two main rivers in the valley are recognisable, but not
labelled:-
Sprint, River Stockdale Beck The headwater tributaries can't be recognised with any certainty, though Brow Gill and Wren Gill might be suggested. Also unlabelled:- Skeggleswater Dike is clearly recognisable. The road crosses and interrupts the river at:- Garnett Bridge. Less clear, because the track is dotted, is:- Sadgill Bridge |
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relief;
hill hachuring |
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. The valley is
represented as a valley, hills both sides, but even relative
heights are not clear. Some hills are labelled:-
Potter Fell Harter Fell Branstree and the valley is labelled:- LONG SLEDDALE |
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| lakes |
Drawn in outline, but unlabelled is:-
Skeggles Water The surrounding hill hachuring makes it look to be in a coomb, which it isn't. |
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| settlements |
Settlements are marked in the valley by single blocks,
representing a house or farm, or perhaps a cluster of houses. The
six blocks cannot all be recognised safely; none are
labelled.
Sadgill Stockdale are fairly obvious, and St Mary's Church is marked by a cross. |
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| roads |
Roads and tracks are drawn by double line, solid or
dotted.
from the Kendal-Shap road, through Garnett Bridge, up the east side of Longsleddale, to Sadgill (solid lines to the church, then dotted). from Sadgill, over Gatescarth Pass, to Mardale (dotted). from Sadgill, across the bridge over the River Sprint, and over the hills to Kentmere (dotted). |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 250000 ? (1 to 253840 from scale line) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME rg02lsln.htm
Red Guide 1892 map, Longsleddale|
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Red Guide 1892 map, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, The District of the Lakes, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, copied from the map by Jonathan Otley, 1818, in the Red Guide, Guide to the English Lakes, published by Ward, Lock and Co, Warwick House, Salisbury Square, London, etc, 1892. map type: Red Guide 1892 map
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 260000 ? (1 to 255858 from scale line) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME ha13lsln.htm
Hall 1820, Longsleddale|
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Hall 1820, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 14.5 miles to 1 inch, by Sidney Hall, London, 1820, published by Samuel Leigh, 18 Strand, London, 1820-31. map type: Hall 1820
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 920000 ? (1 to 917005 from scale line assuming a statute mile) 14.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME hal7lsln.htm
Hall 1822, Longsleddale|
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Hall 1822, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Map of the Lakes of Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire, scale about 5.5 miles to 1 inch, by Sidney Hall, Bury Street, Bloomsbury, London, 1822, in A Guide through the District of the Lakes, by William Wordsworth, published by Hudson and Nicholson, Kendal, Westmorland, and in London, 5th edn 1835. map type: Hall 1822
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 350000 ? (1 to 348343 from scale line) 5.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME grw5lsln.htm
Greenwood 1824, Longsleddale|
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| GRNWOOD5.txt | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Greenwood 1824, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of the County of Westmorland, scale about 1 inch to 1 mile, by C and J Greenwood, published by George Pringle jnr, 70 Queen Street, Cheapside, London, 1824. map type: Greenwood 1824
 |
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Map Features The heavy engraving of hill hachuring and trees for woodland make this a difficult map to read. |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 65000 ? (1 to 65188 from scale line assuming a statute mile) 1 mile to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME cy20lsln.htm
Cary 1828, Longsleddale|
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Cary 1828, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Environs of the Lakes, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by G and J Cary, 86 St James's Street, London, 1828. map type: Cary 1828 map 2
 |
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Map Features |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 330000 ? (1 to 332313 from scale line assuming a statute mile) 5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME pig5lsln.htm
Pigot 1828, Longsleddale|
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Pigot 1828, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 4.5 miles to 1 inch, by James Pigot and Co, Basing Lane, London, 1828. map type: Pigot 1828
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 280000 ? (1 to 277952 from scale line) 4.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME wlk2lsln.htm
Wilkes 1810-28, Longsleddale|
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Wilkes 1810-28, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by John Wilkes, engraved by J Pass, published J Adlard, Duke Street, West Smithfield, London, 1828. map type: Wilkes 1810-28
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 330000 ? (1 to 331824 from scale line) 5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME gw07lsln.htm
Greenwood 1830, Longsleddale|
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Greenwood 1830, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of the County of Westmorland, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by C and J Greenwood, 1822-23, engraved by J and C Walker, 1830, published by Greenwood and Co, Burleigh Street, Strand, London, 1834. map type: Greenwood 1830
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Map Features |
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| settlements |
Notice that Stockdlae has expanded to a hamlet of 10
buildings.
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 190000 ? (1 to 194536 from scale line) 3 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME le02lsln.htm
Leigh 1830, Longsleddale|
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Leigh 1830, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Windermere, scale about 2 miles to 1 inch, engraved by Josiah Neele, 352 Strand, in Leigh's Guide to the Lakes and Mountains of Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire, by M A Leigh, published by Leigh and Son, 421 Strand, London, 3rd edn about 1830. map type: Leigh 1830 map
 |
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Map Features |
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| settlements |
The label for Dale End
Dale End Coal has picked up the Coat off an early label for Katbarrow just to the south. |
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| roads |
The road and track from Garnett Bridge to Sadgill and on
across Gatescarth Pass is drawn by a double line, solid light and
bold lines, which is a common convention for a major road,
perhaps a turnpike. Not in this instance!
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 130000 ? (1 to 130136 from scale line) 2 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME tsd5lsln.htm
Teesdale 1830, Longsleddale|
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Teesdale 1830, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Cumberland including the Lake District, scale about 11.5 miles to 1 inch, by Teesdale 1830, published by John Heywood, Manchester, 1868. map type: Teesdale 1830
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 730000 ? (1 to 731520 from scale line) 11.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME lew8lsln.htm
Lewis 1831, Longsleddale|
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Lewis 1831, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Map, Westmorland, scale about 6 miles to 1 inch, drawn by R Creighton, engraved by John and Charles Walker, in A Topographical Dictionary of England, published by Samuel Lewis and Co, 87 Aldersgate Street, London, 1831. map type: Lewis 1831
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 380000 ? (1 to 376602 from scale line) 6 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME lw10lsln.htm
Lewis 1831, Longsleddale|
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Lewis 1831, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Map, Westmorland, scale about 6 miles to 1 inch, drawn by R Creighton, engraved by John and Charles Walker, in A Topographical Dictionary of England, published by Samuel Lewis and Co, 87 Aldersgate Street, London, 1831. map type: Lewis 1831
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 380000 ? (1 to 376602 from scale line) 6 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME mur2lsln.htm
Murray 1830, Longsleddale|
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Murray 1830, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map Westmorland, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by T L Murray, engraved by Hoare and Reeves, published by T L Murray, 19 Adam Street, Adelphi, London, 1831. map type: Murray 1830
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 200000 ? (1 to 198930 from scale line) 3 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME hal9lsln.htm
Hall 1833, Longsleddale|
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Hall 1833, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by Sidney Hall, published by Chapman and Hall, 186 Strand, London, about 1860s. map type: Hall 1833
 |
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Map Features |
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relief;
hill hachuring |
The valley is labelled:-
Long Sleddale with a continuous range of hills down the west side, ending at:- Potter fell The hill hachuring on the east side is more broken up into separate summits, among which you can imagine recognising:- Tarn Crag Great Howe The hill area is labelled:- Shap Fells |
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| rivers |
It is possible to recognise some rivers, eg:-
River Sprint Stockdale Beck Dockernook Gill |
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settlements;
houses |
A block or blocks mark houses, some labelled:-
Stockdale [1 block] [Low Sadgill] [1 block, no label] Hellin Foot [2 blocks, perhaps Hollin Root] Gill Stone [2 blocks, Kilnstones?] Dale End [3 blocks either side of the road] |
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| roads |
two routes are shown by a narrow double line:-
from the Kendal to Shap road, no turning at Garnett Bridge which is not shown, up east side of the River Sprint, over the hills to Mardale. from the Kentmere valley, over the fell to join the Longsleddale track near Sadgill. |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 330000 ? (1 to 329109 from scale line) 5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME bel2lsln.htm
Bell 1834, Longsleddale|
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Bell 1834, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 5.5 miles to 1 inch, by James Bell? published by Archibald Fullarton and Co, Glasgow, Strathclyde, about 1843. map type: Bell 1834
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 340000 ? (1 to 341687 from scale line) 5.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME arc6lsln.htm
Dugdale 1835, Longsleddale|
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Dugdale 1835, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmorland, scale about 5.5 miles to 1 inch, by J Archer, Pentonville, London, about 1835, later edition with railways. map type: Dugdale 1835
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 360000 ? (1 to 359630 from scale line) 5.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME mls5lsln.htm
Moule 1836, Longsleddale|
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Moule 1836, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by Thomas Moule, published by George Vertue, Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row, London, 1836. map type: Moule 1836
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 320000 ? (1 to 318682 from scale line) 5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME wkr4lsln.htm
Walker 1837, Longsleddale|
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Walker 1837, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmorland, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by J and C Walker, about 1837, published by Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Etc, Paternoster Row, London, about 1860s. map type: Walker 1837
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 190000 ? (1 to 1901481 from scale line) 3 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME bc03lsln.htm
Black 1841, Longsleddale|
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Black 1841, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Lake District of Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by W Hughes, published by Adam and Charles Black, North Bridge, Edinburgh, 1846. map type: Black 1841 map
 |
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Map Features |
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| settlements |
The Murthwiate / Docker Nook mix up occurs on several
maps.
|
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 220000 ? (1 to 222285 from scale line) 3.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME fd02lsln.htm
Ford 1839 map, Longsleddale|
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Ford 1839 map, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Map of the Lake District of Cumberland, Westmoreland and Lancashire, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, in A Description of Scenery in the Lake District, by Rev William Ford, published by Charles Thurnham, Carlisle, and by R Groombridge, 5 Paternoster Row, London, 3rd edn 1843. map type: Ford 1839 map
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Map Features |
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| settlements |
Dale End is labelled:-
Dale End Coat copying from Leigh 1830. Further comparison makes the extent of copying clear. |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 230000 ? (1 to 227872 from scale line assuming a statute mile) 3.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME fsh2lsln.htm
Fisher 1845, Longsleddale|
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Fisher 1845, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmorland, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, published by Fisher, Son and Co, Caxton Press, Angel Street, St Martin's le Grand, London, about 1845. map type: Fisher 1845
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 210000 ? (1 to 212518 from scale line) 3.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME wkr7lsln.htm
Walker 1830, Longsleddale|
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Walker 1830, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, England No.2, Westmorland, Cumberland, Isle of Man, etc, scale about 11 miles to 1 inch, engraved by J and C Walker, published by Charles Knight and Co, for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 1845. map type: Walker 1830
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 710000 ? (1 to 713904 from scale line) 11 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME gar2lsln.htm
Garnett 1850, Longsleddale|
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Garnett 1850, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of the English Lakes, in Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by W Hughes, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, about 1850-52. map type: Garnett 1850
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 220000 ? (1 to 218068 from scale line) 3.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME cru2lsln.htm
Cruchley 1856, Longsleddale|
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Cruchley 1856, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, by George F Cruchley, 81 Fleet Street, London, 1856, published by Gall and Inglis, George Street, Edinburgh, and London, about 1882? map type: Cruchley 1856
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 150000 ? (1 to 149013 from scale line) 2.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME wel4lsln.htm
Philip 1857, Longsleddale|
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Philip 1857, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmorland, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by Edward Weller, about 1857, published by George Philip and Son, Liverpool, Merseyside and London, about 1876. map type: Philip 1857
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 180000 ? (1 to 179065 from scale assuming a statute mile) 3 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME whe1lsln.htm
Whellan 1858, Longsleddale|
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Whellan 1858, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the geological map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland ... Geologically Coloured, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, drawn and engraved by W Banks, Edinburgh, Lothian, published by William Whellan and Co, 1858. map type: Whellan 1858
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 220000 ? (1 to219257 from scale line) 3.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME hal8lsln.htm
Hall 1833, Longsleddale|
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Hall 1833, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of Westmoreland by Sidney Hall, 1833, published by Chapman and Hall, 193 Piccadilly, London, probably an edition in the 1860s. map type: Hall 1833 |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 330000 ? (1 to 327769 from scale line) 5 miles to 1 inch |
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relief;
hill hachuring |
The valley is labelled:-
Long Sleddale with a continuous range of hills down the west side, ending at:- Potter fell The hill hachuring on the east side is more broken up into separate summits, among which you can imagine recognising:- Tarn Crag Great Howe The hill area is labelled:- Shap Fells |
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| rivers |
It is possible to recognise the:-
River Sprint Stockdale Beck Dockernook Gill |
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settlements;
houses |
A block or blocks mark houses, some labelled:-
Stockdale [1 block] [Low Sadgill] [1 block, no label] Hellin Foot [2 blocks, perhaps Hollin Root] Gill Stone [2 blocks, Kilnstones?] Dale End [3 blocks either side of the road] |
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| roads |
two routes are shown by a narrow double line:-
from the Kendal to Shap road, no turning at Garnett Bridge which is not shown, up east side of the River Sprint, over the hills to Mardale. from the Kentmere valley, over the fell to join the Longsleddale track near Sadgill. |
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||
Dispatch 1863 edn 1895-97,
Longsleddale|
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Dispatch 1863 edn 1895-97, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, part of Cumberland and Westmorland, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, for the Weekly Dispatch newspaper, 1856-62, in the Commercial and Library Atlas of the British Isles, published by G W Bacon, Bacon's Geographical Establishment, London, 1895-97. map type: Dispatch 1863
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 210000 ? (1 to 211200 from scale line) 3.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME os20lsln.htm
OS 1860s Old Series, Longsleddale|
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OS 1860s Old Series, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Old Series one inch map, hachured edition, sheet 98NE, Kendal, scale 1 inch to 1 mile, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, 1864. map type: OS 1860s Old Series
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 63360 ? (nominal) 1 mile to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME rey3lsln.htm
Reynolds 1848, Longsleddale|
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Reynolds 1848, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from a pair of maps, The Lake District and North Cumberland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, engraved by John Emslie, in a Portable Atlas of England and Wales, published by James Reynolds, 174 Strand, London, 1864. map type: Reynolds 1848
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 510000 ? (1 to 508214 from scale line) 8 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME stn2lsln.htm
Stanford 1864, Longsleddale|
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Stanford 1864, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from a pair of geological maps, The Lake District and North Cumberland, scale about 7 miles to 1 inch, by Edward Stanford, Long Acre, probably published by James Reynolds, 174 Strand, London, 1864. map type: Stanford 1864
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 450000 ? (1 to 450166 from scale line) 7 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME rms1lsln.htm
Ramsay 1866, Longsleddale|
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Ramsay 1866, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Geological Map of England and Wales, scale about 12 miles to 1 inch, by Andrew C Ramsay, a local Director of the Geological Survey, published by Edward Stanford, 6 Charing Cross, London, 1866. map type: Ramsay 1866
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Map Features |
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The map scale is about:-
1 to 770000 ? (1 to 772485 from scale line assuming modern mile) 12 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME cru3lsln.htm
Cruchley c1870, Longsleddale|
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Cruchley c1870, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmorland and the Lake District, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, by George F Cruchley, perhaps about 1870, edition published by Gall and Inglis, Edinburgh, and London, about 1900s. map type: Cruchley c1870
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 160000 ? (1 to 164219 from scale line) 2.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Map Features |
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME bb02lsln.htm
Barber 1873 map, Longsleddale|
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Barber 1873 map, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of the English Lakes, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, published by The Graphotyping Co, 7 Garrick Street and Simpkin, Marshall and Co, Stationers' Hall Court, London, and by J Atkinson, King Street, Ulverston, Cumberland, about 1873. map type: Barber 1873 map
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 220000 ? (1 to 220458 from scale line) 3.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME ba23lsln.htm
Bartholomew 1880s, Longsleddale|
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Bartholomew 1880s, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Map of The Lake District, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by John Bartholomew and Co, Edinburgh, about 1880s? in The English Lakes District, published by George Philip and Son, London, etc, about 1895. map type: Bartholomew 1880s
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 260000 ? (1 to 264913 from scale line) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME os21lsln.htm
OS 1881-82 New Series, Longsleddale|
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OS 1881-82 New Series, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the New Series one inch map, outline edition, sheet 39, area north of Kendal, scale 1 inch to 1 mile, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, 1881-82. map type: OS 1881-82 New Series
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 63360 ? (nominal) 1 mile to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME let2lsln.htm
Letts 1884, Longsleddale|
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Letts 1884, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, published by Letts, Son and Co, London Bridge, London, 1884. map type: Letts 1884
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 190000 ? (1 to 187331 from scale line) 3 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME oj01lsln.htm
Owen-Jones 1885, Longsleddale|
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Owen-Jones 1885, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmorland, New Divisions of County, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by LtCol Robert Owen-Jones, printed by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, 1885. map type: Owen-Jones 1885
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 250000 ? (1 to 247116 from scale line) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME whs1lsln.htm
W H Smith c1889, Longsleddale|
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W H Smith c1889, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Environs of Windermere and the Lake District, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by John Bartholomew, Edinburgh, published by W H Smith and Son, London, about 1889. map type: W H Smith c1889
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 260000 ? (1 to 258529 from scale line) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME mil2lsln.htm
Mill and Heawood 1895, Longsleddale|
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Mill and Heawood 1895, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from a General Map of Lake District, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by Bartholomew, Edinburgh, Scotland, with an article, On the Bathymetrical Survey of the English Lakes, published by George Philip and Son, 32 Fleet Street, London, etc, 1895. map type: Mill and Heawood 1895
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 190000 (1 to 192352 from scale line) 3 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME bac5lsln.htm
Bacon 1896-1902, Longsleddale|
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Bacon 1896-1902, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from Bacon's Map of Cumberland and Westmorland, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by George W Bacon and Co, 127 Strand, London, 1896-1902. map type: Bacon 1896-1902
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 210000 ? (1 to 214009 from scale line) 3.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME b309lsln.htm
Bartholomew 1899, Longsleddale|
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Bartholomew 1899, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from plate 9, Orographical Features, from the Royal Atlas of England and Wales, scale about 10 miles to 1 inch, by John Bartholomew, Edinburgh, 1899-1900. map type: Bartholomew 1899
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 650000 ? (1 to 651556 from scale line) 10 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME b318lsln.htm
Bartholomew 1899, Longsleddale|
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Bartholomew 1899, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from plate 18, Carlisle, in the Royal Atlas of England and Wales, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by John Bartholomew, Edinburgh, Lothian, 1899-1900. map type: Bartholomew 1899
 |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 260000 ? (1 to 256810 from scale line) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME ba06lsln.htm
Bartholomew 1900, Longsleddale|
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Bartholomew 1900, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the General Map of the Lake District, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by John Bartholomew and Co, Edinburgh, in Black's Guide to the English Lakes, published by Adam and Charles Black, London, 1900. map type: Bartholomew 1900
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 190000 ? (1 to 193508 from scale line) 3 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME ba07lsln.htm
Bartholomew 1900, Longsleddale|
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Bartholomew 1900, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Sketch Map to accompany Black's Picturesque Guide to the English Lakes, scale about 9 miles to 1 inch, by John Bartholomew and Co, Edinburgh, published by Adam and Charles Black, London, 1900. map type: Bartholomew 1900
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 580000 ? (crude estimate) 9 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME bac7lsln.htm
Bacon 1900s, Longsleddale|
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Bacon 1900s, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Cumberland and Westmorland Lake District, or Waistcoat Pocket Map of Lake District, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, published by G W Bacon and Co, 127 Strand, London, about 1900s? map type: Bacon 1900s
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 310000 ? (1 to 308599 from scale line) 5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME os15lsln.htm
OS 1904, Longsleddale|
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OS 1904, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, England and Wales, relief, roads and railways, scale about 10 miles to 1 inch, by Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, 1904. map type: OS 1904
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 633600 ? (nominal) 1 mile to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME bac8lsln.htm
Bacon c1907, Longsleddale|
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Bacon c1907, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the railway map and political map, Cumberland and Westmorland, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by G W Bacon and Co, 127 Strand, London, about 1907. map type: Bacon c1907
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 210000 ? (1 to 214579 from scale line) 3.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME ma02lsln.htm
Marr 1909-12, Longsleddale|
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Marr 1909-12, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Physical Map of Westmorland, scale about 7 miles to 1 inch, by George Philip and Son, The London Geographical Institute, in Westmorland in the Cambridge County Geographies Series, by J E Marr, published by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1909. map type: Marr 1909-12 map 1
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 430000 ? (1 to 437322 from scale line) 7 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME ma03lsln.htm
Marr 1909-12, Longsleddale|
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Marr 1909-12, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Geological Map of Westmorland, scale about 7 miles to 1 inch, by George Philip and Son, The London Geographical Institute, in Westmorland in the Cambridge County Geographies Series, by J E Marr, published by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1909. map type: Marr 1909-12 map 2
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 430000 ? (1 to 437322 from scale line) 7 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME bac6lsln.htm
Bacon 1910s, Longsleddale|
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Bacon 1910s, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, North and Central England and Part of Wales, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by G W Bacon and Co, Norwich Street, Fetter Lane, London, published by British Geographical Publishing Co, Royal London Buildings, Manchester, 1910s? map type: Bacon 1910s
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 320000 ? (1 to 319822 from scale line) 5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME nur1lsln.htm
Nurse 1918, Longsleddale|
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Nurse 1918, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, The Diocese of Carlisle, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Rev Euston J Nurse, published by Charles Thurnam and Sons, 11 English Street, Carlisle, Cumberland, 2nd edn 1939. map type: Nurse 1918
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 250000 ? (1 to 249898 from scale line) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME bar4lsln.htm
Bartholomew 1920s, Longsleddale|
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Bartholomew 1920s, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Tourist's Map of England and Wales, northern section including Westmorland, Cumberland etc, scale about 10.5 miles to 1 inch, published by John Bartholomew and Son, The Geographcal Institute, Duncan Street, Edinburgh, 1920s? map type: Bartholomew 1920s
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
scale: 1 to 650000 (1 to 654870 from scale line) 10.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME bar5lsln.htm
Bartholomew 1920s, Longsleddale|
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Bartholomew 1920s, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Contour Motoring Map of the British Isles, scale about 15.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Bartholomew and Son, The Edinburgh Geographical Institute, 12 Duncan Street, Edinburgh, about 1920. map type: Bartholomew 1920s motoring
 |
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Map Features |
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| roads |
In contrast to some other road maps, no access up Longsleddale
is shown at all.
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 980000 ? (1 to 982505 from scale line) 15.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME osv3lsln.htm
OS 1922, Longsleddale|
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OS 1922, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Ordnance Survey Atlas of England and Wales, scale 4 miles to 1 inch, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, 1922. map type: OS 1922
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 253440 ? (nominal) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
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*FILENAME os22lsln.htm
OS 1925, Longsleddale|
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OS 1925, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Tourist Map of The Lake District, Westmorland, Cumberland, Lancashire, scale 1 inch to 1 mile, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, about 1925. map type: OS 1925
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 63360 ? (nominal) 1 mile to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME ama1lsln.htm
Amalgamated Press 1930s,
Longsleddale|
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|
Amalgamated Press 1930s, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from a set of 31 road map cards plus a general index map, presented with the New Motoring Encyclopedia, published by the Amalgamated Press, Fleetway House, London, perhaps 1930s. map type: Amalgamated Press 1930s
 |
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Map Features |
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| roads |
A motor road from Watchgate on the London to Carlisle road, up
the valley to Sadgill and over the Stile End pass to Kentmere is
clearly show, though as a minor road. I would not recommend this
as a motor route.
|
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 650000 ? (rough estimate) 10 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME os24lsln.htm
OS 1946 Quarter Inch, Longsleddale|
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OS 1946 Quarter Inch, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the Quarter Inch Map of Great Britain series, 4th edn with National Grid in yards, sheet 1, The Border, and sheet 2, England, North Central, scale 4 miles to 1 inch, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, 1946. map type: OS 1946 Quarter Inch
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 253440 (nominal) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME aa01lsln.htm
AA 1920s, Longsleddale|
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AA 1920s, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from The Automobile Association Touring Map of England and Wales, scale about 12 miles to 1 inch, published for the AA by John Bartholomew and Sons, The Geographical Institute, Duncan Street, Edinburgh, about 1920s. map type: AA 1920s
 |
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 760000 ? (1 to 760149 from scale line) 12 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME ar10lsln.htm
Dugdale 1835, Longsleddale|
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Dugdale 1835, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of Westmoreland, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by J Archer, Pentonville, London, about 1835, later edn with railways. map type: Dugdale 1835
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 320000 ? (1 to 315558 from scale line) 5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME bc23lsln.htm
Black 1850 map, Longsleddale|
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Black 1850 map, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway and Adjacent Country, scale about 7.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Bartholomew, Edinburgh, in Black's Picturesque Guide to the English Lakes, published by Adam and Charles Black, 27 North Bridge, Edinburgh, Lothian, about 1850-52. map type: Black 1850 map
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 480000 ? (1 to 481840 from scale line) 7.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME blm8lsln.htm
Blome 1681, Longsleddale|
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Blome 1681, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from A Generall Mapp of the Countyes of Cumberland and Westmoreland, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, derived from Speed 1611, by Richard Blome, engraved by Richard Palmer, in Speed's Maps Epitomiz'd, published 1681. map type: Blome 1681
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 260000 ? (1 to 259572 from scale line wrongly assuming a statute mile) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME ha16lsln.htm
Hall 1820, Longsleddale|
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Hall 1820, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of Westmoreland, scale about 14.5 miles to 1 inch, by Sidney Hall, London, 1820, in Leigh's New Atlas of England and Wales, published by M A Leigh, 421 Strand, London, 1833-35. map type: Hall 1820
 |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 920000 ? (1 to 922260 from scale line assuming a statute mile) 14.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME hch3lsln.htm
Hutchinson 1748, Longsleddale|
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Hutchinson 1748, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from A Correct Map of Westmorland, scale about 7 miles to 1 inch, possibly by Thomas Hutchinson, in Geographia Magnae Britanniae, published by T Osborne et al, 1748. map type: Hutchinson 1748
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 440000 ? (1 to 437322 from scale line assuming a statute mile) 7 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME hdg1lsln.htm
Hodgson 1823, Longsleddale|
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Hodgson 1823, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of the County of Westmorland, scale 1.25 ins to 1 mile, surveyed by T Hodgson, Lancaster, Lancashire, 1823-25, engraved and printed by W R Gardner, Harpur Street, London, published about 1825. map type: Hodgson 1823
 Image courtesy of the Trustees of the National Library of Scotland. |
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Map Features |
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| parishes |
The parish boundary is marked. Notice the area of
Disputed Ground in the north. |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 50000 ? 0.8 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME mck7lsln.htm
MacKenzie 1893, Longsleddale|
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MacKenzie 1893, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of Westmorland, scale about 4.5 miles to 1 inch, by F S Weller, published by William MacKenzie, London, etc, about 1893. map type: MacKenzie 1893
 |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 290000 ? (1 to 287383 from scale line) 4.5 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME ram2lsln.htm
Ramble 1845, Longsleddale|
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Ramble 1845, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 14 miles to 1 inch, lithograph copy of the map by R Miller 1810 or by T Crabb 1819, published by Darton and Clark, 58 Holborn Hill, London, 1845-50. map type: Ramble 1845
 |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 880000 ? (1 to 881832 from scale line assuming a statute mile) 14 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME smp2lsln.htm
Simpson 1746, Longsleddale|
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Simpson 1746, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, in The Agreeable Historian by Samuel Simpson, printed by R Walker, Fleet Lane, London, 1746. map type: Simpson 1746 map
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Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 500000 ? (1 to 498249 from scale line assuming a statute mile) miles 8 to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME vrt3lsln.htm
Hughes 1868, Longsleddale|
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Hughes 1868, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of Westmoreland, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by William Hughes, published by James S Virtue and Co, City Road and Ivy Lane, London, 1868. map type: Hughes 1868
 |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 270000 ? (1 to 267111 from scale line) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME wal8lsln.htm
Wallis 1812, Longsleddale|
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Wallis 1812, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of Westmoreland, scale about 6 miles to 1 inch, by James Wallis, London, in A New and Improved County Atlas, published by S A Oddy, London, 1812. map type:
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 390000 ? (1 to 385472 from scale line) 6 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME wal9lsln.htm
Wallis 1810, Longsleddale|
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Wallis 1810, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map, Westmoreland, scale about 19 miles to 1 inch, in Wallis's New Pocket Edition of the English Counties, published by James Wallis, 77 Berwick Street, Soho, London, 1810. map type: Wallis 1810
 |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 1200000 (1 to 1219200 from scale line, assuming a statute mile) 19 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME wt02lsln.htm
Whittaker 1821, Longsleddale|
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Whittaker 1821, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 9 miles to 1 inch, engraved by Neele and Son, in The Travellers Pocket Atlas, published by G and W B Whittaker, Ave Maria Lane, London, 1821-23. map type: Whittaker 1821
 |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 550000 ? (1 to 554946 from scale line) 9 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME jk02lsln.htm
Jenkinson 1875, Longsleddale|
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Jenkinson 1875, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of the English Lake District, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Stanford's Geographical Establishment, in A Practical Guide to the English Lake District, by Henry Irwin Jenkinson, published by Edward Stanford, 55 Charing Cross, London, 1875. map type: Jenkinson 1875 map 1
 |
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|
Map Features |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 250000 ? (1 to 253840 from scale line) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME jk02lsl.htm
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME bo17lsln.htm
Bowen and Bowen
1767, Longsleddale|
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|
Bowen and Bowen 1767, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of Cumberland and Westmorland, scale about 9 miles to 1 inch, by Emanuel Bowen and Thomas Bowen, London, in Atlas Anglicanus, published by Thomas Kitchin, 59 Holborn Hill, London, about 1767. map type: Bowen and Bowen 1767
 |
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 570000 ? (1 to 573486 from scale line assuming a statute mile) 9 miles to 1 inch |
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Places identified:-
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Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME bo17lsl.htm
Lakes Guides menu.
@ins5
#
*FILENAME md17lsln.htm
Morden 1708, Longsleddale|
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Morden 1708, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of Westmorland, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by Robert Morden, 1690s-1701, amended by Herman Moll, 1704, published from 1708. map type: Morden 1708
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The map scale is about:-
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Cary 1798, Longsleddale|
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Cary 1798, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from the map of the Environs of the Lakes, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by John Cary, in Cary's New Itinerary, published by G and J Cary, 86 St James's Street, London, 1798, 9th edn 1821. map type: Cary 1798
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The map scale is about:-
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Langley 1818, Longsleddale|
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Langley 1818, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from Langley's New Map of Westmoreland, scale about 6 miles to 1 inch, by Edward Langley, in Langley's New County Atlas of England and Wales, published by Langley and Belch, 173 High Street, Borough, London, 1818. map type: Langley 1818
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The map scale is about:-
1 to 380000 ? (1 to 384321 from scale line assuming a statute mile) 6 miles to 1 inch |
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Philip 1920s, Longsleddale|
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Philip 1920s, Longsleddale Notes about Longsleddale from Philips' Cyclists' Map of the Lake District, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by George Philip and Son, London and Liverpool, 1920s? map type: Philip 1920s
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| scale |
The map scale is about:-
1 to 260000 ? (1 to 261680 from scale line) 4 miles to 1 inch |
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Longsleddale Map Notes, 17th century|
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Longsleddale Map Notes, 17th century The early maps from Christopher Saxton 1576, to Morden 1695 the end of the 17th century, are clearly a group copied one from another. In each, Longsleddale is marked by a settlement symbol. There is no village of Longsleddale though it is, now, a civil parish, the mark represents the dispersed settlement of the whole valley. |
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| Saxton 1576 |
Westmorlandiae et Cumberlandiae Comitatus, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by Christopher Saxton, London, engraved by Augustinus Ryther, 1576, published 1579-1645. |
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| Kip 1607 |
Westmorlandiae, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by Christopher Saxton, engraved by William Kip, about 1607. |
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| Speed 1611 |
The Countie Westmorland and Kendale the Cheif Towne, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Speed, 1610, published by George Humble, Popes Head Alley, London, 1611-12. |
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| Jansson 1646 |
Cumbria and Westmoria, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Jansson, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1646. |
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| Blome 1673 |
Mapp of ye Countie of Westmorland, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by Richard Blome, probably engraved by Richard Palmer, published, London, 1673. |
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| Sanson 1679 |
Ancien Royaume de Northumberland aujourdhuy Provinces de Nort, scale about 9.5 miles to 1 inch, by Nicholas Sanson, Paris, France, 1679. |
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| Lea 1689 |
Comberland and Westmorland, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Christopher Saxton, 1576, amended by Philip Lea, London, 1689 to 1693. |
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| Seller 1694 |
Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, by John Seller, 1694, edition of 1787. |
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| Morden 1695 |
Westmorland, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, by Robert Morden, 1695. |
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Longsleddale Map Notes, Mystery Beck|
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Longsleddale Map Notes | ||
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Longsleddale Map Notes, Mystery Beck The beck that runs down to the River Sprint by Tills Hole comes off Cocklaw Fell. It starts high up near the saddle between the fell and Wray Crag. Close to the west, across the watershed, a stream flows down the other side of the ridge to the River Kent. This beck may or may not be shown on a map, and may be shown coming from much lower down the fell side. But, it is sometimes shown linking the Sprint to the Kent, over the watershed. Rivers don't work that way! The error seems to be a copying error, perhaps starting from Hodgson's correct but confused engraving of 1823. |
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| Hodgson 1823 |
County of Westmorland, scale 1 1/4 ins to 1 mile, surveyed by T Hodgson, Lancaster, Lancashire, 1823-25, engraved and printed by W R Gardner, Harpur Street, London, published about 1825. The engraving of the Tills Hole beck and the beck running to the Kent is confused by the parish boundary and the Stile End track. |
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| Greenwood 1824 |
County of Westmoreland, scale 1 ins to 1 mile, surveyed by C and J Greenwood, 1822-23, published by Greenwood, Pringle and Co, 13 Regent Street, Pall Mall, London, 1824. Gets the two becks right. |
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| Walker 1830 |
England No.2, Westmorland, Cumberland, Isle of Man, etc, scale about 11 miles to 1 inch, engraved by J and C Walker, published by Charles Knight and Co, for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 1845. Things go badly wrong with this map. The hill hachuring fails to show the shape of the valley and the ridge between Longsleddale and Kentmere. The Sprint becomes the Tills Hole beck and flowing out of the north of Kentmere tarn (not the newer reservoir). |
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| Dugdale 1835 |
Westmorland, scale about 5.5 miles to 1 inch, by J Archer, Pentonville, London, in Curiosities of Great Britain, England and Wales Delineated, by Thomas Dugdale, published 1835 and later. |
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| Walker 1837 |
Westmorland, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by J and C Walker, about 1837, published by Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Etc, Paternoster Row, London, about 1860s. Repeating his earlier error. |
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| Fisher 1845 |
Westmorland, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, published by Fisher, Son and Co, Caxton Press, Angel Street, St Martin's le Grand, London, about 1845. Copies Archer's map in Dugdale 1835. |
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| Ramsay 1866 |
Geological Map of England and Wales, scale about 12 miles to 1 inch, by Andrew C Ramsay, a local Director of the Geological Survey, published by Edward Stanford, 6 Charing Cross, London, 1866. The base map for the geology is like Walker 1830. |
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| Letts 1884 |
Westmoreland, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, published by Letts, Son and Co, London Bridge, London, 1884. And again. |
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| Bacon 1896-1902 |
Bacon's Map of Cumberland and Westmorland, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by George W Bacon and Co, 127 Strand, London, 1896-1902. And again. |
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| Bacon 1907 |
Cumberland and Westmorland, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by G W Bacon and Co, 127 Strand, London, about 1907. And again. |
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You might discover more!
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Longsleddale Map Notes, Docker Nook
and Murthwaite|
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Longsleddale Map Notes, Docker Nook and Murthwaite Docker Nook and Murthwaite get themselves swapped over on some maps. Docker Nook is on the west side of the valley, and is north of Murthwaite which is on the east side. |
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| Cary 1789 |
Westmoreland, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Cary, London, 1789. Marthwaite ie Murthwaite is about right, but the label for Docker Nook across the road is out of place, and lacks a symbol to tether it. |
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| Black 1841 map |
Lake District of Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by W Hughes, published by Adam and Charles Black, North Bridge, Edinburgh, 1846. |
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| Dispatch 1863 |
Cumberland South and Westmorland, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, for the Weekly Dispatch newspaper, 1856-62, plate 10 in the Commercial and Library Atlas of the British Isles, published by G W Bacon, Bacon's Geographical Establishment, London, 1895-97. |
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| Bacon 1896-1902 |
Bacon's Map of Cumberland and Westmorland, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by George W Bacon and Co, 127 Strand, London, 1896-1902. |
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| Bacon c1907 |
Cumberland and Westmorland, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by G W Bacon and Co, 127 Strand, London, about 1907. |
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Longsleddale Map Notes, Goat Scar|
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Longsleddale Map Notes, Goat Scar Goat Scar, a prominent crag at the upper end of Longsleddale, provides a fascinating set of spellings:- |
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The first element comes from Old Norse goltr ie wild
boar. The second element is either from Old English cofa
ie cove, or from Old Norse sker ie scar.
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Longsleddale Map Notes, One Inch Maps|
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Longsleddale Map Notes, One Inch Maps The project includes some of the One Inch maps of the area:- |
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| Jefferys 1770 |
County of Westmorland, scale 1 ins to 1 mile,
surveyed 1768, and engraved and published by Thomas
Jefferys, London, 1770.
For which we do not have an image, yet. |
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| Greenwood 1824 |
Map of the County of Westmorland, scale about 1 inch to 1 mile, by C and J Greenwood, published by George Pringle jnr, 70 Queen Street, Cheapside, London, 1824. |
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| Hodgson 1825 |
County of Westmorland, scale 1 1/4 ins to 1 mile, surveyed by T Hodgson, Lancaster, Lancashire, 1823-25, engraved and printed by W R Gardner, Harpur Street, London, published about 1825. |
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| OS 1860s Old Series |
Kendal, Westmorland, Old Series one inch map, hachured edition, sheet 98NE, scale 1 inch to 1 mile, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, 1864, printed from an electrotype taken 1865. |
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| OS 1881-82 New Series |
Area north of Kendal, Westmorland, New Series one inch map, outline edition, sheet 39, scale 1 inch to 1 mile, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, 1881-82. |
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| OS 1925 |
Tourist Map of The Lake District, Westmorland, Cumberland, Lancashire, scale 1 inch to 1 mile, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, about 1925. |
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Longsleddale Map Notes, with Ubarrow
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Longsleddale Map Notes, with Ubarrow A group of maps show Logsleddale as a settlement and Ubarrow Hall, the old pele towards the middle of the valley. While minimal, this is a reasonable representation of the valley; a settled community and one important house. |
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| Morden 1695 |
Westmorland, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, by Robert Morden, 1695. |
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| Bowen and Kitchin 1760 |
A New Map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland Divided into their Respective Wards, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Emanuel Bowen and Thomas Kitchin et al, published by T Bowles, Robert Sayer, and John Bowles, London, 1760 |
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| Seale 1761 |
Westmoreland, scale about 7 miles to 1 inch, by R W Seale, 1761. |
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| Bowen 1763 |
Improved Map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, by Emanuel Bowen, scale about 5.5 miles to 1 inch, published by I Ryall, Robert Sayer, Thomas Kitchin, Henry Overton, John Bowles, H Parker, and Carington Bowles, London, 1762-63. |
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| Kitchin 1763 |
A New Map of Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 6 miles to 1 inch, by Thomas Kitchin, 1763, published by R and J Dodsley, Pall Mall, London, 1763-64. |
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| Ellis 1765 |
A Modern Map of Westmoreland, scale about 6 miles to 1 inch, by John Ellis, London, 1765. |
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Longsleddale Map Notes, A Funny Road
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Longsleddale Map Notes, A Funny Road The London to Carlisle route, from Kendal to Shap, probably crossed Laverock Bridge over the River Mint, climbed Betone Hill ie the Heights of Patton, and went by Horse House somewhere on the present A6 road. A series of Westmorland maps confuse the plotting of the River Sprint and the Longsleddale area by showing the road crossing the river twice, perhaps using the bridges marked by Christopher Saxton (which are not these bridges). The Sprint is plotted partly to the east of the London to Carlisle Road. Do bear in mind that these maps are not well plotted and their interpretation is not easy or safe. |
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| Morden 1695 |
Westmorland, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, by Robert Morden, 1695. This is the second map of the county to show roads (the first is Philip Lea's amended map from Christopher Saxton's plates). This is perhaps where the confused plotting begins; copied by later map makers. |
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| Moll 1724 |
Westmorland, scale about 5.5 miles to 1 inch, by Herman Moll, London, about 1724. |
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| Badeslade 1742 |
A Map of Westmorland North from London, scale about 10 miles to 1 inch, and descriptive text, by Thomas Badeslade, London, engraved and published by William Henry Toms, Union Court, Holborn, London, 1742. |
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| Rocque 1746 |
Westmorland, scale about miles 7.5 to 1 inch, by John Rocque, 1746, published Strand, London, 1753 |
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| Kitchin 1750s |
Westmoreland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, by Thomas Kitchin, published in The London Magazine by R Baldwin, at the Rose, Paternoster Row, London, 1753. |
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| Jefferys 1757 |
New Map of England and Wales, scale about 25 miles to 1 inch, by Thomas Jefferys, published in the Gentleman's Magazine, London, 1757. |
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| Bowen and Kitchin 1760 |
A New Map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland Divided into their Respective Wards, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Emanuel Bowen and Thomas Kitchin et al, published by T Bowles, Robert Sayer, and John Bowles, London, 1760. |
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| Seale 1761 |
Westmoreland, scale about 7 miles to 1 inch, by R W Seale, 1761. |
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| Bowen 1763 |
Improved Map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, by Emanuel Bowen, scale about 5.5 miles to 1 inch, published by I Ryall, Robert Sayer, Thomas Kitchin, Henry Overton, John Bowles, H Parker, and Carington Bowles, London, 1762-63. |
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| Kitchin 1763 |
A New Map of Westmoreland, scale about 6 miles to 1 inch, by Thomas Kitchin, 1763, published by R and J Dodsley, Pall Mall, London, 1763-64. |
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| Ellis 1765 |
A Modern Map of Westmoreland, scale about 6 miles to 1 inch, by John Ellis, London, 1765. |
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| Hogg 1784 |
A New Map of Cumberland and Westmoreland, scale about 12 miles to 1 inch, engraved by T Condor, published by Alexander Hogg, the Kings Arms, 16 Paternoster Row, London, 1784. |
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After a nearly hundred years of copying, the problem
goes away in the 1780s. Thomas West's minimal map with
his Guide to the Lakes, 2nd edn 1784, does not show the
road incorrectly. John Cary's map, 1787, and later maps
are much better.
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Lakes Guides menu. | ||
Lakes Guides, Outline Views
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Black 1841, 3rd edn 1846
Outline views in Black's Picturesque Guide to the English Lakes, published by Adam and Charles Black, North Bridge, Edinburgh, 1841, 3rd edn 1846. The prints, engravings, are all by J Flintoft, Keswick, Cumberland, engraved by R Mason, Edinburgh, about 1844-46. |
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Mountains as seen from the North End
of Belle Isle, Windermere, and Mountains as seen from
Bisket How, Bowness, about 1844.
Tipped in opposite p.36. The upper scene shows lake Windermere and the range of mountains from Steel Fell and Raise Gap to Orrest Head and Haw; the lower scene shows lake Windermere and the range of mountains from Grindle Cragas and Scawfell Pike to Froswick, Ill Bell and Yoke. |
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Mountains as seen from Red Bank,
Grasmere, and Mountains as seen a little beyond Tent-Lodge
on the Road from Coniston to Ulverston, about 1846.
Tipped in opposite p.62. The upper scene shows Grasmere and the range of mountains from Silver How, to Nab Scar, Red Screes, etc; the lower scene shows lake Coniston and the range of mountains from Knot End, Walney Scar and Coniston Old Man to Oxen Fell and Dovecrags. |
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Mountains as seen at Lowdore Inn, and
Mountains as seen at the Third Gate on Ascending Latrigg
on the Way to Skiddaw, about 1846.
Tipped in opposite p.74. The upper scene shows Derwent Water from the south, Catbell etc behind on the left, Skiddaw etc behind; the lower scene shows Derwent Water and Keswick and the ranges of muntains from Wallow Crag and Falcon Crag to Grizedale Pike and Whinlatter. |
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Mountains as seen from The Knots near
the Victoria at Buttermere, and Mountains as seen at the
Seat in Lanthwaite Wod, Scale Hill, about 1846.
Tipped in opposite p.84. The upper scene shows Buttermere and Crummock Water and the ranges of mountains from Buttermere Moss and Honister Crag, via High Stile and Red Pike, to Mellbreak and Rannerdale Knot; the lower scene shows Buttermere and the ranges of mountains from Grasmoor and Honister Crag, via High Stile, Red Pike and mellbreak, to Burn Bank. |
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Mountains as seen from Burn Banks near
the Foot of Hawes Water, and Mountains as seen near Strands
in Wastdale at the First bridge on the Road to Wast Water,
about 1846.
Tipped in opposite p.97. The upper scene shows Haweswater and the ranges of mountains from Wallow Crag and Branstree to Blennerhassett; the lower scene shows the ranges of mountains from Buckbarrow Pike to The Screes. |
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Mountains as seen a little on
the Matterdale Road near Lyulph's Tower on Ulleswater,
and Mountains as seen at the Slate Quarry at Blowick
on Ulleswater, about 1846.
Tipped in opposite p.137. The upper scene shows Ullswater and the ranges of mountains from Place fell to Herring Pike and Gowbarrow Park; the lower scene shows Ullswater and the ranges of mountains from Hartsop Dod to Herring Pike and Glen Coin Fell. |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides, Outline Views
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Black 1856, 23rd edn 1900
Outline views in Black's Guide to the English Lakes, editor A R Hope Moncrieff, published by Adam and Charles Black, London, 1856, 23rd edn 1900. The prints, lithographs, are all J Flintoft, Keswick, Cumberland,engraved by R Mason, Edinburgh. |
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Outline Views, Windermere - Mountains
as seen from the North End of Belle Isle, Windermere,
and Mountains as seen from Biscay How, Bowness.
Tipped in opposite p.32. The Belle Isle view includes lake Windermere and mountains behind from Steel fell, Raise Gap, and Loughrigg to Orrest Head and Haw. The Bowness view includes lake Windermere and the mountains behind from Crinkle Crags and Scawfell Pike to Froswick, Ill Bell and Yoke. |
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Outline Views, Ullswater - Mountains
as seen a little on the Matterdale Road near Lyulph's Tower
on Ullswater, and Mountains as seen at the slate Quarry
at Blowick on Ullswater.
Tipped in opposite p.58. The Matterdale Road view includes Ullswater and mountains behind from Place Fell to Herring Pike, and Gowbarrow Park. The quarry view includes Ullswater and the mountains behind from Hartsop Dod, to Herring Pike and Glencoin Fell. |
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Outline Views, Grasmere and
Coniston - Mountains as seen from Redbank, Grasmere,
and Mountains as seen a little beyond Tent Lodge on the
Road from Coniston to Ulverstone.
Tipped in opposite p.110. The Grasmere view includes Grasmere and the mountains behind from Silver How and Serjeant Man to Nab Scar and Red Screes etc. The Coniston view includes Coniston water and the mountains behind from Knot End and Walney Scar to Oxen Fel and Dovecrags, Hartsop. |
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Outline Views, Skiddaw and Derwent
Water - Mountains as seen at Lodore Hotel, and Mountains
as seen at the Third Gate on Ascending Latrigg on the Way
to Skiddaw.
Tipped in opposite p.136. The Lodore view includes Derwent Water and the mountains behind from Catbell, by Skiddaw, to Littledale Pike and Falcon Crag. The Latrigg view includes Keswick, Derwent Water, and mountains behind from Wallow Crag and Falcon Crag to Whinlatter. |
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Outline Views, Buttermere - Mountains
as seen from the Knots near the Hotel at Buttermere,
and Mountains as seen at the Seat in Lanthwaite Wood,
Scale Hill.
Tipped in opposite p.188. The Buttermere view includes Buttermere and Loweswater and the mountains behind from Buttermere Moss and honister Crag across High Stile, Red Pike etc, to Mellbreak and Rannerdale Knot. The Scale Hill view includes Crummock Water and the mountains behind from Grasmoor and Honister Crag across Mellbreak to Carling Knot, Burn Bank etc. |
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Outline Views, Haws and Wastwater
- Mountains as seen from Burn-Banks near the Foot of
Hawes Water, and Mountains as seen near Nether Wastdale at
the First Bridge on the road to Wast-Water.
Tipped in opposite p.200. The Haweswater view includes Haweswater and mountains behind from Wallow Carg, Branstree and Harter Fell to Blennerhassett. The Wastdale view includes mountians from Buckbarrow Pike across Great Gable to The Screes. |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides, Outline Views
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Jenkinson, 4th edn 1875
Outline views in A Practical Guide to the English Lake District, by Henry Irwin Jenkinson, published by Edward Stanford, 55 Charing Cross, London, 4th edn 1875. The prints, lithographs, are all by Edwin A Pettitt, London, about 1875. |
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Panoramic Sketches from
Helvellyn, Westmorland.
Tipped in opposite page 92. The upper scene shows from Ullscarf and High Stile, across Grisedale Pike, Solway Firth, Skiddaw, Blencathra, to the edge of Ullswater; the lower scene from Fairfield and Striding Edge, across Coniston Old Man, Langdale Pikes, Scawfell Pikes, Great Gable, to Honister Crag. |
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Panoramic Sketches from
Skiddaw, Cumberland.
Tipped in opposite page 186. The upper scene shows from Coniston Old Man, across Scawfell, Great Gable, Grisedale Pike, to the a patch of the Solway Firth; the lower scene from the Solway Firth across High Pike, Blencathra, and Helvellyn. |
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Panoramic Sketches from Scawfell Pike, Cumberland.
Tipped in opposite page 198. The upper scene shows from Pillar and High Stile across Grisedale Pike and Great Gable, Skiddaw, and Blencathra, to Helvellyn; the lower scene from the Langdale Pikes across Windermere, Coniston Old Man, Harter Fell, Duddon Estuary, and Scawfell to Wastwater. |
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Lakes Guides, Outline Views
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Otley 1823, 4th edn 1830
Outline views in A Concise Description of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 1823, 4th edition, 1830. The prints, engravings, are all about 1830. |
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Outline View of Skiddaw, and
Saddleback, as seen on approaching Keswick from the
South, 1830.
Printed on p.47. |
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Some of the Western Mountains as seen
from Helvellyn, 1830.
Printed on p.57. |
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Mountains of Coniston, Langdale, &c.
as they appear from the road between Troutbeck Bridge
and Bowness, 1830.
Printed on p.97. |
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The Mountains of Ullswater as seen
from Pooley Bridge, 1830.
Printed on p.109. |
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Mountains South West of Derwentwater
as seen from Keswick, 1830.
Printed on p.115. |
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The Mountains of Crummock and
Buttermere as seen on the road between Scale-Hill
and Loweswater, 1830.
Printed on p.125. |
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Mountains round Wastwater as seen from
the Strands in Nether Wasdale, 1830.
Printed on p.129. |
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Mountains of Ennerdale as seen
from Kirkland, 1830.
Printed on p.131. |
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Mountains of Patterdale as seen from
the Slate Quarry on Place Fell, 1830.
Printed on p.137. |
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Lakes Guides, Outline Views
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Otley, 1823, 8th edn, 1849
Outline views in A Descriptive Guide of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 1823, 8th edn, 1849. The prints, engravings, are all drawn by Mr Binns, Halifax, engraved by Mr Jewitt, Headington, Oxfordshire, about 1849. |
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Windermere looking towards the North
East from Bowness, 1849.
Opposite p.2. |
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Windermere looking towards the West
from the Road between Troutbeck and Bowness, 1849.
Opposite p.4. |
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Grasmere from Red Bank Head, 1849.
Opposite p.6. |
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Coniston Water from near Bank
Ground, 1849.
Opposite p.8. |
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Derwent Water from Crow Park, 1849.
Opposite p.10. |
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Ullswater from Pooley Bridge, 1849.
Opposite p.12. |
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Mountains of Patterdale from the
Slate Quarry on Place Fell, 1849.
Opposite p.14. |
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Hawes Water from Measand Beck, 1849.
Opposite p.16. |
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Crummock and Buttermere from the
Road near Loweswater Church, 1849.
Opposite p.18. |
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Ennerdale from a Field near Kirkland
and Salter, 1849.
Opposite p.20. |
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Mountains of Wast Water as seen
from Nether Wasdale, 1849.
Opposite p.22. |
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Skiddaw and Saddleback ... as seen
on entering Keswick from the South, 1849.
Opposite p.46. |
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A Group of Mountains seen from
Helvellyn, looking towards the South West, 1849.
Opposite p.50. |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides, Outline Views
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Otley 1823, 5th edn 1834
Outline views in A Concise Description of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 1823, 5th edn 1834. The print, woodcuts are by Jonathan Otley, Keswick, Cumberland, 1830. |
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Mountains of Coniston, Langdale,
Etc, 1830.
Printed on p.7. |
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Mountains of Patterdale, 1830.
Printed on p.11. |
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Mountains of Grasmere and Rydal, 1830.
Printed on p.15. |
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Mountains South West of
Derwentwater, 1830.
Printed on p.21. |
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Mountains of Crummock and
Buttermere, 1830.
Printed on p.25. |
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Mountains of Ennerdale, 1830.
Printed on p.27. |
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Mountains of Wast Water, 1830.
Printed on p.31. |
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Skiddaw and Saddleback, 1830.
Printed on p.49. |
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A Group of Mountains, seen from
Helvellyn, 1830.
Printed on p.63. |
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Mountains North East of Windermere,
1830.
Printed on p.99. |
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Mountains of Ullswater, 1830.
Printed on p.113. |
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Lakes Guides, Outline Views
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Martineau 1855, 2nd edn 1855
Outline views in A Complete Guide to the English Lakes, by Harriet Martineau, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, and by Whittaker and Co, London, 2nd edn 1855. The outline views are from drawings by T L Aspland engraved by W Banks |
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Mountains on the West Side of
Windermere, drawn by L Aspland, engraved by W
Banks, Edinburgh, published by John Garnett,
Windermere, Westmorland, and by Whittaker and Co,
London, 1855.
Folded in opposite p.7. The view is captioned, numbers refering to mountains in the image - 1 Coniston Old Man 1a Carrs 2 Wetherlam 3 Wrynose Gap 4 Crinkle Crags 5 Pike of Bliscow 6 Scawfell Pike 7 Bowfell 8 Hanging knotss 9 Glaramara 10 Great End 11 Pike of Stickle 12 Harrison Stickle 13 Paveyark 14 Lingmoor 15 High Raise 16 Silver How 17 Loughrigg Fell 18 Ullscarth |
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Mountains seen a little beyond
Rydal Mount, drawn by L Aspland, engraved by W
Banks, Edinburgh, published by John Garnett,
Windermere, Westmorland, and by Whittaker and Co,
London, 1855.
Tipped in opposite p.64. The view is captioned, numbers refering to mountains in the image - 1 Loughrigg Fell, 2 Lingmoor, 3 Pike of Bliscow, 4 Crinkle Crags, 5 Meg's Gill Head, 6 Silver How, 7 Pike of Stickle, 8 Harrison Stickle, 9 Pavey Ark |
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Mountains seen from the West Side
of Thirlmere, drawn by L Aspland, engraved by W
Banks, Edinburgh, published by John Garnett,
Windermere, Westmorland, and by Whittaker and Co,
London, 1855.
Tipped in opposite p.69. The view is captioned, numbers refering to mountains in the image - 1 Raven Crag, 2 Castlerigg, 3 Blancathra vulgariter Saddleback, 4 Great How, 5 Green Crag, 6, Great Dod, 7 Part of Helvellyn. |
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Mountains seen from Lanthwaite
Wood Crummock Water, drawn by L Aspland, engraved by W
Banks, Edinburgh, published by John Garnett,
Windermere, Westmorland, and by Whittaker and Co,
London, 1855.
Tipped in opposite p.84. The view is captioned, numbers refering to mountains in the image - 1 Whiteless Pike, 2 Honister Crag, 3 Green Gable, 4 Great End, 5 Great Gable / Rannerdale Knott (beneath), 6 Scawfell Pike, 7 Kirkfell / Scarf Gap (below), 8 High Crag, 9 High Stile, 10 Bleaberry Crag, 11 Red Pike, 12 Melbreak. |
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Mountains seen from Applethwaite
near Keswick, drawn by L Aspland, engraved by W
Banks, Edinburgh, published by John Garnett,
Windermere, Westmorland, and by Whittaker and Co,
London, 1855.
Folded in opposite p.93. The view is captioned, numbers refering to mountains in the image - 1 Wallow Crag, 2 Falcon Crag, 3 Shepherd's Crag / Lowdore below, 4 Glaramara, 5 Brund, 6 Castle Crag, 7 Great End, 8 Scawfell Pike, 9 Catbell, 10, High Stile, 11 Red Pike, 12 Grasmoor, 13 Causey Pike, 14 Melbreak, 15 Grisdale Pike. |
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Mountains seen on the Keswick
Road approaching Ullswater, drawn by L Aspland, engraved by
W Banks, Edinburgh, published by John Garnett,
Windermere, Westmorland, and by Whittaker and Co, London, 1855.
Tipped in opposite p.104. The view is captioned, numbers refering to mountains in the image - 1 Place Fell, 2 Birk Fell, 3 Red Screes, 4 Scandale Head, 5 Dove Crag (Hartsop), 6 Birks, 7 Rydal Head, 8 St. Sundays Crag, 9, Fairfield, 10 Glenridding Dod, 11 Dolly Waggon Pike, 12 Bleaberry Fell, 13 Striding Edge, 14 Herring Pike, 15 Gowbarrow Park. |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides, Outline Views
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Garnett 1850s-60s
Outline views in The Lake District of England, written and published by J Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, 1850s-60s. The print, lithograph, is drawn by T L Aspland, engraved by W Banks, Edinburgh. |
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Print, outline view, engraving with litho colour, Mountains on the West Side of Windermere, drawn by L Aspland, engraved by W Banks, Edinburgh, published by J Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, 1850s-60s?
Frontispiece. The view is captioned, numbers refering to mountains in the image - 1 Coniston Old Man 1a Carrs 2 Wetherlam 3 Wrynose Gap 4 Crinkle Crags 5 Pike of Bliscow 6 Scawfell Pike 7 Bowfell 8 Hanging knotss 9 Glaramara 10 Great End 11 Pike of Stickle 12 Harrison Stickle 13 Paveyark 14 Lingmoor 15 High Raise 16 Silver How 17 Loughrigg Fell 18 Ullscarth |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides, Outline Views
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LMS 1920s
Outline views in LMS Route Book No.3, The Track of the Royal Scot, part 1 London Euston to Carlisle, published by the London Midland and Scottich Railway, LMS, 1920s. |
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Print, lithograph, outline view, The Hills of Lakeland in Outline, Cumbria, published by the London Midland and Scottish Railway, LMS, 1920s.
On p.64. Coniston Old Man 2633 / Wetherlam / Stonesty Pike 2426 / Pike of Blisco 2304 / Crinkle Crags / Shelter Crags 2631 / Scawfell Pike 3210 / Bow Fell 2960 / Great End 2984 / Great Gable 2949 / Langdale Pikes 2323 2043 |
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Print, lithograph, Hill Outline, Whinfell Beacon, Cumbria, published by the London Midland and Scottish Railway, LMS, 1920s.
On p.65. Outline of Mabbin Crag and Whinfell Beacon. |
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Print, lithograph, Hill Outline, near Low Gill, Cumbria, published by the London Midland and Scottish Railway, LMS, 1920s.
On p.67. Outline of Bleasdale Fell, Uldale Head, Fell Head and Gibbet Hill. |
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Print, lithograph, Hill Outline from Shap Station, Shap Rural, Cumbria, published by the London Midland and Scottish Railway, LMS, 1920s.
Outline of Kidsty Pike and High Street. |
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Print, lithograph, hill outline from Penrith Station, Penrith, Cumberland, published by the London Midland and Scottish Railway, LMS, 1920s.
On p.73. Outline of Helvellyn, Little Mell, and Saddleback, Skiddaw Forest. |
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Lakes Guides, Outline Views
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Barrow 1888
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Print, outline view, engraving? Outline of Mountain Tops as seen from the Keswick Hotel, sketched by John Barrow, published by Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington, St Dunstan's House, Fetter Lane, Fleet Street, London, 1888.
From the left - High Crags, Cat Bells, Hindscarth, Robinson, High Crags, Red Pike, High Stile, Rowling End, Causey Pike, Sail, Scar, Eel Crags, Outerside or Steel Pike, Barrow, Swinside, Grassmoor, Hobcarton Crags, Grisedale Pike, Hobcarton, Whinlatter, Lords Seat, Barff. Opposite p.109 in Mountain Ascents in Westmoreland and Cumberland by John Barrow. |
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Lakes Guides, Outline Views
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Baddeley 1930s
Outline views in Baddeleys' Guide to the English Lake District, revised from an original guide book by M J B Baddeley, published by Ward, Lock and Co, Warwick House, Salisbury Square, London, 18th edn 1930s. |
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Print, lithograph, Panorama of Fells, etc, from Orrest Head, engraved by John Bartholomew and Co, Edinburgh, published by Ward, Lock and Co, Warwick House, Salisbury Square, London, 1930s.
Folded and tipped in opposite p.62. The view is presented in 3 sections, the tops numbered, referring to a list at the side. REFERENCES TO PEAKS, &C. / 1. Coniston Old Man, 9 miles. 2. Brim Fell. 3. Fairfield. 4. Great How Crags. 5. Carrs. 6. Wetherlam. 7. Wrynose Pass (below). 8. Cold Pike. 9. Crinkle Crags. 10. Pike o' Blisco. 11. Shelter Crags. 12. Scafell Pike, 14 miles. 15. Bow Fell, 11 1/2 miles. 16. Esk Hause (below). 17. Allen Crags. 18. Great Gable. 19. Loft Crag. 20. Harrison Stickle. 21. Pavey Ark. 22. High Raise. 23. Sergeant Man. 24. Loughrigg (below), 5 miles. 25. Blea Rigg. 26. Silver How, 8 miles. 27. Ullscarf. 28. Helm Crag. 29. Steel Fell. 30. Nab Scar. 31. Heron Pike. 32. Great Rigg. 33. Fairfield. 34. Wansfell Pike, 4 miles. 35. Dove Crag. 36. Red Screes, 6 miles. 37. Woundale Fell, Broad End. 38. Troutbeck Hundreds. 39. Caudale Moor. 40. Thresthwaite Cove. 41. Troutbeck Tongue. 42. Thornthwaite Crag. 43. High Street. 44. Froswick. 45. Ill Bell, 6 miles. 46. Yoke. 47. Garburn. 48. Harter Fell. |
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Print, lithograph, Panorama from Castle Head, Keswick, engraved by John Bartholomew and Co, Edinburgh, published by Ward, Lock and Co, Warwick House, Salisbury Square, London, 1930s.
Folded and tipped in opposite p.164. The view is presented in 3 sections, the tops numbered, referring to a list at the side. REFERENCES TO PEAKS, &C. / 1. Clough Head, 4 miles. 2. Wanthwaite Crags. 3. Great Dodd, 5 miles. 4. Watson's Dodd, 4 1/2 miles. 5. Causeway Pike, 1 1/4 miles. 6. Walla Crag. 7. High Seat, 3 miles. 8. Falcon Crag. 9. Ashness Fells. 10. Lodore. 11. Glaramara, 10 miles. 12. Brund Fell, 4 miles. 13. Esk Pike. 14. Castle Crag. 15. Great End, 10 miles. 16. Black Crag. 17. Scafell Pike, 11 miles. 18. Scawdell Fell, 5 miles. 19. Maiden Moor, 3 1/2 miles. 20. Hindscarth, 5 1/2 miles. 21. Catbells, 2 1/2 miles. 22. Robinson, 6 miles. 23. High Stile, 8 miles. 24. Red Pike, Buttermere, 8 miles. 25. Knott Rigg. 26. Rowling End. 27. Whiteless Pike. 28. Causey Pike, 4 miles. 29. Sail, 5 miles. 30. Eel Crag, 5 1/2 miles. 31. Barrow. 32. Sand Hill, 5 miles. 33. Grisedale Pike, 4 1/2 miles. 34. Whinlatter Pass, 6 miles (below) 35. Derwentwater. 36. Lord's Seat, 5 miles. 37. Barff, 5 miles. 38. Bassenthwaite Lake. |
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Print, lithograph, Panoramic View from Summit of Helvellyn, engraved by John Bartholomew and Co, Edinburgh, published by Ward, Lock and Co, Warwick House, Salisbury Square, London, 1930s.
Folded and tipped in opposite p.242. The view is presented in 3 sections, the tops numbered, referring to a list at the sides. REFERENCES TO PEAKS, &C. / EAST. / 1. Catchedicam. 2. Black Fell, Pennines. 3. Swirrell Edge. 4. Ullswater. 5. Cross Fell and Pennines. 6. Birk Fell. 7. Birkhouse Moor. 8. High Street Range. 9. Place Fell. 10. Red Tarn. 11. Kirkby Stephen Fell. 12. Rest Dodd. 13. Angle Tarn. 14. Kidsty Pike. 15. Striding Edge. 16. Gray Crag. 17. St Sunday Crag. 18. High Street. 19. Harter Fell (Mardale). 20. Froswick. 21. Caudale Moor. 22. Ill Bell. 23. Ingleborough. 24. Red Screes. 25. Fairfield. / SOUTH. / 26. Morecambe Bay. 27. Windermere Lake. 28. Esthwaite Water. 29. Dollywaggon Pike. 30. Silver How. 31. Coniston Lake. 32. Helm Crag. 33. Wetherlam. 34. Coniston Old Man. 35. Carrs. 36. Steel Fell. 37. Grey Friar. 38. Black Combe. 39. Pike o' Blisco. / SOUTH - continued. / 40. Harter Fell (Eskdale). 41. Langdale Pikes. 42. Crinkle Crags. 43. Wythburn Valley. 44. High Raise. 45. Bow Fell. 46. Esk Pike. 47. Scafell Pike. 48. Ullscarf. 49. Great End. 50. Lingmell. 51. Harrop Tarn. 52. Glaramara. 53. Great Gable. 54. Green Gable. 55. Kirk Fell. / WEST. / 56. Steeple. 57. Brandreth. 58. Pillar. 59. Honister Crag. 60. High Stile. 61. Red Pike (Buttermere). 62. Dalehead. 63. Melbreak. 64. Robinson. 65. Armboth Fells. 66. Grasmoor. 67. Eel Crag. 68. Causey Pike. 69. Grisdale Pike. 70. Low Man (Helvellyn). 72. Solway Firth. 73. Dumfriesshire Hills. 74. Bassenthwaite Lake. 75. Skiddaw. 76. Lonscale Fell. 77. Helvellyn Raise. 78. Blancathra (Saddleback). |
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Lakes Guides, Outline Views
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Red Guide 1892
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Print, engraving, pair of outline
views, Mountains as seen from Low Wood Inn, and Mountains
as seen from the Elevation on the Road opposite the Inn
at Strands in Wasdale, published by Ward, Lock and Co,
Warwick House, Salisbury Square, London, etc, 1892.
upper caption:- 1 Walnay Scar 2 Coniston Old Man 3 Wetherlam 4 Skelwith 5 Crinkle Crags / Pike of Bliscow (below) 6 [ ]oor 7 Scawfell Pike 8 Bowfell 9 Hanging Knotts 10 Great End 11 Glaramara 12 The Stake Pass 13 Pike of Stickle / Langdale Pikes 14 Harrisons Stickle 15 Paveyark 16 Loughrigg Fell 17 Easedale Head 18 Lowrigg Fell lower caption:- 1 Buckbarrow Pike 2 Middlefell 3 Yewbarrow 4 Great Gable 5 Sty Head Pass 6 Lingmell 7 Great-end Crag 8 Scawfell Pike 9 Scawfell 10 Screes On p.72 in the Red Guide guide book, Guide to the English Lakes. |
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Print, engraving, outline view,
Mountains West and North of Windermere Lake, published
by Ward, Lock and Co, Warwick House, Salisbury Square,
London, etc, 1892.
caption:- 1 Coniston Old Man 2 Scawfell Pike 3 Bowfell 4 Great End 5 Great Gable 6 Hind Side 7 Lingmoor 8 Glaramara 9 and 10 Langdale Pikes 11 Paveyark 12 High Raise 13 Ullskarth 14 Loughrigg Fell 15 Helm Crag 16 Steel Fell 17 Skiddaw 18 Nab Scar 19 Great Rigg 20 Fairfield 21 Rydal Head 22 Dove Crag 23 Wansfell Pike 24 Red Screes 25 Codale Moor 26 Gray Crag 27 High Street 28 Froswick 29 Hill Bell 30 Yoke On p.74 in the Red Guide guide book, Guide to the English Lakes. |
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Print, engraving, pair of outline
views, Mountains as seen from Castlehead, Keswick,
and Mountains as seen from the West Side of Grange
in Borrowdale looking west, published by Ward, Lock and
Co, Warwick House, Salisbury Square, London, etc, 1892.
upper caption:- 1 Wallow Crag 2 Falcon Crag 3 The Knotts 4 Glaramara / Brund (below) 5 Great End / Castle Crag (below) 6 Scawfell Pike 7 Scawfell 8 Gate Crag 9 Gold Scalp 10 Catbell 11 Robinson 12 High Stile 13 Red Pike 14 Knott Rigg 15 Rawling End 16 Knott Pike 17 Causey Pike lower caption:- 1 Point of Ullock 2 Langside 3 Carlside 4 Carsledam 5 Skiddaw 6 Skiddaw Low Man 7 Little Man 8 Jenkin Hill 9 Lonscale Fell 10 Littledale Pike / Latrigg (below) / Castle Head (still lower) 11 Skiddaw Forest 12 High Row Fell 13 Saddle Back & 14 Falcon Crag 15 Barrow 16 High Wood Crag 16 Castle Rigg / Lowdore (below) On p.150 in the Red Guide guide book, Guide to the English Lakes. |
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Print, engraving, pair of outline
views, Mountains as seen from Whinlatter, and Mountains
as seen from the Road from Scale Hill to Loweswater, near
the Mile Post, published by Ward, Lock and Co, Warwick
House, Salisbury Square, London, etc, 1892.
upper caption:- 1 Skiddaw / Carlside (below) / Dodd (still lower) 2 Carsledham (below) 3 Skiddaw Low Man 4 Jenkin Hill 6 Lonscale Fell 7 Saddleback 8 Latrigg 9 Little Melfell 10 Setnalinaing 11 Great Dod / St John's Ridge (below) 12 Watson Dod / Wallow Crag (below) 13 Stybarrow Dod 14 Whiteside 15 Helvellyn Low Man / Bleaberry Fell (below) / Falcon Crag (Still lower) 16 Eagle Crag 17 High Seat lower caption:- 1 Whiteside 2 Grassmoor 3 Whitless Pike 4 Robinson 5 Buttermere Moss 6 Honister Crag 7 Rannerdale Knot 8 Green Gable 9 Great Gable / Haystacks (below) 10 Scawfell Middle Pike / Scarf gap (below) 11 Kirk Fell 12 High Crag 13 High Stile 14 Bleaberry On p.158 in the Red Guide guide book, Guide to the English Lakes. |
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Print, engraving, pair of outline
views, Mountains as seen from the Road near Buttermere
Church, and Mountains as seen from the Foot of Dun Mallet
on Ullswater, published by Ward, Lock and Co, Warwick
House, Salisbury Square, London, etc, 1892.
upper caption:- 1 Honister Crag 2 Green Crag 3 Green Gable 4 Great Gable 5 Hay Stacks & Eagle Crag 6 Kirk Fell / Scarf Gap (below) 7 High Crag 8 High Stile 9 Red Pike 10 Grey Crag 11 Situation of Scale Force 12 Floutern 13 Hen Combe 14 Melbreak 15 Rannerdale Knot lower caption:- 1 Swarth Fell 2 Stile End 3 Winter Crag 4 Dow Crag in Hartsop 5 Hallen Fell 6 Place Fell 7 Stone Cross Pike 8 Dolly Waggon Pike / Birk Fell (below) 9 High Spine How / The Knotts (below) 10 Helvellyn 11 Cachety Cam 12 Glenridding Dodd 13 Helvellyn Low Man 14 Herring Pike 15 Keppel Cove Head 16 Raise 17 Gowbarrow 18 Greenside 19 Glencoin Fell 20 Soulby Fell On p.162 in the Red Guide guide book, Guide to the English Lakes. |
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Print, engraving, pair of outline
views, Mountains as seen from the Matterdale Road in
Gowbarrow Park, and Mountains as seen from Milking
Hill, between the Inn and Blowick, in Patterdale, published
by Ward, Lock and Co, Warwick House, Salisbury Square,
London, etc, 1892.
upper caption:- 1 Swarth Fell 2 Hallen Fell (below) 3 Winter Crag Martindale 4 Place Fell / Birk Fell (below) 5 Red Screes / Deepdale Park (below) / Bleas (still lower) 6 Scandale Head 7 Dove Crag in Hartsop 8 Birks / Hall Bank (below) 9 Rydal Head 10 St. Sunday's Crag 11 Fairfield 12 Glenridding Dod 13 Dolly Waggon Pike 14 Bleaberry Fell 15 Striding Edge 16 Herring Pike lower caption:- 1 Hartsop Dod 2 Cawdale Moor 3 Woundale Head 4 Kirkstone Pass 5 Red Screes / Deepdale Park (below) 6 Blease 7 Birks 8 Dolly Waggon Pike 9 Eagle Crag 10 Striding Edge 11 Path to Helvellyn (below) 12 Helvellyn 13 Bleaberry Fell & Crag 14 Raise 15 Greenside 16 Herring Pike 17 Glenridding Dod 18 Glencoin Fell 19 Stinted Common Fell 20 Gowbarrow Park On p.190 in the Red Guide guide book, Guide to the English Lakes. |
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Lakes Guides, topics
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Coats of Arms
The coats of arms presented here are a ragbag collection of what we happen to have seen, mostly found in churches, om memorials, in stained glass, and so on. The collection NOT a reliable armorial for Cumbria. The blazons are unreliable; the sources very mixed! Better information is available in:- :: Heraldry in Holy Trinity Church, Kendal::: available in the church |
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Lakes Guides menu. |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Aglionby & Agullon
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Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Aglionby of Nunnery |
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Major Arthur Hugh Aglionby, died 1918; St Michael and All Angels, Ainstable. |
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blazon : argent two bars sable and in chief three
martlets sable
But in the example from 1918, the bars are gules. motto : QUAND DIEU PLAYEA |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Aikton
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Innsign, just outside Aikton village. |
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blazon :
motto : Sub rebire Virtus |
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Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Appelby
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Richard Dacre Appelby, d.1738; tomb in St Cuthbert's Church, Kirklinton. |
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blazon : quarterly 1. quarterly 1 and 4. azure six
martlets or 3,2,1 2 and 3. gules three escallops argent 2.
or a ?bull sable
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Appleby, Borough
of
from 1959:- blazon : azure semee of apple leaves proper three lions passant in pale or each resting the dexter forepaw on an apple of the same motto : nec ferro nec igni |
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Appleby
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On the market hall, Appleby. |
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blazon : gules three crowned lions passant guardant
or
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(also)
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APPILBI SIGILLUM / COMMUNITATIS DE BURGII |
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THE ARMS OF APPLEBY |
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Kitchin 1750s
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ARMS of APPLEBY |
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Seale 1761
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Coats of Arms
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Armstrong
of Bewcastle |
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St Cuthbert. Bewcastle; John Armstrong of Horsholm d.1730 |
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blazon : gules three armoured arms embowed in pale
argent
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Coats of Arms
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Banks
of Highmoor, Wigton. |
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On Highmoor Park; incorectly tricked, the colours match the house's new decoration as a block of flats. |
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blazon : sable a cross engrailed or between in 1 1nd 4 a
bear rampant or muzzled gules in 2 and 3 a fleur de lys
or
motto : dum spiro spero |
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Coats of Arms
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Bardsey
of Bardsea. |
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Stained glass in St Mary's Church, Great Urswick. |
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blazon : argent two bars gules on a canton gules a maunch
argent
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Barnes
|
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Thomas Kay Barnes d.1898, memorial in St Michael's Church, Burgh by Sands. |
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blazon : quarterly or and vert on a fess sable three
estoiles or
motto : nec timide nec temere |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Barron
of Righead |
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St Cuthbert's Church, Bewcastle; Margaret wife of John d.1770 |
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blazon : a cross fleury
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Barrow-in-Furness, Borough
of
from 1867:- blazon : gules on a bend between in chief a serpent nowed in base a stag trippant or an arrow pointed upwards to a bee volant proper, on a chief argent on waves of the sea a paddle steamship under steam and canvas proper motto : semper sursum |
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()
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Innsign of the Barrow Arms, Cavendish Street, Barrow-in-Furness. |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Bellingham of
Levens
|
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On Henry Robert's bookshop, 7 Stramongate, Kendal. BARON 1546 OF K K |
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blazon : argent three bugle horns sable garnished and
stringed or
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Birket
of Birket House blazon : sable three garbs or a bordure argent pelletty motto : persevere |
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Birket &
Higgins-Birket
Captain William Higgin-Birket of Birket House, d.1914 |
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In St Church, Winster |
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blazon : sable a goat's head erased argent between three
garbs or a bordure or charged with eight cross crosslets
fitchy gules
motto : per se vere |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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de Boyville
|
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Stained glass in St Mary's Church, Great Urswick. |
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blazon : argent a bend sable between two mullets
sable
motto : |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Broadrick
of Highfield. |
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stained glass at St Mary, Applethwaite, Henry Crewdson Broadrick d.1950. |
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blazon : erminois two bars wavy gules on a chief azure an
estoile or between two spear heads points upward argent
motto : decens et honestum |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
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Brocklebank
|
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Captain Thomas Geoffrey Brocklebank, d.1916; All Saints Satterthwaite. |
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Sir Aubrey Brocklebank, Greenlands, Holmrock, d.1929; St Paul's Church, Irton. |
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blazon : argent three brocks proper each on a mount vert
on a chief azure three escallops argent
motto : GOD SEND GRACE |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Burn
|
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Hatchment at All Saints' Church, Orton; on the left. |
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blazon : vert a chevron ermine between three lions
rampant or on a chief erminois three fountains a bordure
wavy argent
motto : resurgam |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Cancefield
|
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Stained glass in St Mary's Church, Great Urswick. |
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blazon : or three bars gules a canton ermine
motto : |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Carlisle
|
||
On the new Tullie House Museum. |
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used from 1462, but granted 1924:-
blazon : or on a cross paty between four roses gules a rose of the first The rose is the symbol of the Virgin Mary to whom Carisle Priory was dedicated. |
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Carlisle
|
||
On the gates of the Cathedral |
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Carlisle
|
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On the old town hall in Green Market, 1717. |
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Carlisle
|
||
ye Arms of CARLISLE |
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|
Bowen 1720 (plate 161)
used up to 1924:- blazon : vert on a base barry wavy of six argent and azure, a castle between two roses or, on a chief gules a lion passant guardant or John Speed's map of Cumberland, like Emanuel Bowen's above, are barry wavy of four. |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Cavendish
|
||
Hatchment in Cartmel Priory church. |
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blazon : sable three stag's heads proper armed or (?)
motto : cavendo tutus |
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Cavendish
|
||
Innsign, the Cavendish Arms, Cartmel. |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Chardin
|
||
Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Chardin |
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|
blazon : argent a chevron azure between two roses gules
in chief and a dove proper in base
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
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Clifford
Earl of Cumberland, Baron Clifford. |
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HENRY CLIFFORD Earle |
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blazon : chequy or and azure a fess gules
motto : desormais Speed 1611 |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
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|
Collinson
|
||
Stained glass in St Theobald's Church, Musgrave. |
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blazon : gules on a chevron between in chief two
cinquefoils and in base a mullet all or three oak leaves
vert
motto : nihil sine deo |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
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Crackenthorpe &
Crackanthorpe
of Newbiggin |
||
In St Edmunds, Newbiggin. |
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On a gatepost of Newbiggin Hall. |
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|
blazon : or a chevron between three mullets azure
motto : mihi res subjungere conor |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
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|
Cumberland
Granted 1951. |
||
An old roadsign. |
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blazon : per fess vert and barry wavy of six argent and
azure in chief three parnassus flowers proper
motto : perfero crest : issuant from a mural crown or a wreath on the dexter side of oak fructed and on the sinister side of ash in front thereof a pick and a shepherd's crook in saltire and perched upon the crown crown a curlew all proper |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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Cumbria
|
||
On a roadsign at the county boundary. |
||
|
Granted 1974:-
blazon : per pale azure and or a pale wavy per pale of the last and vert over all two bars dancetty of three points upwards countertinctured argent azure and vert all within a bordure of the last charged alternately with three roses argent on each another gules both barbed and seeded proper and as many parnassus flowers argent motto : ad montes oculus levavi crest : issuant of of a mural crown argent masoned gules a ram's head proper armed or between two parnassus flowers slipper proper |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
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|
Curwen
of Belle Isle, Caton, Helsington Laithes, etc. |
||
On a tomb in St Michael's Church, Workington; Sir Christopher Curwen. |
||
Memorial to LtComm Edward Stanley Curwen, d.1983, in St Martin's Church, Bowness-on-Windermere |
||
|
blazon : argent fretty gules a chief azure
motto : si je n'estoy |
||
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
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Dacre
|
||
Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Dacre |
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blazon : gules three escallops argent
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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|
Dent
of Crosby Ravensworth area? |
||
Tomb in St Lawrence's churchyard, Crosby Ravensworth; Lancelot Dent d.1853 et al. |
||
Tomb in St Lawrence's churchyard, Crosby Ravensworth; Lancelot Dent d.1853 et al. |
||
|
blazon : argent on a bend sable three lozenges ermine
motto : patientia et perseverentia |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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||
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Denton
Robert Denton was Abbot of Furness, 1203-37. |
||
Memorial to Thomas Denton of Warnell in Sebergham church. |
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|
blazon : argent two bars gules in chief three cinquefoils
pierced
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
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||
|
Dickson
of Abbots Reading |
||
stained glass in Holy Trinity Church, Colton, Arthur Dickson of Abbots Reading and Underfield, died 1934. This seems to be the quartered arms of, incorrectly drawn, Washington, and another. |
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|
blazon : azure three mullets argent on a chief or two
pallets and three escallops gules
motto : fortes fortuna juvat |
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
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||
|
Diocese of
Carlisle
|
||
On the gates of the cathedral. |
||
|
blazon : argent on a cross sable a mitre with labels
or
|
||
|
(and)
|
||
The DIOCESE of CARLISLE |
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|
Bowen 1720
|
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
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||
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Dowker
of Kendal. |
||
Tomb in Holy Trinity, Kendal. |
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blazon : argent a fess wavy between three sheldrakes
sable
|
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
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||
|
Engaine
|
||
Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Engayne |
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blazon : gules a fess dancetty between six cross
crosslets or
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
|
||
|
Ewart
Richard Ewart of Brownhead, d.1747 |
||
Gravestone at St Andrews, Kirkandrews on Esk; Richard Ewart of Brownhead, d.1747 |
||
|
blazon : a fess checky in chief a heart
|
||
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
|
||
|
Fisher
|
||
On the church tower, St Stephen's Church, New Hutton. |
||
|
blazon : or a chevron gules between three zephyrs
proper
motto: resurgam motto: bonne san dieu |
||
|
Fisher
|
||
Hatchment in St Stephen's Church, New Hutton, including the arms quartered with others. |
||
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
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||
|
Fitzhugh
|
||
In Holy Trinity, Kendal. |
||
|
blazon : azure three chevrons embraced in base or, and a
chief of the last
|
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
|
||
|
Forster
of Kingfield |
||
St Mary's Church, Stapleton; Arthur Forster d.1680. |
||
|
blazon : a chevron ermine between three hunting horns
|
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
|
||
|
Graham
of Netherby |
||
Gravestone, James Graham of Fordsike, at All Saints Church, Scaleby. |
||
|
blazon : quarterly 1 and 4. Graham - or on a chief sable
three escallops or 2 and 3. Earl of Strathearn - or a fess
chequy argent and azure, in a chief a chevron gules, overall
a crescent gules within a bordure engrailed azure
motto : reason contents me |
||
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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|
||
|
Greystoke
Baron Greystoke, 1st line. |
||
Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Greystoke |
||
|
blazon : gules three lozenges argent
blazon : gules three cushions proper |
||
|
Greystoke
Baron Greystoke, 2nd line. |
||
On the Greystoke Pillar. |
||
Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Greystoke |
||
|
blazon : barry in six argent and azure, three chaplets
gules
motto : volo non valeo |
||
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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|
||
|
Hartley
|
||
Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Hartley |
||
|
blazon : argent on a cross gules pierced four cinquefoils
or in the 1st and 4th quarters a martlet sable
motto : per crucem ad coelum |
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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||
|
Haryngton
of Gleaston. |
||
Stained glass in St Mary's Church, Great Urswick. |
||
|
blazon : sable a fret argent
motto : |
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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||
|
Hewitt
|
||
|
Hatchment in St Stephen's Church, New Hutton, including the arms, quartered with Fisher. |
||
|
blazon : gules a chevron between three owls argent
blazon : gules a chevron engrailed argent between three owls proper 'to whit'? |
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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|
||
|
Hilton
of Hilton and Burton. |
||
At Ormeside church. |
||
|
blazon : sable three annulets and in chief two saltires
argent
|
||
|
|
||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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|
||
|
Hodgson
|
||
John Hodgson d.1839, memorial in St Michael's Church, Bowness on Solway. |
||
|
blazon : per chevron embattled or and azure three
martlets counterchanged
motto : be ever watchful |
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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|
||
|
Hogeson
of Dermanstead? |
||
Mrs Thomasine Hogeson wife of Thomas of Barrockfield, daughter of Forster of Kingfield; St Mary's Church, Stapleton (Said to be the arms of Forster, but these are on a memorial just above and are quite different.) |
||
|
blazon : stag statant between two saplings devouring that
to the dexter
|
||
|
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||
|
|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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|
||
|
Howard
of Naworth, Earl of Carlisle |
||
On Howard Cottage, Warwick Bridge. |
||
On a house at:- |
||
|
blazon : gules on a bend between six cross crosslets
fitchee argent on an escutcheon thereon a demi-lion rampant
pierced through the mouth with an arrow within a double
tressure flory counterflory
motto : volo non valeo The escutcheon was allowed after Lord Howard's success at the Battle of Flodden Field; the arrow represents the arrow that pierced James IV's body. |
||
Also on Howard Cottage, Warwick Bridge:- Sola Vinys Invicta |
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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|
||
|
Irton & Yrton
|
||
St Paul's Church, Irton; Samuel Irton, Irton Hall, d.1866. |
||
|
blazon : argent a fess sable in chief three mullets
gules
motto : SEMEPER CONSTANS ET FIDELIS |
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
|
||
|
Jackson
of St John's in the Vale. |
||
stained glass at St John's Church, Henry Corrie Jackson d.1900. |
||
|
blazon : argent a greyhound courant ermines between three
eagle heads erased sable
|
||
|
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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|
||
|
Kendal
|
||
On a pew end of the borough's pew in Holy trinity, Kendal. |
||
|
blazon : quarterly 1 and 4 gules three bale hooks proper,
2 and 3 azure three teasels proper
motto : pannus mihi panis |
||
|
Kendal
|
||
Mosaic in the entrance to Kendal Library. |
||
|
de Lancaster
Coat of arms of the de Lancaster Family, arms of descendents? of Ivo de Tailebois, who was lord of Kendal. |
||
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||
|
blazon : argent two bars gules, in a canton gules a lion
passant or
Moule 1836 |
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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|
||
|
Lamplugh
|
||
over the gateway to Lamplugh Hall, inscribed:- 1595 JOHN LAMPLUGH |
||
|
blazon : or a cross flory sable
|
||
|
|
||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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|
||
|
Lancashire
|
||
|
||
|
On the Childhood Museum, Town House? Lancaster,
20.12.2006.
Granted 1903:- blazon : gules three piles two issuant from the chief and one in base or each charged with a rose gules barbed and seeded proper motto : in consilio consilium crest : a lion passant guardant proper charged on the body with a mascle gules and resting the dexter forepaw on an escocheon of the above said arms |
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
|
||
|
Lancaster
Coat of arms of the de Lancaster Family, Baron Kendal; descendents? of Ivo de Tailebois, who was lord of Kendal. A cadet branch of the Parr Family, the leopard on the canton being a difference? |
||
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||
|
Moule 1836
blazon : argent two bars gules on a canton gules a lion passant guardant or |
||
|
Lancaster
Gilbert de Lancaster blazon : argent two bars gules on a canton gules a mullet |
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
|
||
|
Leyburne
of Cunswick. |
||
Tomb in Holy Trinity, Kendal. |
||
|
blazon : azure six lions rampant argent 3,2,1
also:- blazon : argent a chevron gules between three blackbird heads proper |
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
|
||
|
Lingard
of Fellside. The two shields in St Martin's are on a window memorial to Lt John Reginald Lingard, d.1915. |
||
Stained glass in St Martin's Church, Bowness-on-Windermere. |
||
Stained glass in St Martin's Church, Bowness-on-Windermere. |
||
|
blazon : barry of six or and vair on a bend engrailed
sable four escallops argent, on an escutcheon of pretence
Walpole
blazon, Walpole : or on a fess between two chevrons sable three cross crosslets or motto : toujours prest |
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
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|
||
|
Lowther
Earl of Lonsdale. |
||
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||
|
Moule 1836
blazon : or six annulets sable 3,2,1 blazon, augmentation : on a canton centred argent a hand gules motto : magistratus indicat virum |
||
|
(also)
|
||
Innsign of the Lowther Arms, Penrith. |
||
|
(also)
|
||
Dedication on the Mapp of Westmorland by Richard Blome, 1673:- To The Hon[]ble: Sr. Iohn Lowther Seinour of Lowther Hall Bart This Mapp is Humbly Dedicated by Ric: Blome. |
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
|
||
|
Marmion
|
||
In Holy Trinity, Kendal. |
||
|
blazon : vair a fess gules
|
||
|
|
||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
|
||
|
Marshall
|
||
Stained glass in St Mary's Church, Great Urswick; William Marshall of Lambeth, who founded Urswick Grammar School, 1579-80. |
||
|
blazon : gules on a fess argent between three mascles or
three lions heads erased sable
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
|
||
|
Middleton
|
||
Stained glass in St Mary's Church, Great Urswick. |
||
|
blazon : gules a fret argent
|
||
|
Middleton
of Middleton blazon : argent a saltire engrailed sable |
||
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||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
|
||
|
Morville
|
||
Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. de Morvill |
||
|
blazon : azure semy de lys and fretty or
motto : pax quaeritur armis |
||
|
|
||
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|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
|
||
|
Multon
blazon : argent three bars gules |
||
|
Multon
of Gilsland |
||
Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Multon |
||
|
blazon : argent three bars gules on a canton gules a lion
passant guardant or
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
Lakes Guides menu. | |
Lakes Guides,
Coats of Arms
|
|
||
|
Musgrave
of Musgrave and Edenhall. |
||
On a tomb in the church, Kirkby Stephen. |
||
Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Musgrave |
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blazon : azure six annulets or 3,2,1
motto : sans changer |
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Newton
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Stained glass in St Mary's Church, Great Urswick. |
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blazon : argent on a chevron azure three cinquefoils of
the first
motto : |
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Pennington
Baron Muncaster. |
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Memorial in St Michael's Church, Muncaster, Sir Josslyn Francis Pennington, 5th Baron Muncaster, d.1917. |
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Sir William de Pennington, 1310, had:-
blazon : or five fusils conjoined in fess azure Sir John Pennington, time of Edward IV, had:- blazon : argent five fusils conjoined in fess azure motto : vincit amor patriae motto : firm, vigilant, active |
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Preston
of Preston Patrick. |
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Stained glass in St Mary's Church, Great Urswick. |
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blazon : argent two bars gules on a canton of the second
a cinquefoil or
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Roos & Ros & Ross
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Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Roos of Yolton with a double tressure flory counter flory |
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of Wark; Ros, Roos or Ross, were lords of Kendal.
blazon : or three bougets sable, 2,1 |
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Coats of Arms
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Salkeld
of Holme Hill. |
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Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Salkeld |
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blazon : vert fretty argent
motto : foy en tout |
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In St Lawrence, Kirkland. LtCol Thomas Salkeld, d.1820? |
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In St Lawrence, Kirkland. Joseph Salkeld, d.1835. |
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Sandys & Sandes
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Over the entrance to Sandes Hospital, Highgate, Kendal, quartered with cloth worker's tools. |
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of Graythwaite and Esthwaite.
blazon : argent a fess dancetty between three cross crosslets fitchee gules motto : probum non poenitet Earlier the crosses were not fitchee. |
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Sandys
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On a lodge house of Graythwaite Hall. Notice the hatching; dots for or, vertical lines for gules. |
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Sewell
of Crosby Ravensworth area? |
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In St Lawrence, Crosby Ravensworth; George Sewell d.1870. |
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blazon : sable a chevron between three bees argent
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
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Coats of Arms
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Smyth
Wife of Upton of Killington. blazon : gules on a chevron between three cinquefoils argent three leopard faces sable |
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Florence Smyth 2nd wife of John Upton; over the door of Killington Hall, wrongly tinctured; Upton impaling Smyth. |
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Stanley
of Ponsonby Hall. |
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Memorial in St Bridget's Church, Ponsonby; George Edward Stanley of Ponsonby Hall, d.1806. |
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Memorial in St Bridget's Church, Ponsonby; Edward Stanley of Ponsonby Hall, d.1863. |
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blazon : argent on a bend azure cotised vert three stag
haeds cabossed or
motto : sans changer |
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Stanley
Earl of Derby, Baron Monteagle. |
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innsign of the Derby Arms, Witherslack |
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Stained glass in St Mary's Church, Great Urswick. |
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blazon : argent, on a bend azure three stags heads
cabossed or
motto : sans changer |
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Stapleton
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Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Stapleton |
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blazon : argent three swords joined at the pommel
gules
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Stockdale
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Carved alabaster? memorial in Cartmel Priory church. |
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blazon : ermine on a bend sable three pheons argent
motto : his vicimus armis |
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Coats of Arms
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Strickland
of Sizergh. |
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In Holy Trinity, Kendal. |
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blazon : sable three escallops argent
motto : sans mal |
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Innsign, Strickland Arms, Sizergh. |
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Innsign, Strickland Arms, Great Strickland. |
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Swinburne &
Swynburn
Of Hewthwiate Hall. |
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John Swynburn of Hewthaite Hall, 1581; the shield inverted, bearing three cinquefoils. |
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blazon : quarterly 1 and 4 gules three boar's heads
couped argent crined or between nine cross crosslets argent,
2 and 3 per fess gules and argent three cinquefoils
counterchanged
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Upton
of Killington. blazon : sable a cross moline argent |
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IU 1803 John Upton d.1832, 2nd wife Florence Smyth; over the door of Killington Hall, wrongly tinctured, impaled with Smyth. |
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Coats of Arms
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de Urswick
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Stained glass in St Mary's Church, Great Urswick. |
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blazon : argent on a bend sable three lozenges each
charged with a saltire gules
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Vaux
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Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Vaux |
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blazon : chequy or and gules
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Coats of Arms
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Vipont &
Veteripont
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Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Vetripont of Alston |
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On the Victoria Monument, Crosby Ravensworth. |
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blazon : gules six annulets or 3,2,1
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Ward
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Stained glass window, St Oswald's Church, Kirkoswald. Warde |
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blazon : azure a cross patoncy or
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Warwick
Thomas Warwick, Holmgate, Wetheral, d.1780? |
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Back of gravestone in Warwick churchyard. |
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blazon :
motto : |
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Westmorland CC
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Used by Westmorland Fire Brigade. |
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Granted 1926:-
blazon : argent two bars gules, over all an apple tree with seven branches fructed and eradicated or crest : a herdwick ram's head affronty and erased proper charged on the forehead with a shearman's hook or |
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Westmorland CC
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In bronze. |
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Wilkinson
of Crosby Ravensworth area? |
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In St Lawrence, Crosby Ravensworth; Sir Thomas Wilkinson b.1795. |
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blazon : azure on a chevron between three wilks barways
or a leopard's face gules between two mascles sable
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In St Lawrence, Crosby Ravensworth; Robert Wilkinsin d.1887. |
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blazon : gules on a chevron between three welk shells or
a leopard's face gules between two mascles sable
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Wilson
of Demesne |
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St Cuthbert's Church, Bewcastle; John Wilson of Denmainholm d.1756 |
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blazon : a chevron between three catharine wheels (or
roses) in chief a wolf passant
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Wilson
of Abbot Hall, Kendal. blazon : argent a wolf rampant sable on a chief of the last a fleur de lys between two estoiles or motto : providentia et labore |
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Winder
of Dufton. |
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William Winder, died 1766, in St Cuthbert's Church, Dufton. |
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blazon : chequy or and vert a fess gules
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Workington
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Stained glass in St Michael's Church, Workington. |
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blazon : sable between two piles or billette azure a garb
or
motto : floreat oppidum laborans motto : levavi oculos meos in montes |
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Wren
of Birketbank. |
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Tombstone at St John's Church, John Wren d.1784. |
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blazon : gules a pale dancetty between three wrens two to
the dexter and one to the sinister
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Lakes Guides menu. | |
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Town Names
It is not as easy in the Lakes counties as it is in the southern counties of England, to pick out a standard set of towns, places that had a charter to hold a market, and kept this status ever since. Townness has nothing much to do with size; one geographer suggested that you just knew when you were in a town. True to this idea some places that were once chartered market towns still feel like a town even if they have never developed beyond the size of a village. Other places, that are towns in today's context, were never old market towns. You just can't tell. A set of towns has been selected for each of the old counties that now make up Cumbria - Westmorland, Cumberland, Lancashire North of the Sands and a corner of Yorkshire around Sedbergh. Selected because they are bigger now, or had a market charter, or just seemed to belong to the idea. For each of these the placename has been read off the maps that have been studied in more detail, and the placenames tabulated in date order. The variations are, perhaps, interesting. Some, perhap, show a development of the name. Some variant names are just from copying badly, mistakes, and tell us more about the map maker and engraver than they do about placenames. You might be able to follow who copied whose mistakes. Make of them what you can. |
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Lakes Guides menu. |
Lakes Guides, topics
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towns
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Ambleside | Appleby | Bowness-on-Windermere | Brough | Burton-in-Kendal | Kendal | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Stephen | Milnthorpe | Orton | Ravenstonedale | Shap | Windermere |
| Lloyd 1573 | Apelbya | Burg | Burton | Kirckbye | |||||||||
| Saxton 1576 | Ambleside | APPLEBYE | Burton | KENDAL | KIRKBY LAUNSDALE | KIRKBY STEVEN | Mylnthorpe | Orton | Ravingstangdale | Shapp | Wyandermere | ||
| Saxton 1579 | Appleby | Burgh | Kendall | Kirkbyelunesdale | Kirkbysteven | ||||||||
| Keer 1605 | Ambleside | Applebye | Kendal | Kibkbilaunsdale | Kirkbysteven | Wynademene | |||||||
| Speed 1611 | Ambleside | Appleby | Burgh | Burton | Kendall | Kirkbye Landall | Kirkby Steven | Mylnthorpe | Orton | Ravingstangdale | Shapp | Wynandermere | |
| Jenner 1643 | Ambleside | Applebye | Kendal | Kirkbyelansdale | Kirkbye Steven | Wynandemene | |||||||
| Jansson 1646 | Ambleside | Appleby | Burgh | Burton | Kendall | Kirkbye Landall | Kirkby Steven | Mylrthorpe | Orton | Ravingstangdale | Shapp | Wynandermere | |
| Blome 1673 | Ambleside | Appleby | Burton | Kendall | Kirkbye Londall | Kirkby Steven | Mylnthorpe | Orton | Ravingstongdale | Shapp | Wyandermere | ||
| Seller 1694 | Ambleside | Appleby | Burgh | Burton | Kendall | Kirkbye Landall | Kirkby Steven | ||||||
| Morden 1695 | Ambleside | Apalby | Burton | Kendall | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Steven | Milthorp | Orton | Ravingstondale or Russendale | Shap | Winandermere | ||
| Badeslade 1742 | Ambleside | Appleby | Brough | Burton | Kendall | Kirby Lonsdale | Kirby Steven | Orton | Russendale | Shap | Winander Meer | ||
| Jefferys 1757 | Ambleside | APPLEBY | Brough | Burton | Kendal | Kirby Lonsdale | Kirby Steven | Orton | |||||
| Bowen 1763 | Ambleside | APPLEBY | Brough | Burton | Kendal | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Steven | Milthrop | Orton | Ravingstone or Rissendale | Shaw als Shap | Winander Mere | |
| Bowen and Bowen 1767 | Ambleside | APPLEBY | Brough | Burton | Kendal | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Steven | Milthorp | Orton | Rissendale | Shaw | Winander | |
| Unknown 1772 | Ambleside | Appelby | Shap | ||||||||||
| Brookes 1773 map | Appleby | Brough | Burton | Kendal | |||||||||
| Kitchin 1784 | Ambleside | Appleby | Brough | Burton | Kendal | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Stephen | Orton | Shap | ||||
| Hogg 1784 | Ambleside | APPLEBY | Brough | Burton | Kendal | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Steven | Orton | Rissendale | Shap or Shaw | Winander | ||
| Cary 1789 | AMBLESIDE | APPLEBY | BOWNESS | BROUGH | BURTON in Kendal | KENDAL | KIRBY LONSDALE | KIRKBY STEPHEN | MILTHORPE | Orton | Town | SHAP | |
| Aikin 1790 | Ambleside | Appleby | Brough | Burton | Kendall | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Stephen | Milthorpe | Orton | ||||
| Cary 1790 | Ambleside | Appleby | Brough | Burton in Kendal | Kendall | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Stephen | Milthorpe | Orton | Shap | |||
| Cary 1794 | AMBLESIDE | APPLEBY | Bownes | BROUGH | KENDAL | KIRKBY STEPHEN | Milthorpe | ORTON | RAVENSTONEDALE | Shap | |||
| Cooke 1802 | Ambleside | APPLEBY | Brough | Burton in Kendal | Kendall | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Stephen | Milthorpe | Orton | Shap | |||
| Cooke 1802 | Ambleside | Bowness | Kendal | Shap | |||||||||
| Luffman 1803 | Ambleside | Appleby | Brough | Burton | Kendal | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Stephen | Orton | |||||
| Feltham 1803 map 2 | Ambleside | Bownes | Kendal | ||||||||||
| Smith 1804 | AMBLESIDE | APPLEBY | Bownes | BROUGH | BURTON | KENDAL | KIRKBY LONSADLE | KIRKBY STEPHEN | Milnthorpe | ORTON | Ravenstonedale | Shap | |
| Laurie and Whittle 1806 | Ambleside | Appleby | Bowness | Brough | Burton | Kendal | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Stephen | Milnthorpe | Orton | Shap | ||
| Cooper 1808 | Ambleside | Appleby | Brough | Burton | Kirkby Kendal | Kirby Lonsdale | Kirkby Stephen | Millinthrop | Orton | Ravenstondale | Shap | ||
| Cole and Roper 1810 | AMBLESIDE | APPLEBY | Bowness | BROUGH | BURTON | KENDAL | KIRKBY LONSDALE | KIRKBY STEPHEN | MILTHORPE | ORTON | Ravenstonedale | Shap | |
| Wallis 1810 | Ambleside | Appleby | Brough | Burton | KENDALL | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Stephen | Orton | Shap | ||||
| Otley 1818 map | AMBLESIDE | BOWNESS | BURTON | KENDAL | MILTHORP | SHAP | |||||||
| Hall 1820 | Ambleside | APPLEBY | Bownes | Brough | Burton | KENDAL | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Stephen | Millthorp | Orton | Shap | ||
| Mogg 1822 map | AMBLESIDE | Bowness | BURTON in KENDAL | KENDAL | MILTHORPE | SHAP | |||||||
| Leigh 1830 map | AMBLESIDE | APPLEBY | BOWNESS | BROUGH | BURTON | KENDAL | KIRKBY LONSDALE | KIRKBY STEPHEN | MILLTHORPE | ORTON | SHAP | ||
| Dawson 1832 | Ambleside | Appleby | Bownes | Brough | Burton in Kendal | KENDAL | Kirby Lonsdale | Kirby Stephen | Orton | Shap | |||
| Bell 1833 | Ambleside | APPLEBY | Bowness | Brough | Burton | Kendal | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Stephen | Milthorp | Orton | Ravenstone Dale | Shap | |
| Hall 1833 | Ambleside | Appleby | Bowness | Brough | Burton | Kendal | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Stephen | Milthorp | Orton | Ravenstone Dale | Shap | |
| Moule 1836 | Ambleside | APPLEBY | Bowness | Brough | Burton | Kendal | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Stephen | Milthorp | Orton | Ravenstone Dale | Shap | |
| Walker 1837 | AMBLESIDE | APPLEBY | Bowness | BROUGH | BURTON in KENDAL | KIRKBY KENDAL | KIRKBY LONSDALE | KIRKBY STEPHEN | MILNTHORPE | ORTON | RAVENSTONEDALE | SHAP | |
| Post Office 1890 | Ambleside | Appleby | Bowness | Brough | Burton in Westmorland | Kendal | Kirkby Lonsdale | Kirkby Stephen | Milnthorpe | Orton | Ravenstonedale | Shap | Windermere |
| Philip 1920s | AMBLESIDE | APPLEBY | Bowness | BURTON IN KENDAL | KENDAL | KIRKBY LONSDALE | Milnthorpe | Orton | Shap | Windermere |
Lakes Guides, topics
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towns
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Abbey Town | Alston | Aspatria | Bootle | Brampton | Carlisle | Cockermouth | Egremont | Hesket Newmarket | Ireby | Keswick | Kirkoswald | Longtown | Maryport | Millom | Penrith | Ravenglass | Silloth | Whitehaven | Wigton | Workington |
| Lloyd 1573 | Caerlyle | Cokermmouth | Ravenglas | Wythaven | Wynkinton | ||||||||||||||||
| Saxton 1576 | Holme | Austermore | Aspatre | Bowtell | BRAMPTON | CARLISLE | COKERMOUTH | EGREMOND | IERBYE | KESWICK | Kirkoswold | Millum | PENRETH | RAVENGLAS | Silluthe | Whithaven | WIRKINTON | ||||
| Saxton 1579 | Brampton | CARLISLE | Cokermouth | Egremond | Irebye | Keswick | Kirkaswald | Millum | Penreth | Wirkinton | |||||||||||
| Keer 1605 | (?) | Brampton | Carlesle | Cokermouth | Egremond | Ierbye | Keswick | Millum | Penreth | Ravenglas | Whithanen | Wirkinton | |||||||||
| Speed 1611 | Holme | Austermore | Aspatre | Bowtell | Brampton | CARLILE | Cokermouth | Egremond | Ierbye | Keswick | Kirkoswold | Millum | Penreth | Ravenglas | Silluth | Whithaven | Werkinton | ||||
| Jenner 1643 | Brampton | Carlile | Cokermouth | Edgermond | Ierbye | Keswick | Millum | Penreth | Ravinglas | Wirkinton | |||||||||||
| Jansson 1646 | Holme | Austermore | Aspatre | Bowtell | Brampton | CARLILE | Cokermouth | Egremond | Ierbye | Keswick | Kirkoswold | Millum | Penreth | Ravenglas | Silluth | Whithaven | Werkinton | ||||
| Blome 1673 | Holme | Austermore | Aspartre | Bowtell | Brampton | Carlile | Cokermouth | Egremond | Ierbye | Keswick | Kirkoswold | Millum | Penreth | Ravenglas | Silluth | With[ ]en | Werkinton | ||||
| Seller 1694 | Holme | Brampton | Carlisle | Cokermouth | Egremond | Ierby | Keswick | Millum | Penreth | Ravenglas | Werkinton | ||||||||||
| Morden 1695 | Holm Cultrum | Alstonmore | Aspatrick | Bowtell | Brampton | CARLISLE | Cockermouth | Egremont | Heskett | Ierby | Keswick | Kirk Oswald | Long Town | Millum | Penrith | Ravenglas | Silleth | Whitehaven | Wigton | Workington | |
| Badeslade 1742 | Holm | Alstonmore | Bowtell | Brampton | CARLISLE | Cockermouth | Egremont | Ireby | Keswick | Kirk Oswald | Long Town | Millum | Penrith | Ravenglass | Whitehaven | Wigton | Workington | ||||
| Jefferys 1757 | Holm | Alston More | Bowtel | Bramton | CARLILE | Cokermouth | Egremont | Ireby | Keswick | Kirk Oswald | Longtown | Millam | Penrith | Ravenglass | Whitehaven | Wigton | Workington | ||||
| Bowen 1763 | Holm | Alston More | Aspatrick | Bowtel | Brampton | CARLILE | Cockermouth | Egremond | Ireby | Keswick | Kirk Oswald | Longtown | Millum | Penrith | Ravenglass | Silleth | Whitehaven | Wigton | Wirkington | ||
| Bowen and Bowen 1767 | Holm | Alston More | Aspatrick | Bowtel | Brampton | CARLILE | Cockermouth | Egremond | Ireby | Keswick | Kirk Oswald | Longtown | Millum | Penrith | Ravenglass | Silleth | Whitehaven | Wigton | Wirkington | ||
| Unknown 1772 | Bowtel | Carlile | Cockermouth | Egremon | Ireby | Penrith | Whitehaven | ||||||||||||||
| Brookes 1773 map | Holm | Bramton | Carlile | Cokermouth | Egremont | Longtown | Ravenglass | Whitehaven | |||||||||||||
| Kitchin 1784 | Holm | Alston Moor | Bowtel | Brampton | Carlisle | Cokermouth | Egremont | Ireby | Keswick | Kirk Oswald | Longtown | Penrith | Ravenglass | Whitehaven | Wigton | Workington | |||||
| Hogg 1784 | Holm | Alston More | Aspatrick | Bowtel | Bampton | CARLISLE | Cockermouth | Egremont | Ireby | Keswick | Kirk Oswald | Longtown | Millum | Penrith | Ravenglass | Whitehaven | Wigton | Workington | |||
| Cary 1789 | Abbey | ALDSTONE MOOR | Aspatria | Bootle | BRAMPTON | CARLISLE | COCKERMOUTH | EGREMONT | HESKET New Market | IREBY | KESWICK | KIRKOSWALD | LONGTOWN | MARYPORT | Millam | PENRITH | RAVENGLASS | WHITEHAVEN | WIGTON | WORKINGTON | |
| Aikin 1790 | Alston | Brampton | CARLISLE | Cockermouth | Egremont | Keswick | Kirk Oswald | Longtown | Mary Port | Penrith | Ravenglass | Whitehaven | Wigton | Workington | |||||||
| Cary 1794 | Holme | ALDSTONE MOOR | Aspatria | Bootle | BRAMPTON | CARLISLE | COCKERMOUTH | EGREMONT | Hesket New Market | IREBY | KESWICK | KIRKOSWALD | MARYPORT | Millam | PENRITH | RAVENGLASS | WIGTON | ||||
| Cooke 1802 | Holm Abbey | Alston Moor | Bootle | Brampton | CARLISLE | Cockermouth | Egremont | Hesket New Market | Keswick | Kirk Oswald | Longtown | Maryport | Millam | Penrith | Ravenglass | White Haven | Wigton | Workington | |||
| Cooke 1802 | Bootle | CARLISLE | Cockermouth | Egremont | Hesket Newmarket | Ireby | Keswick | Maryport | Penrith | Ravenglass | Whitehaven | Wigton | Workington | ||||||||
| Luffman 1803 | Aldstone | Brampton | CARLISLE | Cockermouth | Egremont | Hesker | Keswick | Kirk Oswald | Longtown | Penrith | Ravenglass | Whitehaven | Wigton | ||||||||
| Feltham 1803 map 2 | Cockermouth | Keswick | Penrith | Ravenglass | |||||||||||||||||
| Laurie and Whittle 1806 | Abbey Holme | Aldstone Moor | Aspatria | Bootle | Brampton | CARLISLE | Cockermouth | Egremont | Hesket Newmarket | Ireby | Keswick | Kirk Oswald | Longtown | Maryport | Millam | Penrith | Ravenglass | Whitehaven | Wigton | Workington | |
| Cooper 1808 | Holm Cultran | Aldston Moor | Aspatria | Bootle | Brampton | CARLISLE | Cockermouth | Egremont | Hesket Newmarket | Ireby | Keswick | Kirk Oswald | Longtown | Maryport | Millam | Penrith | Ravenglass | Whitehaven | Wigton | Workington | |
| Cole and Roper 1810 | Holm Cultram or Abbey Holm | ALDSTONE MOOR | Aspatria | Bootle | BRAMPTON | CARLISLE | COCKERMOUTH | EGREMONT | HESKET NEWMARKET | IREBY or MARKET IREBY | KESWICK | KIRK OSWALD | LONGTOWN | MARYPORT | Millum | PENRITH | RAVENGLASS | WHITEHAVEN | WIGTON | WORKINGTON | |
| Wallis 1810 | Abbey Holm | Alston Moor | Bootle | Brampton | CARLISLE | Cockermouth | Egremont | Hesket New Market | Keswick | Kirk Oswald | Longtown | Maryport | Millam | Penrith | Ravenglass | White Haven | Wigton | Workington | |||
| Otley 1818 map | Aspatria | BOOTLE | COCKERMOUTH | EGREMONT | HESKET | IREBY | KESWICK | MARYPORT | Millum | PENRITH | RAVENGLASS | WHITEHAVEN | WORKINGTON | ||||||||
| Hall 1820 | Holme Cultram | Aldstone | Bootle | Brampton | CARLISLE | Cockermouth | Egremont | Hesket | Ireby | Keswick | Kirkoswald | Longtown | Maryport | New Town (?) | Penrith | Ravenglass | Whitehaven | Wigton | Workington | ||
| Mogg 1822 map | Bootle | COCKERMOUTH | KESWICK | Millom | PENRITH | ||||||||||||||||
| Leigh 1830 map | Abbey Holme | ALDSTONE | Aspatria | Bootle | BRAMPTON | CARLISLE | COCKERMOUTH | EGREMONT | HESKET NEWMARKET | IREBY | KESWICK | KIRKOSWALD | LONGTOWN | MARYPORT | Millom New Town | PENRITH | RAVENGLASS | WHITEHAVEN | WIGTON | WORKINGTON | |
| Dawson 1832 | Aldston | Aspatria | Bootle | Brampton | CARLISLE | COCKERMOUTH | Egremont | Hesket New Market | Ireby | Keswick | Kirkoswald | Longtown | Penrith | Ravenglass | WHITEHAVEN | Wigton | Workington | ||||
| Bell 1833 | Abbey Holm or Holm Cultram | Aldstone Moor | Aspatria | Bootle | Brampton | CARLISLE | Cockermouth | Egremont | Hesket Newmarket | Ireby | Keswick | Kirkoswald | Long Town | Maryport | Millom | Penrith | Ravenglass | Silloth | Whitehaven | Wigton | Workington |
| Moule 1836 | Abbey Holm or Holm Cultram | Aldstone Moor | Aspatria | Bootle | Brampton | CARLISLE | Cockermouth | Egremont | Hesket Newmarket | Ireby | Keswick | Kirkoswald | Long Town | Maryport | Millom | Penrith | Ravenglass | Silloth | Whitehaven | Wigton | Workington |
| Walker 1837 | Abbey Holm or Hom Cultram | ALSTON | Aspatria | Bootle | BRAMPTON | CARLISLE | COCKERMOUTH | EGREMONT | HESKET NEWMARKET | IREBY | KESWICK | KIRKOSWALD | LONGTOWN | MARYPORT | Millom | PENRITH | RAVENGLASS | Silloth | WHITEHAVEN | WIGTON | WORKINGTON |
| Post Office 1890 | Abbey Town | Alston | Aspatria | Bootle | Brampton | Carlisle | Cockermouth | Egremont | Hasket Newmarket | Keswick | Kirkoswald | Longtown | Maryport | Millom | Penrith | Ravenglass | Silloth | Whitehaven | Wigton | Workington | |
| Philip 1920s | Abbey Holme | Aspatria | Bootle | BRAMPTON | CARLISLE | COCKERMOUTH | EGREMONT | HESKET NEWMARKET | IREBY | KESWICK | KIRKOSWALD | MARYPORT | Millom | PENRITH | RAVENGLASS | Silloth | WHITEHAVEN | WIGTON | WORKINGTON |
Lakes Guides, topics
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towns
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Barrow-in-Furness | Broughton in Furness | Cartmel | Coniston | Dalton-in-Furness | Grange-over-Sands | Hawkshead | Ulverston |
| Lloyd 1573 | Cartmel | Furnes (?) | Ulferston | |||||
| Saxton 1579 | Daulton | Ulverston | ||||||
| Jefferys 1757 | Cartmel | Dalton | Haukshead | Ulverstone | ||||
| Unknown 1772 | Cartinel | Dalton | Hawkshead | |||||
| Brookes 1773 map | Dalton | |||||||
| Kitchin 1784 | Cartmel | Dalton | Hawkshead | Ulverstone | ||||
| Cary 1794 | BROUGHTON | Coniston | HAWKS HEAD | |||||
| Cooke 1802 | Broughton | Cartmel | Coniston | Dalton | Hawkshead | Ulverton | ||
| Cooke 1802 | Broughton | Hawkshead | ||||||
| Feltham 1803 map 2 | Broughton | Coniston | Hawkshead | |||||
| Laurie and Whittle 1806 | Broughton in Furness | Cartmel | Dalton | Hawkshead | Ulverston | |||
| Otley 1818 map | BROUGHTON | CARTMEL | CONISTON | DALTON | HAWKSHEAD | ULVERSTON | ||
| Mogg 1822 map | BROUGHTON | CARTMELL | Coniford (?) | DALTON | Grange | HAWKSHEAD | ULVERSTON | |
| Leigh 1830 map | Barrow Head | BROUGHTON | CARTMEL | DALTON | HAWKSHEAD | ULVERSTONE | ||
| Post Office 1890 | Barrow in Furness | Broughton in Furness | Cartmel | Coniston | Dalton in Furness | Grange over Sands | Hawkshead | Ulverston |
| Philip 1920s | BARROW | BROUGHTON in Furness | CARTMEL | Coniston | DALTON IN FURNESS | Grange | HAWKSHEAD | ULVERSTON |
Lakes Guides, topics
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towns
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Sedbergh |
| Lloyd 1573 | Sedbar |
| Saxton 1579 | |
| Jefferys 1757 | Sedberg |
| Unknown 1772 | |
| Brookes 1773 map | |
| Kitchin 1784 | Sedbergh |
| Cary 1789 | SEDBERGH |
| Cary 1790 | Sedbergh |
| Cary 1794 | SEDBERGH |
| Cooke 1802 | Sedbergh |
| Cooke 1802 | |
| Smith 1804 | SEDBERGH |
| Laurie and Whittle 1806 | Sedbergh |
| Cooper 1808 | |
| Cole and Roper 1810 | SEDBERG |
| Wallis 1810 | Sedbergh |
| Hall 1820 | Sadbergh |
| Mogg 1822 map | |
| Leigh 1830 map | SEDBERGH |
| Bell 1833 | Sedbergh |
| Walker 1837 | SEDBERGH |
| Post Office 1890 | Sedbergh |
| Philip 1920s | SEDBERGH |
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Town Distances
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Distances are crow flight distances, calculated
from the grid references of each town.
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Harriet Martineau on Railways Extracts about railways from A Complete Guide to the English Lakes, by Harriet Martineau, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, and Whittaker and Co, London, 2nd edn 1855. source type: Martineau 1855 |
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Railways in The Lakes In her guide book, Harriet Martineau notices the [fairly] new railway access to The Lakes; page 4:- The railways skirt the lake district, but do not, and cannot, penetrate it: for the obvious reason that railways cannot traverse or pierce granite mountains or span broad lakes. If the time should ever come when iron roads will intersect the mountainous parts of Westmorland and Cumberland, that time is not yet; nor is in view,- loud as have been the lamentations of some residents, as if it were to happen to-morrow. No one who has ascended Dunmail Raise, or visited the head of Coniston Lake, or gone by Kirkstone to Patterdale, will for a moment imagine that any conceivable railway will carry strangers over those passes, for generations to come. It is a great thing that steam can convey travellers round the outskirts of the district, and up to its openings. This is now effectually done; and it is all that will be done by the steam locomotive during the lifetime of anybody yet born. ... |
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Experience and Education She also makes some pertinent comments about the social value of railways. She describes the problems of changes in agriculture and how this is affecting the rural community; then; pages 141-144:- We have no fear of injury, moral or economical, from the great recent change,- the introduction of railways. The morals of rural districts are usually such as cannot well be made worse by any change. Drinking and kindred vices abound wherever, in our day, intellectual resources are absent: and nowhere is drunkenness a more prevalent and desperate curse than in the Lake District. Any infusion of the intelligence and varied interests of the townspeople must, it appears, be eminently beneficial: and the order of workpeople brought by the railways is of a desirable kind. And, as to the economical effect,- it cannot but be good, considering that mental stimulus and improved education are above every thing wanted. Under the old seclusion, the material comfort of the inhabitants had long been dwindling; and their best chance of recovery is clearly in the widest possible intercourse with classes which, parallel in social rank, are more intelligent and better informed than themselves. She then describes some remaining superstitions and practices in the valleys: using earth from a churchyard to cure the cowhouse floor, using rowan, having a need fire to cleanse cattle, children, etc, fearing a cock crows in the night, fearing to meet a black ram, and so on:- They occupy their minds and waste their time in the silliest superstitions which keep true knowledge out. For the result, look at the productions of the region,- the torn and dirty wool, the sapless and scentless hay, allowed first to run to seed, and then to lie soaking and parching for weeks in the field,- the flour, the meat, the butter, the cheese,- look at any of these products in the more retired vales, and say whether intercourse with the world outside will not be a good thing for the fortunes of those within. ... These things are like the barbarism of two centuries ago. It is the railroad that must mend them. In a generation or two, the dale farms may yield wool that Yorkshire and Lancashire, and perhaps other countries, may compete for. The cheese may find a market, and the butter may be in request. And at the same time, the residents may find their health improved by the greater wholesomeness of their food; and, before that, their minds will have become stirred and enlarged by intercourse with strangers who have, from circumstances, more vivacity of faculty and a wider knowledge. The best, as well as the last and greatest change in the Lake District is that which is arising from the introduction of the railroad. |
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References Martineau, Harriet: 1855: Complete Guide to the English Lakes: Garnett, John (Windermere, Westmorland) & Whittaker and Co (London) |
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Lakes Guides menu.
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{ RELIEF }
*FILENAME cumhilf.htm
Lakes Guides, topics|
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Relief Data and Maps Notes about relief data for Cumbria downloaded and processed from NASA sources.
File 1; 5Mbyte .jpg:-
 Graduated colouring; overlying contours at 50 metre vertical intervals. |
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Data Sources Superior relief data for The Lakes and Cumbria is available from the Ordnance Survey, compiled from and maintained by government funded survey work carried out since the early 19th century. The data is copyright and cannot be used without licence and expense. Alternative data is available on the internet, copyright free from NASA; try:-
ftp://e0srp01u.ecs.nasa.gov/srtm/version2/
The data downloaded, referred to as SRTM3, is at 3 minute intervals of latitude and longitude, and gives the altitude in metres. For the whole of Cumbria data was downloaded from lat/long tiles N54W003, N54W004, N55W003, and N55W004; ie bounded by 54 degree and 56 degree North parallels, 2 degree and 4 degree West meridians. The amount of data is considerable. Data is available at other grid intervals. Data Processing The lat/long tiles at our latitude are elongated not square. Alternate entries along a parallel were discarded, giving a better balance of latitude to longitude data. The data was discarded so as to make a triangular array of data points which works better in plotting. The data reduction produces a smaller, slightly more manageable datafile. Conversion from lat/long to national grid coordinates was made with second degree calculations. Garbage data was cleared out. Datafile The result, a comma delimited datafile, CumHil04.txt, gives elevation, easting and northing in metres, rounded down. Eg:-
"205","333102","589977"
is altitude 205 metres at NY3310289977. The elevation of the sea is zero. |
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-- CumHil04.txt
Raw data: opens in a new window which has to be closed by hand. WARNING: for those without broadband, the file size is 24Mbytes. |
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Data includes:-
Eastings between 292000 and 392000
Northings between 459000 and 590000.
This is an area greater than Cumbria; some external data is needed to avoid discontinuity at the county boundary. Note that the ngr coordinates are given in metres from the ngr origin. The letters in a grid reference are converted to the corresponding 100 Kilometres. Thus:-
333102,589977
would be more familiar as a 10 figure grid reference:-
NY3310289977
Data Use Even with the reduced datafile, some functions in some GIS software may not work. You will either have to reduce the data further, or keep the quality but divide the file into 4 or more pieces before you use it. The images on our website have been produced from this data using MapInfo GIS software, with Vertical Mapper. The original data belongs to NASA, but the processed data is ours! You are welcome to use this processed data for non-commercial purposes: otherwise please contact us. It is possible to plot the data in different ways. One version is given above. But also see:-
File 2; 1Mbyte .jpg:-
 Layer colouring; irregular vertical intervals (made for a solid relief model of The Lakes).
File 3; 1Mbyte .jpg:-
 Contours at irregular vertical intervals (as above). Anaglyphs If you have a pair of red/blue spectacles, or can get hold of some red and blue filters to make your own - red over the left eye, blue over the right - you might look at an anaglyph map produced from the contour data:-
300Kbyte .jpg:-
 This image does not work well on a computer screen. Printed out it seems to be viewed best from the south at an angle of about 45degrees. |
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Lakes Guides menu.
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*FILENAME cmhl01.htm
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*FILENAME cmhl02.htm
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*FILENAME cmhl03.htm
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*FILENAME lakanag.htm
Lakes Guides menu.
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{ RELIEF MODELS }
*FILENAME relmodf.htm
Lakes Guides, topics|
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Relief Models of The Lakes Notes about relief models of The Lakes made by Flintoft, Mayson, Abraham, and Waters, in the 19th century, and a variety of later relief models. |
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Guide Books and Directories The various models are described in guide books and directories. Flintoft's remaining the most famous, though it was displaced by Mayson's model, which was cheaper, and perhaps better? The snippets quoted here are mostly from the guide books that are easily available to me, on the bookshelf behind my desk. Further research in library collections would expand the results. The quotations are repetitious, but given in full. It is interesting to spot patterns of copying, sentences sometimes carefully restructured to disguise the fact. |
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| Black 1846 |
Flintoft
Keswick, page 70-71:- ... Mr. Flintoft's Model of the Lake District, the labour of many years, should be inspected. For the tourist this model possesses peculiar interest, exhibiting, as it does, an exact representation of the country through which he is travelling, with every object minutely laid down, and the whole coloured after nature. The model is on a scale of three inches to a mile, and its dimension is 12 feet 9 inches by 9 feet 3 inches. It is considered the most finished specimen of geographical modelling that has been constructed in this country, and its accuracy is such as to have secured the approbation of Dr. Buckland, Professor Sedgwick, and other leading scientific men. ... footnote:- We understand that it is Mr. Flintoft's intention to publish by subscription a raised map of the lake district and the surrounding country. This, in a geological point of view, if in no other, will be highly interesting, as, from the modeller's previous success, we have every reason to believe that its accuracy will render it exceedingly valuable. It will be on a large scale, and, like the model, coloured after nature. |
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| Sylvan 1847 |
Flintoft
Keswick, page 167:- ... there is also a beautiful model of the whole of the lake country by Mr. Flintoft, which no visitor to Keswick ought to omit seeing. |
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| Black 1852 |
Flintoft
Keswick, page 71:- ... Mr. Flintoft's Model of the Lake District, the labour of many years, should be inspected. For the tourist this model possesses peculiar interest, exhibiting, as it does, an exact representation of the country through which he is travelling, with every object minutely laid down, and the whole coloured after nature. The model is on a scale of three inches to a mile, and its dimension is 12 feet 9 inches by 9 feet 3 inches. It is considered the most finished specimen of geographical modelling that has been constructed in this country, and its accuracy is such as to have secured the approbation of Dr. Buckland, Professor Sedgwick, and other leading scientific men. ... |
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| Slater 1869 |
Slater's Royal National Commercial
Directory of Cumberland, Lancashire, and Westmorelane, 1869
Flintoft Keswick:- In the town hall is exhibited a beautiful model of the lake district, executed by the late Joseph Flintoft, Esq.; this ingeneous work of art has received the higest commendation of some of the most illustrious characters in the kingdom ... |
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| Jenkinson 1872 |
Flintoft
The edition of Jenkinson's Guide for 1872 has an advertisement for Flintoft's relief model:- Exhibited in the Town Hall, Keswick From 8.30 a.m. 70 7.0 p.m. daily, FLINTOFTS'S CELEBRATED Model of the English Lake District, Coloured to Nature, on a Scale of Three Inches to a Mile.. All the Mountains, Valleys, 16 lakes, and 52 Tarns, Towns, Houses, Plantations, Rivers, Roads and Mines, exhibiting an area of 1200 square miles. Distance 51 miles by 37. 'W. WORDSWORTH, Esq. of Rydal Mount, has examined this Model and greatly approves of it.'- July 8, 1840. JOHN DALTON, Esq., D.C.L.- 'I have examined Mr. Flintoft's Model of the Lakes and Mountains in Cumberland and Westmorland, and have been much interested and pleased with it.'- John Dalton, D.C.L., Manchester, August 17, 1840. CHARLES MACKAY, Esq., LL.D.- 'No traveller to the Lake District should omit paying a visit to a curiosity of art to be seen in Keswick - Mr. Flintoft's beautifuil Model of the whole country.'-'Scenery and Poetry of the English Lakes.'- Charles Mackay, Esq., LL.D. MISS HARRIET MARTINEAU.- 'This Model is held to be a work of extraordinary correctness; and a leisurely visit to it should be an object to every traveller who cares to know where he is, and where he is going.'- 'The Land we live in.' Part XIII.- By Miss Harriet Martineau. THE ASTRONOMER ROYAL.- 'Mr. Flintoft's Model of the Lake District is the most beautiful work of art of that kind I have ever seen. Several years ago I was in the habit of not unfrequently examining it, and critically comparing its representations of special tracts (some of them not often visited) with the realities as I had seen them, and in every instance I found the Model to be surprisingly correct.'- G. B. Airey, Royal Observatory, Greenwich, May 21, 1860. MISS HARRIET MARTINEAU.- 'Of of the attractions of Keswick, the first is, undoubtedly, Mr. Flintoft's Model of the Lake District, which is within a few yards of the principal Inns. That model will beguile a sensible traveller for a longer time than he would suppose possible. Ten minutes would give him a better idea of the structure and distribution of the country than all Maps and Guide Books..'- Harriet Martineau, July, 1852. PROFESSOR SEDGWICK.- 'Mr. Flintoft's Model is a work of very high merit, and ought to be studied by every one who wishes to be well acquainted with the Physical Geography of that beautiful country.'- A. Sedgwick, May 31, 1860. 'Its real beauty is its truth, and its untility that accuarcy of information which nothing but truth can give.'- Liverpool Journal. ADMISSION ONE SHILLING EACH FOR THE SEASON. |
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| Kelly 1873 |
Kelly, E R (ed0: 1873: Post Office
Directory ... Cumberland and Westmorland: Kelly and Co
Flintoft Keswick, page 858:- ... in it [Town Hall] is exhibited daily Flintoft's celebrated model of the lake district; it was constructed by the late Mr. Joseph Flintoft, a resident here, and has elicited the approbation of the most eminent scientific and literary gentlemen; it is coloured to imitate nature, is on a scale of three inches to a mile, and exhibits the mountains, valleys, rivers, roads, plantations, towns, houses, mines, lakes, tarns, in a area of 1,200 square miless, extending 51 by 37; this model was very highly spoken of by the late John Rooke of Aikhead. ... Waters Bowness, page 909:- Here [Mechanics Institute] also, opposite the church of St. Martin, is exhibited daily Waters' model of the lake district of Lancashire and Westmorland: it was constructed by George Waters, a resident here: the model represents an area of 1,300 square miles, the principal portion being bounded on one side by that length of the Lancashire and Carlisle railway which runs from Carnforth to Carlisle, and on the other by the Whitehaven and Furness railway lines: it is coloured to imitate nature, showing all the mountains, valleys, lakes, tarns, rivers, waterfalls, mountain passes, foot, bridle and other roads ... |
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| Jenkinson 1875 |
Flintoft
In the Keswick section, page 130:- The next object to be visited is MR. FLINTOFT'S MODEL of the Lake District. It is exhibited in the Town Hall, a large church-like building in the middle of the market square. The charge is 1s. each. Most persons, on entering, will be disappointed. At first sight the model looks like a large table of unsightly plaster, but a few minutes' inspection of it will give the tourist a better knowledge of the whole Lake District than he can obtain from a month's study of the maps. It is on a scale of 3 inches to 1m., and its dimensions are 12 feet 9 inches by 9 feet 3 inches. It is the result of many years of unremitting labour, and has been pronounced by leading scientific men to be the most finished specimen of geographical modelling that has ever been constructed in England. ... |
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| Black 1884 |
Flintoft & Mayson
Keswick, page 41:- FLINTOFT'S AND MAYSON'S MODELS. These accurate models of the Lake District, the labour of many years, should also be inspected. For the tourist they possess peculiar interest, exhibiting, as they do, an exact representation of the country through which he is travelling. Mayson's is on the scale of six inches to the mile, Flintoft's three inches. |
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| Philip/Wilson 1890s |
Flintoft & Mayson & Abraham
Keswick, page 81:- ... There are also three models of the Lake district, well deserving of a careful examination. The oldest one (Flintoft's) is on a scale of three inches to a mile, and is exhibited in the Town Hall. ... The two other models (Mayson's) and (Abraham's), on a scale of six inches to the mile, and modelled according to the results of the Ordnance Survey, are exhibited in Lake Road. ... |
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| Kelly 1894 |
: 1894: Kelly's Directory of
Cumberland and Westmorland: Kelly and Co
Flintoft & Abraham & Mayson Keswick, page 174:- Here [Town Hall] is exhibited a model of the lake district, constructed by the late Mr. Joseph Flintoft, and coloured to imitate nature; it is on a scale of three inches to a mile. Abraham's in Lake road, the largest model ever made, is on a scale of 6 inches vertical and 12 inches horizontal, and is coloured to imitate nature; it shows all the mountains, lakes, tarns, waterfalls, roads, mountain passes, routes and all the principal points of interest. Mayson's ordnance model, in Lake road, is on a scale of six inches to a mile. ... |
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| Kelly 1897 |
Similar entry to 1894 for Keswick.
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| Black 1900 |
Flintoft
Keswick Museum, page 127:- ... it contains Flintoft's model of the Lake District (1834) - the original one, that remains a monument of patience and ingenuity - as well as later sectional models; ... |
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| Bulmer 1901 |
Bulmer, T: 1901: History and
Directory of Cumberland
Flintoft Keswick, page 402:- ... Museum. Here is exhibited Flintoft's celebrated model of the Lake District. It was the labour of many years, and is considered one of the finest specimens of geographical modelling ever constructed in England. The model is on the scale of three inches to a mile, and its extreme accuracy has won the approbation of all the geologists who have made the lake district their study. The work was completed anterior to the Ordnance Survey; therefore, every foot of the ground must have been measured, and every hill accurately guaged by the unremitting labour of the modeller. |
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| Brabant 1902 |
Flintoft & Mayson & Abraham
Keswick, page 223:- ...three Models of the Lake District - one, Flintoft's, at the lodge in Fitz Park, ... the others at Mayson's and Abraham's, the photographers, ... |
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| LNWR about 1910 |
Flintoft
Keswick Museum, page 43:- ... The famous Flintoft model stored therein will be a fine introduction to him of the general lie of the country. ... |
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| Burrows about 1930 |
Flintoft & Mayson & Abraham
Keswick, page 55:- ... the Keswick Museum, which among other highly interesting exhibits contains a 3-inch-to-mile plaster model of the Lake District. There are also two 6-inch models in the town, both in photographer's shops. ... |
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| Red Guide about 1950 |
Flintoft
Keswick, page 111:- ... At the gate of the Low Park is a Museum (6d.), containing Flintoft's model of the Lake district ... |
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References (Old guide books and directories are not listed.) Kelly, Stephen F: 1991: Victorian Lakeland Photographers: Swan Hill Press (Shrewsbury, Shropshire):: ISBN 1 85310 233 4 |
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Relief Models of the Lakes|
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Flintoft 1834 |
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| plaster of paris |
Joseph Flintoft was born in the North Riding,
Yorkshire, and came to the Lake District for the hunting
and fishing.
He was taken by the idea of making a relief model of the district, and spent many years on its construction (some say seven some say seventeen). He had to do his own surveying, spending a lot of time in the field. The model was made at a scale of 3 inches to 1 mile. It was exhibited at Keswick town hall, open daily, for a small charge. The relief map is now in the collections of Keswick Museum:- 
-- Gatescarth Pass, Longsleddale to the left, Mardale to the right. 
-- Looking up Longsleddale. 
-- Hills. 
-- The head of Windermere, Ambleside etc. 
-- Longsleddale. 
-- Mr Flintoft. 
-- Advertisement for the model. |
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Relief Models of the Lakes|
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Mayson 1880s |
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| plaster of paris |
Henry Mayson was born Keswick, Cumberland, 1845. He set
up in business as a photographer, Lake Road, Keswick,
early 1880s.
He constructed a relief model of the Lake District, based on the mapping of the Ordnance Survey. The model was at 6 inches to 1 mile, 12 ft 9 ins by 9 ft 3 ins. It was exhibited in his photographic studio, charge one shilling. People like G B Airey, Astronomer Royal, and Dr Ryle, Bishop of Liverpool, recommended a visit to see the model. There was a poster advertising the model:- 
MAYSON'S ORDNANCE MODEL OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. / EXHIBITED DAILY DURING THE YEAR AT THE LAKE DISTRICT REPOSITORY LAKE ROAD KESWICK / THIS MODEL has been constructed mathematically from the Ordnance Survey, after great labour and at a heavy cost. It contains 210 square feet. - the horizontal and vertical scale being 6 inches to a mile, and coloured to nature. All the Mountains, Lakes, Tarns, Waterfalls, Rivers, and their Tributaries; Woods, Roads, Villages, Villas, etc., are correctly delineated. Parties visiting this Model will see the correct Topography of the Lake District, and can thereby readily plan either long or short excursions as time will permit. They will also gain a better idea of the whole of the Lake Country than is to be obtained from any other source. / OPEN AT EIGHT A.M. AND LIGHTED DURING THE SUMMER MONTHS ADMISSION ONE SHILLING EACH. / ... The mould used in making Mayson's map are now in the collections of Keswick Museum:- 
The pile of plaster shapes is about to be wrapped carefully and put into reserve storage. The bits are not clearly understood. |
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Relief Models of the Lakes|
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Anon 1940s-50s |
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| plaster of paris? |
In Kendal Library, Local Studies, there is a small relief
model made from maps in the Bartholomew's half inch layer
coloured map series.
The map is 47.5x38cm. |
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Relief Models of the Lakes|
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Abraham 1860s-70s? |
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| plaster of paris? |
George Perry Ashley Abraham was born Devizes,
Wiltshire, 1844. After working as a photographer in London,
he was apprenticed to Alfred Pettitt, at the Art
Gallery, Ambleside Road, Keswick, 1862. In 1866 he set up
in business on his own account.
He built a relief model of the Lakes, scale about 6 inches to 1 mile, to display in his studio. George Abraham's two sons, George Dixon Abraham born 1872 died 1968, and Ashley Perry Abraham born 1876 died 1951, took on the business and became famous as photographers of mountains and mountaineering. They also developed a thriving picture post card business, using their photographs, in a Factory at Victoria Buildings, Keswick. |
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Relief Models of the Lakes|
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Waters 1860s? |
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| plaster of paris? |
George Waters was a photographer in Windermere, 1850s, but
moved to Bowness-on-Windermere by the end of the 1860s.
He made a relief model of The Lakes, about 6 inches to 1 mile, to exhibit at his Bowness Gallery. An engraving of his studio, 1885, has the inscription:- WATERS'S / MODELS OF THE LAKE DISTRICT AND FURNESS ABBEY / ... And a board outside the shop:- [NOW VIEW / Waters' / MODELS / of the / LAKE DISTRICT / and / FURNESS ABBEY / Admission 6d.] |
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Relief Models of the Lakes|
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Dove Cottage 1981 |
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| wood layers |
The displays attached to Dove Cottage include a map of
Wordsworth's Lake District which is a relief model map in wood, about 1x1.5m. 
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Relief Models of the Lakes|
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Harper Collins, 2005 |
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| moulded plastic |
Harper Collins have published a moulded plastic
relief model map of the Lake District, 2005:-
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Relief Models of the Lakes|
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Ambleside 1970s |
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| plaster of paris? |
A local shopkeeper remembers there being a relief model
of The Lakes in the tourist information office, Church
Street, Ambleside, 1970s. It stood on the floor and was
probably made of papier mache or plaster of paris.
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Relief Kodels of the Lakes|
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Norgate 2009 |
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| wood layers |
Jigsaw puzzle, 600 pieces 54x72cm, plywood, Cumbria
Relief Map, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, vertical
exageration about 7x, made by Martin Norgate, Low Sadgill,
Longsleddale, Cumbria, 2009.
The map is a 10 layer three dimensional jigsaw. The relief data is downloaded from NASA (no copyright problems), and presented in layers at 1, 50, 125, 200, 275, 375, 475, 600, 25, 850 metres. 
Close up of the central Lakes, with Scafell PIke, Skiddaw and Helvellyn. 
The large vertical exageration provides a model that makes very clear the sense of a route through the central Lakes at Dunmail Raise, and at the Lune Gorge where the motorway now runs. But why does the old main road go over Shap? 
Gap at Dunmail Raise, Helvellyn on the right. 
Lune Gorge and Shap, the Eden Valley beyond. The jigsaw pieces are fairly large. Some pieces in a layer are glued to a piece in the next layer, sometimes a small stack, which fixes the relative positions of the layers - and makes it more awkward to do, but that's the point of a puzzle. 
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Relief Models of the Lakes|
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Clarendon Press 1964 |
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| moulded plastic |
A relief map in moulded plastic, Oxford Plastic Relief
Maps series 4 map 7, Lake District - Newcastle upon Tyne,
scale about 6 miles to 1 inch, was produced by the Clarendon
Press, Oxford, 1964.
-- Central Lakes, looking up Windermere. |
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{ RIVER TERMS }
*FILENAME rivplnf.htm
Lakes Guides, topics
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River Name Elements These notes are about the placename element used for a 'river' in Cumbria. Placename studies are for the expert; for an amateur to muddle into this field of study is, perhaps, unwise. Having recognized that, it is worth pointing out that the Lakes Guides project does provide material that could be of use in the study of placenames, in particular the Old Cumbria Gazetter element of the project where locality names from various sources are gathered together. The project sources are mostly from the 16th century onwards; they cannot help with the early forms of names as recorded in charters, deeds, and other early documents. These notes look at one issue; the distribution of the placename elements that say what a river 'is', beck, gill, burn, water, and so on. There are some problems to solve, the first two of which have been dealt with by methods which are practical within the structure of the gazetteer database. |
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| placename element |
Most river names are formed on the pattern:-
[descriptor] [river term] eg:- black beck A naive analysis of all the river names in the database was made to isolate the river term. There are a few problem names. The Powmaughan is back-to-front, the first bit derives from pool, a river term, the second bit from a personal name. The Little Waver doesn't have a river term, not does the White Lyne. These rare instances are eliminated from the study. An expert could try to fit them in. Rivers called River this or that have the river term at the beginning. |
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| location |
Rivers don't have a simple location, a spot where the
river term should be plotted on the map. Just think
about where you would you put the spot for 'river' for
the Lune. A simplistic approach has been taken, least
happy for a really long river but good enough for
shorter becks and burns. The gazetteer has a 4 figure
grid reference (1Km square) for each river, chosen
for where the name was found on the map being used (the
two Administrative Area diagrams for Cumbria). The
rationale was simply to have a grid reference to help
someone find the river, not to be able to plot it in GIS.
This reference is used for the plot point.
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| inclusion |
The gazetteer, indeed the maps, do not include all
rivers or all river names. Maps are not trustworthy
gazetteers of places; a river might be left out because it
is too isignificant, which doesn't mean it hasn't got a
name. The river name might be left off because there is
not room for it. The missing names are not dependent on
what the names are, so that shouldn't spoil the
distribution study; but note that available space for
names does vary from one part of Cumbria to another,
and perhaps the river term is not independent of which part
of the county after all. This issue is ignored.
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Data was output from the Old Cumbria Gazetteer using
a display spec to give the river term, and northing
and easting in metres, suitable for plotting in
GIS (LGAZ2RIV.lat working on LAKESGAZ.mdf MODES
datafile). Entries like:-
"beck","291000","572000"
The display spec also counted and listed river terms:- |
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Data was output from the gazetter, MODES database
LAKESGAZ.mdf, using display spec LGAZ2RIV.lat, into a
comma delimited file:-
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-- RIVPLN.cdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This data was plotted in GIS system and a series
of diagrams produced for:-
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The following are not plotted:-
channel
Duddon Channel (SD1981)
Piel Channel (SD2264)
Scarth Channel (SD1773)
South Channel (SD2964)
Ulverston Channel (SD3172)
Walney Channel (SD1967)
cleugh
Ashy Cleugh (NY5876)
Bull Cleugh (NY5976)
Rotherhope Cleugh (NY7042)
Stack Cleugh (NY5874)
dike
Back Dike (NY6261)
Grass Dike (NY28056024)
Skeggleswater Dike (NY4703)
dub
Goat Dub (NY1130)
Holme Dub (NY1446)
Buttermere Dubs (NY167166)
estuary
Eden Estuary (NY1963)
Kent Estuary (SD4377)
Leven Estuary (SD3375)
firth
Solway Firth (NY16)
flosh
Flosh, The (NY5370)
flow
Caudbeck Flow (NY5872)
grain
Ellery Grain (NY5680)
Gate Grain (NY5881)
Howe Grain (NY4318)
Long Grain (NY1011)
Long Grain (NY7240)
Monkeybeck Grains (SD7787)
gulf
Far Gulf (NY3163)
Near Gulf (NY3162)
gutter
Back Gutter (NY8607)
Dubbs Gutter (NY0929)
Polly Gutter (NY8909)
Ringing Keld Gutter (SD7192)
hush
Dowgang Hush (NY7742)
laids
Near Gill Laids (SD7192)
rigg
Lostrigg (NY0425)
Robbie's Rigg (NY5584)
wath
Bowness Wath (NY2263)
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*FILENAME cumbeck.htm
River Placename Terms|
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Beck
 becks:-
Aglionby Beck (NY6539)
Aik Beck (NY46702388)
Aiken Beck (NY1826)
Aira Beck (NY40001974)
Allonby Beck (NY0842)
Appletree Worth Beck (SD2493)
Ardale Beck (NY6534)
Argill Beck (NY8413)
Arndale Beck (SD4289)
Artengill Beck (SD7885)
Artlegarth Beck (NY7202)
Ash Gill Beck (SD2695)
Ashes Beck (SD3489)
Augill Beck (NY8114)
Backside Beck (SD6998)
Backstone Beck (NY8406)
Bampton Beck (NY2654)
Bannerdale Beck (NY4215)
Bannisdale Beck (NY5202)
Barbon Beck (SD6482)
Barkin Beck (SD6684)
Barrow Beck (NY26692019)
Barrow Beck (NY3729)
Bassen Beck (NY3944)
Beck, The (NY5682)
Birk Beck (NY5808)
Birker Beck (SD1799)
Birkett Beck (NY8008)
Black Beck (NY0211)
Black Beck (NY1710)
Black Beck (NY4903)
Black Beck (SD1395)
Black Beck (SD1886)
Black Beck (SD29099178)
Black Beck (SD3385)
Black Beck (SD3597)
Black Beck (SD3683)
Black Beck (SD39219344)
Blackcombe Beck (SD1485)
Blackhazel Beck (NY3130)
Blaze Beck (NY1825)
Blea Beck (NY5610)
Blea Beck (SD1992)
Bleaberry Beck (NY8407)
Bleak Beck (NY3900)
Blelham Beck (NY370018)
Blencarn Beck (NY6231)
Blind Beck (?) (SD6582)
Boredale Beck (NY4217)
Borrow Beck (NY5503)
Bothel Beck (NY1740)
Bowderdale Beck (NY6701)
Bowten Beck (NY3240)
Bram Rigg Beck (SD6595)
Brampton Beck (NY5161)
Brampton Beck (NY675241)
Branthwaite Beck (NY2937)
Bretherdale Beck (NY5804)
Briggle Beck (NY5745)
Briggle Beck (NY5833)
Brockle Beck (NY2822)
Bronsow Beck (NY0739)
Broughton Beck (NY085312)
Brown Beck (NY4720)
Browndale Beck (NY3419)
Brunsow Beck (NY0739)
Brunstock Beck (NY4261)
Buckbarrow Beck (SD1391)
Burblethwaite Beck (NY2937)
Burrow Beck (SD38389098)
Caeseat Beck (SD7691)
Cairn Beck (NY5054)
Caiston Beck (NY3910)
Calf Beck (SD6596)
Cam Beck (NY5469)
Carlingill Beck (SD6399)
Carrock Beck (NY3435)
Castle Beck (NY5662)
Caud Beck (NY6172)
Caudale Beck (NY4011)
Cautley Holme Beck (SD6897)
Cawdale Beck (NY4817)
Cawfell Beck (NY1009)
Chalk Beck (NY3243)
Chapel Beck (NY2331)
Chapel Beck (NY6206)
Church Beck (SD30809693)
Churngill Beck (NY6401)
Cinderdale Beck (NY1619)
Clatter Beck (SD6691)
Cleskett Beck (NY5858)
Coalfell Beck (NY6059)
Cockley Beck (NY3840)
Cockshot Beck (NY20704061)
Colby Beck (NY664212)
Coledale Beck (NY2222)
Collar Beck (NY4256)
Colliergate Beck (NY0619)
Collierhagg Beck (NY41942049)
Colton Beck (SD3186)
Comb Beck (NY2124)
Connypot Beck (NY8120)
Corkham Beck (NY5803)
Cowcove Beck (NY2103)
Cowgill Beck (SD7587)
Crabtree Beck (NY12972157)
Croasdale Beck (NY0817)
Crook Beck (NY299005)
Crook Beck (NY7415)
Crookdale Beck (NY5306)
Crookhurst Beck (NY0942)
Crosdale Beck (SD6493)
Crosshaw Beck (SD6994)
Crowdundle Beck (NY6228)
Crummock Beck (NY1846)
Cunsey Beck (SD3694)
Dacre Beck (NY4626)
Dale Beck (NY3036)
Dale Beck (NY6335)
Dale Park Beck (SD3593)
Dash Beck (NY2532)
Deepdale Beck (NY3813)
Deepdale Beck (SD7286)
Dovedale Beck (NY3811)
Dry Beck (NY4269)
Dry Beck (NY6615)
Dub Beck (NY0318)
Dub Beck (NY13692087)
Dubwath Beck (NY20043117)
Dunney Beck (NY3406)
Easedale Beck (NY336081)
Elder Beck (NY4722)
Eller Beck (NY1939)
Ellergill Beck (NY6303)
Fairmile Beck (SD6397)
Fall Beck (SD5586)
Farleton Beck (SD52358206)
Flodder Beck (SD5695)
Force Beck (NY7922)
Force Beck (SD3390)
Fusedale Beck (NY44321989)
Gable Beck (NY2010)
Gastack Beck (SD7183)
Gatescarth Beck (NY474094)
Gatesgarthdale Beck (NY2014)
Gill Beck (NY3550)
Gill Beck (NY4918)
Gill House Beck (SD2482)
Gillcambon Beck (NY3835)
Glencoyne Beck (NY38751881)
Glenderaterra Beck (NY2926)
Glenridding Beck (NY35971603)
Goldrill Beck (NY393166)
Grain Beck (NY7927)
Grainsgill Beck (NY3133)
Grayrigg Hall Beck (SD5797)
Great Blake Beck (SD7685)
Great Langdale Beck (NY3105)
Great Rundale Beck (NY7027)
Greenburn Beck (NY2902)
Greenholme Beck (NY4957)
Greenside Beck (NY7003)
Grisedale Beck (NY36451437)
Grisedale Beck (SD7693)
Grizedale Beck (SD3393)
Gruntley Beck (NY8108)
Hall Beck (NY2231)
Hall Beck (NY3867)
Hall Beck (NY470011)
Harrow's Beck (NY6167)
Haskew Beck (NY5112)
Haweswater Beck (NY5116)
Hayber Beck (NY7517)
Hazelrigg Beck (NY6040)
Hell Beck (NY5358)
Hell Gill Beck (SD7997)
Helm Beck (NY7015)
Heltondale Beck (NY51522025)
High Beck (NY1512)
Highberries Beck (NY4763)
Highford Beck (SD1897)
Hilton Beck (NY7220)
Hobdale Beck (SD6794)
Hoff Beck (NY6717)
Holbeck (NY38480190)
Hope Beck (NY1623)
How Beck (NY31651950)
Howe Beck (NY6217)
Howes Beck (NY5017)
Howgill Beck (NY5957)
Hutton Beck (NY4339)
Keskadale Beck (NY2119)
Kinmont Beck (SD1390)
Kirk Beck (NY0106)
Kirk Beck (NY5774)
Kirkland Beck (NY6633)
Knorren Beck (NY5467)
Lair Beck (NY2524)
Langdale Beck (NY6402)
Langrigg Beck (NY1646)
Langstrath Beck (NY2611)
Latterbarrow Beck (NY0710)
Leaps Beck (NY0818)
Leighton Beck (SD4977)
Levers Water Beck (SD2898)
Levy Beck (SD2877)
Lingcove Beck (NY2304)
Lingla Beck (NY0316)
Lingmell Beck (NY1908)
Little Mosedale Beck (NY5008)
Liza Beck (NY1521)
Logan Beck (SD1790)
Long Rigg Beck (SD6496)
Longgrain Beck (NY4514)
Longthwaite Beck (NY44532272)
Low Beck (NY1413)
Lowca Beck (NX978212)
Lowgill Beck (NY7415)
Lupton Beck (SD5780)
Lyvennet Beck (NY6215)
Maize Beck (NY7626)
Mealo Beck (NY0841)
Measand Beck (NY4815)
Mecklin Beck (NY1202)
Mell Beck (NY2336)
Mere Beck (NY4416)
Meregill Beck (NY1021)
Middle Shield Beck (NY6171)
Middle Swan Beck (NY3819)
Milburn Beck (NY6528)
Mill Beck (NY2525)
Mill Beck (NY5556)
Mill Beck (NY5867)
Mill Beck (NY6825)
Mill Beck (SD2271)
Mill Beck (SD40179768)
Millergill Beck (SD1085)
Milton Beck (NY5560)
Moasdale Beck (NY2402)
Morland Beck (NY6022)
Mosedale Beck (NY1318)
Mosedale Beck (NY1808)
Mosedale Beck (NY3523)
Mosedale Beck (NY5010)
Mossy Beck (NY4920)
Murton Beck (NY7221)
Naddle Beck (NY2922)
Nealhouse Beck (NY3351)
Nether Beck (NY1508)
Newland Beck (SD3080)
Newlands Beck (NY2319)
Newmill Beck (NY0403)
Over Beck (NY1608)
Park Beck (NY15162056)
Park Beck (NY4402)
Parkend Beck (NY2938)
Pasture Beck (NY4112)
Peasey Beck (SD5486)
Pencilmill Beck (NY45082255)
Pierce How Beck (NY3102)
Poaka Beck (SD2376)
Pottlebog Beck (NY5058)
Potts Beck (NY7008)
Pow Beck (NX9712)
Pow Beck (NY2424)
Pow Beck (NY3849)
Powburgh Beck (NY3360)
Powterneth Beck (NY5259)
Press Beck (SD2486)
Rais Beck (NY6407)
Raise Beck (NY3211)
Ramps Beck (NY45622347)
Rampsgill Beck (NY4315)
Randale Beck (NY4612)
Rannerdale Beck (NY1618)
Ratherheath Beck (SD494969)
Raven Beck (NY5942)
Red Beck (NY0416)
Red Beck (NY6267)
Red Tarn Beck (NY3515)
Rigg Beck (NY2220)
Rigg Beck (NY8006)
Riggindale Beck (NY4511)
Roe Beck (NY3942)
Roundthwaite Beck (NY6003)
Rydal Beck (NY3608)
Sail Beck (NY1818)
Salehow Beck (NY2929)
Samgarth Beck (SD1294)
Sandy Beck (NY1326)
Scale Beck (NY0905)
Scale Beck (NY1416)
Scale Beck (NY6614)
Scalehow Beck (NY41591961)
Scallow Beck (NY0719)
Scandal Beck (NY7207)
Scandale Beck (NY3707)
Scope Beck (NY2118)
Shaw Beck (NY4703)
Silvercove Beck (NY1312)
Sink Beck (NY6929)
Skill Beck (NY22442878)
Skirwith Beck (NY6132)
Sleagill beck (NY5919)
Sleddale Beck (NY5109)
Sleet Beck (NY4976)
Smallstone Beck (SD1898)
Smithy Beck (NY0719)
Smithy Beck (NY1214)
Snary Beck (NY0822)
St John's Beck (NY3123)
St Sunday's Beck (SD5589)
Stainton Beck (SD1394)
Stainton Beck (SD5285)
Stake Beck (NY2609)
Stake Beck (NY7428)
Stockdale Beck (NY4805)
Stonethwaite Beck (NY2614)
Sty Beck (NY3118)
Sunnygill Beck (NY6136)
Swarth Beck (NY7725)
Swath Beck (NY7133)
Swindale Beck (NY535164)
Swindale Beck (NY6928)
Swindale Beck (NY8016)
Swirl Hause Beck (SD279996)
Tarn Beck (NY5178)
Tarn Beck (SD2397)
Thacka Beck (NY49173297)
Thornsgill Beck (NY3723)
Thornthwaite Beck (NY2742)
Thursgill Beck (SD56269675)
Todhole Beck (NY0722)
Torver Beck (SD292922)
Townthwaite Beck (NY2743)
Trout Beck (NY3826)
Trout Beck (NY4104)
Trout Beck (NY4956)
Trout Beck (NY6070)
Trout Beck (NY6624)
Trout Beck (NY7432)
Trumpet Beck (NY0214)
Uldale Beck (NY6401)
Upper Dale Beck (NY33)
Wandale Beck (SD7198)
Warnscale Beck (NY18841495)
Wasdale Beck (NY5608)
Watendlath Beck (NY2717)
Waterhouses Beck (NY7110)
Weasdale Beck (NY6802)
Whelpo Beck (NY3039)
Whicham Beck (SD1583)
Whillan Beck (NY1803)
Whinnow Beck (NY2950)
Whins Beck (SD2683)
Whit Beck (NY1625)
Whit Beck (NY2826)
Whitecombe Beck (SD1585)
Whiteoak Beck (NY1218)
Whitrow Beck (SD1293)
Wilfin Beck (SD38369410)
Willdale Beck (NY4917)
Wilton Beck (?) (NY1701)
Windergill Beck (NY0517)
Wisenholme Beck (NY0920)
Wiza Beck (NY2745)
Wood Beck (NY0720)
Wool Beck (NY7428)
Woundale Beck (NY4106)
Wrynose Beck (NY2803)
Wythop Beck (NY1829)
Yewdale Beck (SD31039707)
(Some rivers are plotted outwith Cumbria, but not listed) |
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Burn
 burns:-
Antonstown Burn (NY5677)
Ayle Burn (NY7149)
Back Burn (NY4474)
Beck Burn (NY3571)
Black Burn (NY6258)
Black Burn (NY6841)
Bothrigg Burn (NY5576)
Butter Burn (NY6774)
Cash Burn (NY7137)
Cheese Burn (NY6273)
Crook Burn (NY7334)
Dry Burn (NY7242)
Duffergill Burn (NY7338)
Force Burn (NY7730)
Gair Burn (NY6278)
Gelderdale Burn (NY6846)
Gilderdale Burn (NY704489)
Green Burn (NY7731)
Green's Burn (NY5769)
Green's Burn (NY5874)
Haining Burn (NY6459)
Hall Burn (NY4068)
Hether Burn (NY4967)
John's Burn (NY7735)
Kershope Burn (NY5184)
Langley Burn (NY5081)
Lawrence Burn (NY6876)
Lingholme Burn (NY5658)
Moss Burn (NY7431)
Poltross Burn (NY634664)
Rae Burn (NY4571)
Routledge Burn (NY5182)
Rowgill Burn (NY6741)
Rowting Burn (NY6737)
Show Burn (NY5472)
Smittergill Burn (NY6839)
Stantling Burn (NY6079)
Whitberry Burn (NY5273)
Woldgill Burn (NY6746)
Wyth Burn (NY3112)
(Some rivers are plotted outwith Cumbria, but not listed) |
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Gill
 gills:-
Ais Gill (SD7797)
Applethwaite Gill (NY2625)
Ash Gill (NY7540)
Ashbeck Gill (SD6693)
Ashdale Gill (SD6383)
Aygill (SD6681)
Back Gill (SD7180)
Banley Gill (NY0616)
Baxton Gill (NY4275)
Birk Gill (NY308355)
Birker Gill (NY4815)
Birkside Gill (NY32541244)
Blea Gills (SD7082)
Bleaberry Gill (NY1111)
Bleatarn Gill (NY2715)
Blindtarn Gill (NY3207)
Brow Gill (NY4906)
Brow Gill (SD6386)
Browney Gill (NY2604)
Bye Gill (NY5058)
Carling Gill (NY6062)
Cartmire Gill (SD7593)
Caw Gill (NY0909)
Clews Gill (NY1315)
Clouds Gill (SD7499)
Combe Gill (NY2512)
Combe Gill (SD7282)
Crinkle Gill (NY2504)
Crosby Gill (SD1895)
Cross Gill (NY7440)
Dale Gill (NY7102)
Deadman Gill (NY8218)
Deep Gill (NY1312)
Dob Gill (NY3133)
Dockernook Gill (NY5001)
Dodknott Gill (NY208004)
Dry Gill (SD7291)
Dry Gill (SD7384)
Dryhowe Gill (NY5202)
Ease Gill (NY8908)
Ease Gill (SD6881)
Eller Gill (NY6831)
Far Askew Gill (SD7193)
Far Cote Gill (SD7696)
Far Easedale Gill (NY3109)
Faraday Gill (NY8106)
Fisher Gill (NY3218)
Fisherplace Gill (NY3218)
Flinter Gill (SD707872)
Foss Gill (NY7903)
Gaitscale Gill (NY2503)
Galeforth Gill (NY4806)
Gasgale Gill (NY1721)
Gill, The (NY5679)
Grains Gill (NY2310)
Great Randy Gill (SD6899)
Great Stowgill (NY8307)
Great Wygill (NY8707)
Greathall Gill (NY1403)
Green Gill (NY48170766)
Greenhead Gill (NY3408)
Greenup Gill (NY2712)
Grisedale Gill (NY2023)
Guerness Gill (NY4813)
Hacker Gill (SD7485)
Hagg Gill (NY4206)
Hardrigg Gill (NY1905)
Hare Gill (SD1698)
Hashy Gill (NY7500)
Haskhaw Gill (SD7593)
Hause Gill (NY2313)
Hay Gill (NY304360)
Hayeswater Gill (NY4112)
Hazel Bottom Gill (SD7683)
Hazel Gill (NY6276)
Hazel Gill (SD6799)
Helvellyn Gill (NY3117)
High Cup Gill (NY7325)
Hobcarton Gill (NY1823)
Hobgrumble Gill (NY5113)
Holehouse Gill (SD1793)
Hope Gill (NY1723)
How Gill (NY5755)
Ill Gill (NY2010)
Ill Gill (NY2019)
Iron Gill (NY3445)
Keld Gill (NY5413)
Kitchen Gill (NY7805)
Knock Ore Gill (NY7030)
Launchy Gill (NY3015)
Leath Gill (NY6800)
Linbeck Gill (SD1497)
Lingmell Gill (NY1907)
Lingmell Gill (NY450091)
Little Gill (NY7739)
Little Grain Gill (NY4809)
Long Gill (NY7500)
Long Gill (SD7181)
Long Gill (SD7692)
Long House Gill (SD2496)
Loo Gill (NY6242)
Luge Gill (SD6487)
Mill Gill (NY3219)
Millhouse Gill (SD6485)
Near Tongue Gill (NY2216)
Nor Gill (SD7094)
Parkhouse Gill (NY42592068)
Pasture Gill (SD7798)
Piers Gill (NY2108)
Pow Gill (NY2542)
Raise Gill (NY2816)
Ramslack Gill (NY514001)
Rawthey Gill (SD7493)
Rea Gill (NY8807)
Red Gill (SD8099)
Rossett Gill (NY2507)
Roughten Gill (NY302341)
Routing Gill (NY4025)
Ruddy Gill (NY2308)
Settlebeck Gill (SD6693)
Sherry Gill (NY5309)
Short Gill (SD668847)
Shoulthwaite Gill (NY2919)
Silver Gill (NY301344)
Sinen Gill (NY3028)
Sour Milk Gill (NY1615)
Sour Milk Gill (NY2212)
Sour Milk Gill (NY3108)
Speet Gill (NY2747)
Spice Gill (SD7486)
Stake Gill (NY2608)
Stanah Gill (NY3218)
Stickle Gill (NY2906)
Stock Ghyll (NY3905)
Styhead Gill (NY2210)
Swarthbeck Gill (NY45962008)
Swine Gill (NY5828)
Tarn Gill (NY8019)
Taythes Gill (SD7195)
Tebay Gill (NY6202)
Thief Gills (NY297337)
Thornship Gill (NY5413)
Threapland Gill (NY1637)
Tommy Gill (NY1131)
Tongue Gill (NY348110)
Trundale Gill (NY7323)
Ullscarf Gill (NY3013)
Weasel Gill (NY6200)
Whale Gill (NY3939)
Whelpside Gill (NY3213)
Whin Stone Gill (SD7495)
Whinhowe Gill (SD5798)
Whirenose Gill (NY475021)
White Gill (SD30809865)
Worm Gill (NY0809)
Wren Gill (NY4608)
Wrestle Gill (SD6587)
Wyegarth Gill (NY7102)
(Some rivers are plotted outwith Cumbria, but not listed) |
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Pool
 pools:-
Ayside Pool (SD3882)
Bass Pool (SD2363)
Haverigg Pool (SD1579)
Kirkby Pool (SD2386)
Low Birker Pool (SD1899)
Pool, River (SD4690)
Rusland Pool (SD3487)
Skelwith Pool (SD3481)
Steers Pool (SD2591)
(Some rivers are plotted outwith Cumbria, but not listed) |
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River
 rivers:-
Annas, River (SD0887)
Bela, River (SD5079)
Belah, River (NY7912)
Blen, River (NY0805)
Bleng, River (NY1108)
Brathay, River (NY3503)
Calder, River (NY0712)
Caldew, River (NY3851)
Clough River (SD7389)
Cocker, River (NY1426)
Crake, River (SD2987)
Dee, River (SD7186)
Derwent, River (NY2515)
Duddon, River (NY2602)
Eamont, River (NY469243)
Eden, River (NY3658)
Eea, River (SD3778)
Ehen, River (NY0515)
Ellen, River (NY2436)
Esk, River (NY2101)
Esk, River (NY3666)
Gelt, River (NY5456)
Gilpin, River (SD4490)
Glenderamackin, River (NY3426)
Gowan, River (SD4598)
Greta, River (NY2924)
Irt, River (NY1002)
Irthing, River (NY4758)
Ive, River (NY4242)
Keekle, River (NY0019)
Kent, River (NY4506)
Leith, River (NY5523)
Leven, River (SD3483)
Lickle, River (SD2190)
Liza, River (NY1613)
Lowther, River (NY5124)
Lune, River (NY6205)
Lyne, River (NY3765)
Lyvennet, River (NY6121)
Marron, River (NY0624)
Mint, River (SD5596)
Mite, River (NY1602)
Nent, River (NY7446)
Old Petterill (NY48983692)
Petteril, River (NY4352)
Pool, River (SD4690)
Rawthey, River (SD6894)
Roe, River (NY3845)
Rothay, River (NY3308)
Sark, River (NY3372)
South Tyne, River (NY7441)
Sprint, River (NY5100)
Tees, River (NY7831)
Wampool, River (NY2453)
Waver, River (NY2344)
Winster, River (SD4285)
(Some rivers are plotted outwith Cumbria, but not listed) |
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Sike
 sikes:-
Berry Sike (NY6372)
Black Sike (SD2194)
Blackshaws Sike (NY6474)
Brackenrow Sike (NY5779)
Buscoe Sike (NY2505)
Caldwell Sike (NY5383)
Calf Sike (NY6275)
Coal Sike (NY7724)
Cold Sike (NY5568)
Crowrigg Sike (NY6471)
Dry Sike (NY6276)
East Sike (NY6772)
Farmal Sike (NY5969)
Fisher Sike (NY7825)
Foulbog Sike (NY6277)
Goal Sike (NY8021)
Great Millstone Sike (NY7527)
Green Sike (NY6671)
Hazel Sike (SD6682)
Hole Sike (NY6034)
Howgill Sike (NY8209)
Jamie's Hill Sike (NY6169)
Keldhead Sike (NY7412)
Kettle Sike (NY5581)
Liquorice Sike (NY5534)
Lodgegill Sike (NY7830)
Mail Sike (NY7527)
Mattergill Sike (NY7730)
Middlegill Sike (NY8507)
Potter Sike (NY8608)
Rairing Sike (NY6571)
Red Sike (NY6277)
Rough Sike (NY6773)
Rough Sike (NY7532)
School Sike (NY4059)
Seavy Sike (NY7734)
Slate Sikes (NY8517)
Sough Sike (NY6178)
Sunton Sike (NY9212)
Tarn Sike (NY6607)
Teas Sike (NY6519)
Well Sike (NY3764)
Williekeld Sike (NY5931)
(Some rivers are plotted outwith Cumbria, but not listed) |
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Water
 waters:-
Bailey Water (NY5179)
Croglin Water (NY5746)
King Water (NY5466)
King Water (NY6272)
Liddel Water (NY4377)
Light Water (SD5498)
New Water (NY5951)
Old Water (NY5853)
Robberby Water (NY561359)
(Some rivers are plotted outwith Cumbria, but not listed) |
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{ ROCK BANDS }
*FILENAME lithphf.htm
Musical Stones|
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Musical Stones Notes about musical stones, the rock bands of The Lakes. |
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The Rock The Skiddaw Slates began as sedimentary rocks, muds and sands, laid down about 450 million years before the peresent. They were modified, becoming a metamorphic rock, by the heat of magma from below. The slate rocks are harder rocks, and include:- Chiastolite Slate and the even harder:- Hornsfels Slate with particles of the mineral Cordierite. It is the latter slate which makes the musical stones. |
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Do Y' Ken John Peel Jamie Barnes, Brian Dewan and Emma Welsby have recorded a number of tunes on a set of musicla stones, and have allowed us to use one of the tracks on this website:- |
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-- JohnPeel.mp3 | ||
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-- JohnPeel.wav | ||
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The track is taken from a CD
The Musical Stones of Skiddaw; Geophony volume 2.
available at Keswick Museum. |
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Lithophones The musical stones, or rock bands, look like xylophones. But those instruments have wooden bars. The musical stones have stone bars - they are lithophones. |
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Musical Stones|
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Crosthwaite 1785 |
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| Crosthwaite 1785 |
Peter Crosthwaite was born at Dale Head, Thirlmere,
1735. He returned to Keswick, 1779, after being a
naval commander. He set up a museum in the town, in what
is now Museum Square near the Market Place, in 1780.
Exploring the mountains around Skiddaw, he discovered that certain slates were musical. His memorandum book, 11 June 1785:- June 11th, 1785 found my first 6 musical stones at the Tip end or North end of long tongue. These six were said to be in perfect tune. It took another 6 months to find ten more stones, which had to be tuned a little by chipping bits off 
The 16 stones were arranged as a lithophone which Peter Crosthwaite played, while his daughter and an old woman played on drum, chinese gong, and a barrel organ, to attract customers to his museum |
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Musical Stones|
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Richardson 1840 |
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| Richardson 1840 |
Joseph Richardson, born 1790, was a stonemason. He was
also musical, and made a number of musical instruments in
his youth. He tested a number of rocks in The Lakes for
their musical potential. Whilst working on a building
in Thornthwaite he found that the stones of Skiddaw had a
most musical ring to them, a hornsfels slate. It took
him nearly 13 years to collect and shape the stones for
an eight octave set of musical stones, ignoring his
money earning business as a mason. It was completed
in 1840.
Joseph and his three sons gave concerts locally, and with an impressive repertoire they set off on a three week tour of northern towns. Their success kept them from home for three years! They headed for London:- Thw wonderful merits of your admirable instrument cannot fail to be well-received by the London public who are very musical people. The repertoire included tunes by Handel, Beethoven, Mozart, as well as popular waltzes, quadrilles, polkas, etc. The instrument was enlarged in the late 1840s, adding several octaves of metal bars, a range of swiss bells, drums and so on. It became Richardson and Sons, Rock, Bell and Steel Band The band performed at Buckingham Palace, 23 february 1848, by command of Queen Victoria. There were more than 60 concerts in London, and the band toured all over Great Britain, and to France, Germany and Italy. The tour was abandoned, just before going to America, when the youngest son, Robert, died of pneumonia. |
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Till Family 1880s |
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| Till Family 1880s |
Daniel Till of Keswick, with his two sons, performed on
a set of musical stones at Crystal Palace, 1881.
There are confusing reports on the whereabouts of the Till Family Rock Band; it is either in store at the metropolitan Museum, New York, or it is the set of musical stones in Coniston Museum. The latter set of stones looks very incomplete. 
An advertisement for the band is in the Coniston Museum collection:- 
-- "CITY HALL, PERTH FOR ONE NIGHT ONLY ... A Grand Concert WILL BE GIVEN BY THE CELEBRATED ROCK BAND (TILL FAMILY) ..." -- This is believed to be for 18 February 1883. |
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Abraham Brothers 1890s? |
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| Abraham Brothers 1890s? |
The well known photographers, and mountaineers, the
Abraham Brothers, collected 58 musical stones which
was exhibited at their photographic studio, Lake
Road, Keswick.
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Ruskin 1870s-90s |
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| John Ruskin, 1870s-90s |
John Ruskin, at Brantwood, Coniston, is said to have had a
'xylophone' of lakeland slates.
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{ STONE WALLS }
*FILENAME mnu1wal.htm
Harriet Martineau on Stone
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Harriet Martineau on Stone
Walls
Extracts about stone walls from A Complete Guide to the English Lakes, by Harriet Martineau, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, and Whittaker and Co, London, 2nd edn 1855. source type: Martineau 1855 |
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Ugly Stone Walls pages 59-60:- These stone walls are an inconvenience to pedestrians, and a great blemish in the eyes of strangers. In the first place, however, it is to be said that an open way is almost invariably left, up every mountain, if the rover can but find it; and, in the next place, the ugliness of these climbing fences disappears marvellously when the stranger learns how they came there.- In the old times, when there were wolves, and when the abbots of the surrounding Norman monasteries encouraged their tenants to approach nearer and nearer to the Saxon fastnesses, the shepherds were allowed to inclose crofts about their hillside huts, for the sake of browsing their flocks on the sprouts of the ash and holly with which the hillsides were then wooded, and of protecting the sheep from the wolves which haunted the thickets. The inclosures certainly spread up the mountain sides, at this day, to a height where they would not be seen if ancient custom had not drawn the lines which are thus preserved; and it appears, from historical testimony, that these fences existed before the fertile valleys were portioned out among many holders. Higher and higher ran these stone inclosures,- threading the woods, and joining on upon the rocks. Now, the woods are for the most part gone; and the walls offend and perplex the stranger's eye and mind by their unsightliness and apparent uselessness; but it is a question whether, their origin once known, they would be willingly parted with,- reminding us as they do of the times when the tenants of the abbots or military nobles formed a link between the new race of inhabitants and the Saxon remnant of the old. |
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Romantic Nature page 136:- wrought in silence by Nature are of the same quiet, gradual, inevitable kind that have been going on ever since the mountains were upreared. ... She is for ever covering with her exquisite mosses and ferns every spot which has been left unsightly, till nothing appears that can offend the human eye, within a whole circle of hills. She even silently rebukes and repairs the false taste of uneducated man. ... if he indolently leaves the stone walls and blue slates unrelieved by any neighbouring vegetation, she supplies the needful screen by bringing out tufts of delicate fern in the crevices, and springing coppice on the nearest slopes. ... |
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page 15:-
On the high wall by the road side, immediately before reaching the gate of Rayrigg, the stranger will be struck with the variety of ferns. That wall is an excellent introduction to the stone fences of the region, richly adorned as many of them are with mosses and ferns. |
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The Borrowdale Cuckoo page 78:- Spring being very charming in Borrowdale, and the sound of the cuckoo gladsome, the people determined to build a wall to keep in the cuckoo, and make the spring last for ever. So they built a wall across the entrance, at Grange. The plan did not answer; but that was, according to the popular belief from generation to generation, because the wall was not built one course higher. It is simply for want of a top course in that wall that eternal spring does not reign in Borrowdale. |
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References Martineau, Harriet: 1855: Complete Guide to the English Lakes: Garnett, John (Windermere, Westmorland) & Whittaker and Co (London) |
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{ STRATIGRAPHICAL COLUMNS }
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Lakes Guides, topics|
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Stratigraphical Columns These notes gather data about stratigraphical columns proposed for the geology of the Lake District in the early 19th century, the period when geology was being born as a science. Some later material is included for comparison. I have no competence as a geologist, and all this note attempts is to assemble information from a number of sources looked at as part of the Lakes Guides project. This note is not a complete list of early geological writings. Other early works are described by Oldroyd 2002 with biographical information about the geologists, and careful study of the development of geological ideas. Part of the motivation for my note is to fit the map published by William Whellan and Co, found at Threlkeld Quarry Museum, into the scheme of things. |
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References Anon & Fryer, Joseph (probably): 1816: Geological Sketch of a Part of Cumberland and Westmorland: Philosophical Magazine (London): vol.47: pp.41-45 Jenkinson, Henry Irwin: 1875: Practical Guide to the English Lake District: Edward Stanford and Co (London) Marr, J E: 1916: Westmorland & Cambridge County Geographies: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, Cambridgeshire) Marr, J E: 1916: Geology of the Lake District: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, Cambridgeshire) Mitchell, G H: 1070: Lake District: Geologists' Assocation: Guide No.2 Monkhouse, F J: 1972 (2nd edn): English Lake District: Geographical Association (Sheffield, Yorkshire) Moseley, Frank: 1990 (2nd edn): Lake District: Geologists' Association: Guide No.2: ISBN 0 900717 73 4 Oldroyd, David R: 2002: Earth, Water, Ice and Fire: Geological Society:: ISBN 1 86239 107 6 Otley, Jonathan: 1820: Remarks on the Succession of Rocks in the District of the Lakes: Philosophical Magazine: vol.56: pp.257-261 Postlethwaite, John: 1877: Mines and Mining in the English Lake District: (Keswick, Cumberland) Sedgwick, Adam: 1831: On the General Structure of the Lake Mountains: Proceedings of the Geological Soiety of London: vol.1 no.19: pp.247-249 Sedgwick, Adam: 1836: On the New Red Sandstone Series in the Basin of the Eden, and North-Western Coasts of Cumberland and Lancashire: Transactions of the Geological Society of London: vol.4 series 2: pp.383-407 Shackleton, E H: 1971 (3rd edn): Lakeland Geology; where to go, what to see: Dalesman Publishing Co (Clapham, North Yorkshire) Sharpe, Daniel: 1842: Sketch of the Geology of the South of Westmoreland: Proceedings of the Geological Society of London: vol.3: pp.602-608 Sharpe, Daniel: 1843: On the Silurian Rocks of the South of Westmoreland and North of Lancashire: Proceedings of the Geological Society of London: vol.4: pp.23-29 Sedgwick, Adam: 1852: On the Classification and Nomenclature of the Lower Palaeozoic Rocks of England Wales: Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London: vol.8: pp.136-168 Smith, Alan (ed): 2001: Rock Men, The: Cumberland Geological Society (Keswick, Cumbria):: ISBN 0 9541102 0 X Taylor, B J (et al): 1971 (4th edn): British Regional Geology, Northern England: Institute of Geological Sciences |
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Fryer 1814 A geological map of Cumberland was coloured onto a topographical by Joseph Fryer, 1814. The base map was the county map by John Cary 1787, from his New English Atlas, edition of 1793. An example of the map is in the collections of the Geological Society of London, item LDGSL:1008/29, and is illustrated in Oldroyd 2002:-
 The stratigraphical column is:- Granite Syenite Clay Slate Grauwacke Limestone &c. Red Sandstone Coal Gypsum Basall Amygdaloid &c. An anonymous paper, Geological Sketch of a Part of Cumberland and Westmorland, published in the Philosophical Magazine, 1816, is most likely by Joseph Fryer. |
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Otley 1820 Jonathan Otley was a self taught and expert local geologist living in Keswick, Cumberland. He described his ideas in Remarks on the Succession of Rocks in the District of the Lakes, published in the Philosophical Magazine, 1820; and also in the Lonsdale Magazine, at the same time. Further notes were included in his guidebook, Concise Description of the English Lakes, 5th edn 1834. Adam Sedgwick worked with Jonathan Otley, and acknowledged his help. For example, in a paper to the Geological Society of London, 1836:- ... we owe our first accurate knowledge of these subdivisions to Mr. Jonathan Otley of Keswick, who not merely described them in general terms but gave their geographical distribution with a very near approach to accuracy ... The basic subdivision of the lakeland geology by Jonathan Otley was into three:- |
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| Clay-slates |
Otley 1
rounded mountains Skiddaw Group in modern terms:- Ordovician, Llanvirn and Tremadoc, Arenig; Skiddaw Slates |
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| Greenstone |
Otley 2
knobbly mountains Borrowdale Volcanic Group in modern terms:- Ordovician, Caradoc and Llanvirn; Borrowdale Volcanics Group & Eycott Volcanics |
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| Greywacke |
Otley 3
gentler hills Windermere Supergroup the lowest member being the Coniston Limestone Series in modern terms:- Palaeozoic, Silurian, Ludlow; Kirkby Moor Flags & Bannisdale Slates & Coniston Grits & Coniston Group Palaeozoic, Silurian, Wenlock and Llandovery; Skelgill Formation & Browgill Formation & Brathay Formation & Birk Riggs Formation & Coldwell Formation Ordovician, Ashgill; Coniston Limestone |
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Jonathan Otley distinguished bedding, cleavage and jointing,
which are confusing features of lakeland geology.
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Smith 1824 William Smith visited Westmorland and Cumberland in 1821, and met Jonathan Otley. He was just out of debtor's prison, and still not accepted by the geological establishment, and, perhaps understandably, is said to have been not very friendly. The two men did basically agree in their ideas. William Smith published a series of county maps from 1819-24, less than half the counties of England being dealt with. Westmorland was published 1824, on John Cary's map of the county. An example is in the British Library, item BL:Maps 5610(1). This map does not have a stratigraphical column as a key to its coloured areas, but a series of colour patches round the outside of the map, with descriptive notes; down the left side of the map:- [colour] 31 Metalliferous Limestone in lofty Scars [colour] 33 Schistous Rocks separating the Red Sandstone from the Limestone range by the Pikes of Knock Dufton and Murton. Appearance of Felspar Porphyry near Dufton Pike. [colour] Red Sandstone & Marl in the Vale of Eden [colour] Shale, Grits and thin Coal [colour] 31 Metalliferous Limestone in bold Scars [colour] Red Sandstone of Shap Wells at Dacre full of Pebbles [colour] 34 Porphyritic Granite of Shap fell, Red felspar Porphyry of Hause hill [colour] 33 High Mountain tract of Schist, Hornstone argillaceous Porphyry and amygdaloidal rocks. Contains Lead & Copper Ore. Slate Quarries marked thus [diamond] Thin beds of Limestone alternating with Schist and containing Madreporoe and Producti [colour] 33 Schistous Rocks of nearly uniform composition forming Hills of inferior altitude producing dark Slate in Kentmere. Slate Quarries marked thus [diamond] [colour] 31 Metalliferous Limestone Down the right side of the map:- [colour] Basalt or Great Whin Sill, in high Crags at Caldron Snout, broad floors in Maize beck and Scars on the western escarpment near Hilton and Dufton [colour] Coal, Coarse Grit, Shale & Grit - Alternations above the Limestone consisting of Shale, Gritrocks a thin Limestone and bad seams of Coal [colour] Red Conglomerate with pebbles of Sandy Schist as at Kirkby Lonsdale Shale, Grit, lime & thin Coal over the Limestone [colour] Shale, Grit, and thin Limestone over the great Limestone rocks William Smith depended greatly on fossils to understand the relationships of rocks. He commented that lakeland rocks were:- ... destitute of those organic remains which enable us to trace the beds which refer to one rock from another ... The rocks make the problem:- ... almost a separate branch of geology dependent on mineralogy and crystallography ... |
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Sedgwick 1831-1835 Adam Sedgwick did most of his surveying in the Lakes 1823-24, though he visited again in 1833, 1835, 1845, 1851 and 1857. He published a paper, On the General Structure of the Lake Mountains, published 1831. And in 1835 followed this with a map. The manuscript geological map of Cumberland, based on Donald 1774 edition 1802, is in the collection of the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. Adam Sedgwick is reported to have coloured a map of Westmorland, published by Hodgson, 1829, but no example is known. A paper On the New Red Sandstone Series in the Basin of the Eden, and North-Western Coasts of Cumberland and Lancashire, was published 1836. This developed the principal subdivision of lakeland geology:-
5. Greywacke and greywacke-slate [Windermere Supergroup, Otley
3]
4. Green slate and porphyry, &c. [Borrowdale Volcanis Group,
Otley 2]
3. Skiddaw slate [Skiddaw Salte, Otley 1]
2. Crystalline slaty rocks
1. Granite |
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Sedgwick 1842 Adam Sedgwick wrote letters to William Wordsworth about lakeland geology. The third latter, 1842, described the stratigraphical column. As published in the poet's Guide to the Lakes, these 'natural groups' are:-
1. New red sandstone
2. Magnesian limestone and conglomerate
3. The Carboniferous series, including carboniferous or mountain
limestone
4. Old red sandstone
5. Upper slates of Westmorland, Low Furness, and a part of
Yorkshire, based on the limestone of Coniston Water Head.
6. A great deposit of green slate and porphyry, forming some of
the highest mountains of Furness Fells, Westmorland, and
Cumberland
7. Skiddaw slate, passing in the heart of Skiddaw forest, into a
complicated group of crystalline or 'metamorphic' slates. |
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Otley 1837 Jonathan Otley did not draw a map with his 1820 publication, but it seems possible that about 1837, Jonathan Otley coloured at least two of his topographical maps, Otley 1818, for friends - neither survives. One of Otley's maps coloured geologically, is in the archives of the Geological Society of London, item LDGSL:1003; although likely to have been coloured by Jonathan Otley, this is not certain. The stratigraphical column for the map is:-
12. Red Sandstone
11. Grey Sandstone
10. Coal
9. Mountain or Carboniferous Limestone
8. Old Red Sandstone. Conglomerate
7. Dark coloured Slate and other Rocks, Graywackes [Otley 3]
6. Limestone interstratified with Slate [Otley 3]
5. Greenstone, and Green or pale Blue Roofing Slate [Otley 2]
4. Clay Slate, Skiddaw Slate, Chiastolite in places [Otley 1]
3. Imperfect Gneiss, Mica Slate, Hornblende Slate
2. Reddish Granite, Sienite, and Porphyry
1. Grey Granite or Quartz, White Felspar, Black MicaAdam Sedgwick wrote Jonathan Otley 14 February 1847 suggesting a geological map:- ... Do you wish to publish a geological map of your country, on a scale of your Lake map? If so, I would most willingly help you to the best of my power; and you might use my name in any way you thought fit. I think such a map, with a short explanatory sheet, might have a sale. ... |
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Sharpe 1843 Daniel Sharpe looked at the structure of the Lakes area in 1841 and 1843, writing two papers: Sketch of the Geology of the South of Westmoreland, 1842; and On the Silurian Rocks of the South of Westmoreland and North of Lancashire, 1843. The later paper has a stratigraphical column:-
9. Mountain Limestone
8. Old Red Sandstone
7. Ludlow Rocks
6. Windermere Rocks
5. Flagstones & Slates of Kirkby Ireleth - top of Lower
Silurian
4. Blawith Limestone
3. Gray Slaty Grits
2. Slates, Shales and Flagstones
2f. Shear Bed
2e. Indurated shale
2d. Blue flagstone
2c. Indurated brown shale
2b. Dark blue slate
2a. Brown shale
1. Coniston Limestone |
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Phillips 1846 John Phillips wrote an article, Geology of the Lakes, 1846, in Black's Guide to the Lakes, published by Adam and Charles Black, 7th edition 1856 (other editions not checked). The article has a stratigraphical column:-
 Alluvial Accumulations Diluvial Accumulations New Red Sandstone Calcareo-magnesian Conglomerate Rotheliegende Coal Formation Mill stone Grit Limestone, Grit, Shale, and Coal Limestone Old Red sandstone and Conglomerate Upper Slaty Rocks Limestone Middle Slaty Rocks Lower Slaty Rocks Metamorphic Slates Granitic rocks of Igneous Origin NB: the article is signed T Phillips, but the guide book title page is quite clear:- ... INCLUDING THE GEOLOGY OF THE DISTRICT BY JOHN PHILLIPS, F.R.S., G.L., ... |
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Sedgwick 1852 Adam Sedgwick developed his structring of lakeland geology over the 1840s, relating it to welsh geology. He published a general paper, On the Classification and Nomenclature of the Lower Palaeozoic Rocks of England Wales, 1852, which includes a stratigraphical table as applied to the Lakes, with added hints to modern terms where needed:-
10. Carboniferous Limestone
9. Old Red Sandstone
8. Kirkby Moor Flags [Silurian, upper Ludlow]
7. Coarse Slates, Flags, Grits [Silurian, lower Ludlow]
[Underbarrow Formations?]
6. Ireleth Slates [Silurian, Wenlock] [Bannisdale Slates?]
5. Coniston Grits [Cambrian, Caradoc]
4. Upper Cambrian
4.3 Coniston Flagstone [Brathay Flags?]
4.2 Coniston Limestone [Cambrian, Bala]
4.1 Green Slates and Porphyries [Borrowdale Volcanics Group]
3. Skiddaw Slate [lower Cambrian]
2. Metamorphic Slate [metamorphic aureoles]
1. Granite |
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Ruthven 1855 John Ruthven drew a Geological Map of the Lake District, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, 1855. This was based on a topographical map drawn and engraved by William Banks, Edinburgh, Lothian, about 3.5 miles to 1 inch. There was also a description of the map and list of fossils and fossil localities. The map had geological sections in each margin. The stratigraphical column was:-
1 - Gypsum
2 - Magnesian Limestone
3 - New Red Sandstone
Carboniferous
4 - Coal Measures
5 - Millstone Grits
6 - Mountain Limestone
7 - Carnoniferous Limestone
8 - Old Red Sandstone
Silurian
9 - Hay-fell and Kirkbymoor Flags
10 - Ireleth Slates
11 - Coniston Grits
Cambrian
12 - Coniston or Brathay Flags
13 - Coniston Limestone
14 - Green Slates and Porphyry
15 - Skiddaw Slate
16 - Granite
17 - Igneous Dykes in the Upper Slate Rocks
18 - Whin or Basalt DykeJohn Ruthven might be the author of the geological notes in the Description of the English Lakes by Harriet Martineau, published by Simpkin, Marshall and Co, London, and by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, 1858. |
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Whellan / Cumming 1858 William Whellan and Co published a Map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland including the whole of the Lake District Geologically Coloured, 1858. The map was constructed by Rev Prof J G Cumming; it is is coloured on a base map drawn and engraved by W Banks, Edinburgh. The map has a stratigraphical column:-
 INDEX. Pleistocene Formation. The beds of Boulder Clay and Drift Gravel over-lying the Palaeozoic Formations in many places are omitted in the Map. Trias and Permian Series. Red Gypseous Marls Magnesian Limestone and Conglomerate, Lower New Red Sandstone Carboniferous Series. Coal Measures with Millstone Grits Shale Limestone and Great Scar Limestone Devonian Series. Old Red Sandstone Upper Silurian Series. Hay-fell & Kirkby-moor Flags Ireleth Slates Middle Silurian Series. Coniston Grits Lower Silurian Series or Cambrian of Profr. Sedgwick. Coniston or Brathay Flags Coniston Limestone Green Slates & Porphyry Skiddaw Slate Granite & Syenite The Igneous Dykes of Porphyry, Greenstone & Trap are omitted. An essay by Prof Cumming, on the geology of the Lakes area is included in Whellan's History and Topography of Cumberland and Westmoreland. |
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Ramsay 1866 Andrew Ramsay drew a Geological Map of England and Wales, published by Edward Stanford and Co, London, 1866. This has a stratigraphical column, for the whole country, and is a contemporary reference for the Lake District theories of that period.
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Jenkinson 1875 A geological Map of the Lake District was published in A Practical Guide to the English Lake District, by Henry Irwin Jenkinson, published by Edward Stanford and Co, London, 1875. The map has a stratigraphical column:-
 13 Lias Series 12 New Red Sandstone 11 Permian Sandstone 10 Coal Measures 9 Millstone Grit 8 Yoredale Rocks 7 Carboniferous Limestone 6 Old Red Sandstone 5 Upper Slates (Coniston Grits Flags &c) 4 Coniston Limestone 3 Middle Slates (Green Slates & Porphyry) 2 Lower or Skiddaw Slates 1 Granite, Porphyry, & Syenite |
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Postlethwaite 1877 John Postlethwaite was a practical mining engineer in the Keswick area, Cumberland. He wrote Mines and Mining in the English Lake District, published 1877. This includes a description of the geology of the Lakes in which:-
 Combining the arrangements of former workers, I propose to adopt the following classification:- Anthropozoic Recent Post Glacial. Glacial. Deuterozoic, Permian Upper Permian. Lower Permian. Deuterozoic, Carboniferous Coal Measures. Carboniferous Limestone Series. Proterozoic, Silurian Ludlow Coniston Flags and Grits Stockdale Shales Proterozoic, Ordovican Coniston Limestone Series Volcanic Series of English Lakeland Skiddaw Slates |
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Woodward 1904 Horace B Woodward drew the geological maps of the Lake District etc, in Stanford's Geological Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland, by Horace B Woodward, published by Edward Stanford, 12-14 Long Acre, London, 3rd edn 1914; first edition 1904.
 The atlas has a table of strata; the strata relevant to the maps of the lakes are:- 14 LIAS: Upper (shales); Middle (ironstone, limestone, sands and clays); Lower (clays and limestones) 15 UPPER TRIAS: Rhaetic Beds, Keuper Marls and Sandstone 16 LOWER TRIAS: Bunter Sandstone and Pebble Beds 18 PERMIAN: Sandstone, Conglomerate and Marl 19 COAL MEASURES (shales and sandstone) 20 MILLSTONE GRIT (grits, sandstones and shales) 21 YOREDALE SERIES (shales and limestone) 22 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE 23 DEVONIAN (slates and grits with limestones coloured); and OLD RED SANDSTONE 24 SILURIAN (shales and grits with limstones coloured); Ludlow, Wenlock and Llandovery Beds 25 ORDOVICIAN: Bala, Llamdeilo and Arenig Beds (limestones, slates and grits) G GRANITE V ANDESITES, FELSITES, RHYOLITES, &C. T BASALT, DOLERITE, GABBRO, GREENSTONE, &C. |
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Philip 1909 George Philip and Son supplied the geological map for Westmorland and other counties in the textbooks by J E Marr in the Cambridge County Geographies series, 1909-12. The small map, about 7 miles to 1 inch has a table of strata:-
 Alluvuim New Red Sandstone Buntar Red Marls and Sandstones Coal Measures Milstone Grit Carboniferous Limestone Silurian Ordovician (Volcanic Series) Ordovician Basalt Granite |
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Thomas 1916 H H Thomas drew a Geological Map of the Lake District, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, derived from the Ordnance Survey and Geological Survey, for The Geology of The Lake District, by J E Marr, published by Cambridge University Press, 1916. The:- INDEX of colours has:- Alluvuim Trias and Permian Carboniferous Kirkby Moor Flags Bannisdale Slates Coniston Grits Upper Coniston Flags, and Lower Coniston (Brathay) Flags Stockdale Shales, and Carboniferous Limestone Borrowdale Volcanic Series Skiddaw Slates Igneous Rocks (intrusive) |
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{ STONE WALLS AND GEOLOGY }
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Stone Walls and Geology |
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Photographs of drystone walls have been taken in many parts of Cumbria. There has not been a systematic coverage; photos being taken as an example of walling takes the eye. The local rock for each example has been noted from a large scale geological map. The photos have been plotted on a simplified geological map of the county. The plot points are live buttons, click on one and the record of the wall, and photographs, will appear. NB: the stratigraphical key comes up in a new window which can be closed by clicking on the image. 
Beware of two dangers: we are not geologists, and do not fully understand what we are doing; the geological maps used are those available to us, and may not be the most uptodate. BUT, we would like to share what we have seen - so here it is. |
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Stone Wall
back to map
stone wall, NY05951394 -- Blakeley Moss -- Ennerdale and
Kinniside -- Cumbria /
-- 4.4.2007
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Principal Triangulation, 1858 Notes from the Account of the Observations and Calculations of the Principal Triangulation, by Captain Alexander Ross Clarke, published by the Ordnance Survey, London, 1858. source type: Clarke 1858 |
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Title Page
ORDNANCE TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, ACCOUNT OF THE OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS, OF THE PRINCIPAL TRIANGULATION; AND OF THE FIGURE, DIMENSIONS AND MEAN SPECIFIC GRAVITY, OF THE EARTH AS DERIVED THEREFROM. PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE MASTER-GENERAL AND BOARD OF ORDNANCE. Drawn up by CAPTAIN ALEXANDER ROSS CLARKE, R.E. F.R.A.S. under the direction of LT. COLONEL H. JAMES, R.E. F.R.S. M.R.I.A. &c. SUPERINTENDENT OF THE ORDNANCE SURVEY. [illustration] LONDON PRINTED BY GEORGE EDWARD EYRE, AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE, PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. 1858. Section 1 has descriptions of each station, and later sections have lists of bearings from stations, altitudes and positions. In an accompanying volume of plates: plate V is figures 4 and 5 showing the stations in the Cumbria area; plate XVIII shows the triangulation over the whole of the British Isles. The stations shown in the diagrams do not show the same stations as in the lists of bearings. Relevant to Westmorland and Cumberland are:-
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| Black Combe, Whicham |
BLACK COMB, 1841, is a large rocky
hill in the parish of Whitbeck, in the county of Cumberland.
The station is on top of the hill, and is marked by a pile
of stones 14.5 feet high and 50 feet in circumference,
erected above a centre stone with a hole in it 4 inches deep
and an inch in diameter. The station was restored in 1852.
BLACK COMB 2-ft. Theodolite From 31st August to 29th October 1841. Observer: Lieut. DA COSTA, R.E. Objects / Bearings in degrees, minutes and decimal seconds. Snowdon / 20 46 45.34 South Berule / 82 42 22.61 Snea Fell / 90 56 40.86 North Berule / 93 24 58.62 Cairnsmuir of Fleet / 141 4 37.06 Merrick / 143 38 30.78 Ben Cairn / 151 3 28.87 Cairnsmuir on Deugh / 153 14 10.25 Dent Hill / 159 23 6.89 Criffel / 165 49 5.89 Sca Fell / 199 9 18.04 Little Whernside / 272 47 13.12 Ingleboro' / 279 7 41.59 Pendle Hill / 302 [17] 49.00 Whittle Hill / 312 54 35.48 Beryl / 337 54 38.61 Altitude above mean sea level:- 1974.3 feet Position, latitude and longitude, degrees minutes decimal seconds 54 15 27.52 / 3 19 37.06 |
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| Criffel, Scotland |
CRIFFEL, 1841. This station is on
top and close to the south-west edge of 'Douglas Cairn,'
which is on the highest part of the well-known mountain
named Criffel, 10 miles south of Dumfries, and 3 miles south
of the village of New Abbey. It is marked by a hole in the
solid rock, in the centre of a square formed by four pickets
on which rested the instrument. A wall runs over the top of
the mountain in a north-east and south-west direction,
forming an angle near the station, which is 80 feet due east
from the nearest point of the wall.
Altitude above mean sea level:- 1866.6 feet Position, latitude and longitude, degrees minutes decimal seconds 54 56 26.38 / 3 37 37.16 |
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| Cross Fell, Culgaith |
CROSS FELL, 1841, is a remarkable
mountain, about 9 miles south of Alston, in Cumberland. The
station is on its summit, and may be discovered by means of
the stones placed round the staff.
CROSS FELL 3-ft. Theodolite From 3rd October to 27th November 1841. Observer: Lieut. PIPON, R.E. Objects / Bearings in degrees, minutes and decimal seconds. Sca Fell / 59 42 28.14 Helvellyn / 60 27 46.04 High Pike / 90 38 39.84 Ben Cairn / 102 1 22.25 Cairnsmuir of Fleet / 105 2 34.70 Criffel / 110 17 46.33 Merrick / 111 43 50.93 Cairnsmuir on Deugh / 119 49 31.27 Burnswark / 131 0 19.03 Hart Fell / 143 42 25.97 Wisp / 154 46 49.00 Dunrich / 155 34 44.83 Cheviot / 194 2 34.32 Collier Law / 256 50 10.58 Bolton Head / 289 27 25.84 Black Hambleton / 298 20 2.13 Water Crag / 320 28 22.19 Great Whernside / 332 5 31.69 Little Whernside / 354 4 8.57 Ingleboro' / 354 26 22.07 Altitude above mean sea level:- 2927.8 feet Position, latitude and longitude, degrees minutes decimal seconds 54 42 10.76 / 2 29 6.73 |
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| Great Whernside, North Yorkshire |
GREAT WHERNSIDE, 1840. This station
is on the top of a conspicuous mountain a few miles west
from New Malton in the North Riding of Yorkshire.
Altitude above mean sea level:- 2310.3 feet Position, latitude and longitude, degrees minutes decimal seconds 54 9 39.04 / 1 59 48.04 |
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| Ingleborough, North Yorkshire |
INGLEBOROUGH, 1807. This station is
on top of the mountain of this name, 5 miles east of
Ingleton Village, in the West Riding of Yorkshire; it is
about 60 yards from the highest part of the an old building
towards the north-east, which building is on the nearest
brink of Ingleborough from the station south-westward.
Altitude above mean sea level:- 2373.4 feet Position, latitude and longitude, degrees minutes decimal seconds 54 9 58.73 / 2 23 45.87 |
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| Pendle Hill, Lancashire |
PENDLE HILL, 1841. There is a round
conical barrow about 10 feet diameter upon the hill. The
centre of the barrow is the station, and is marked by a
stone measuring 30 inches by 18, with a hole jumped in it.
Altitude above mean sea level:- 1816.4 feet Position, latitude and longitude, degrees minutes decimal seconds 53 52 6.43 / 2 17 48.68 |
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| Scafell Pike, Eskdale |
SCA FELL PIKE, 1841. This hill lies
between Eskdale and Wastdale, in the county of Cumberland;
its summit is about three quarters of a mile north-east of
Sca Fell, from which it is separated by a deep chasm called
the Mickle Door. The station is marked by a pile, 21 feet
high and 18 feet in diameter, beneath which the frame on
which the instrument stood, and a centre stone with a hole
in it marking the exact centre of this station, will be
found. The nearest houses are at Wastdale Head, from whence
the station is best approached.
SCA FELL 3-ft. Theodolite, R.S. From 8th July to 20th September 1841. Observers: Lieuts. PIPON and CRAIGIE, R.E. Objects / Bearings in degrees, minutes and decimal seconds. Blackcomb / 19 14 52.80 Snowdon / 20 38 31.85 Llanelian / 31 45 38.86 Holyhead / 37 45 50.86 South Berule / 70 55 36.88 Snea Fell / 75 51 16.39 North Berule / 77 7 0.84 Mull of Galloway / 101 23 34.47 Dent Hill / 107 11 2.27 Glasserton / 109 41 21.28 Cairnsmuir of Fleet / 128 59 39.77 Merrick / 133 [50] 41.88 Ben Cairn / 135 45 48.06 Cairnsmuir on Deugh / 144 37 56.91 Criffel / 153 45 43.29 Hart Fell / 173 32 25.97 Wisp / 189 31 25.96 High Pike / 199 23 59.43 Cheviot / 210 28 54.36 Helvellyn / 237 7 18.55 Cross Fell / 239 6 52.22 Water Crag / 271 6 11.28 Calf / 281 41 13.39 Great Whernside / 291 58 11.83 Little Whernside / 295 16 15.73 Ingleboro' / 300 50 23.35 Boulsworth / 314 4 59.20 Pendle / 317 10 43.86 Whittle Hill / 324 23 43.98 Bery / 350 43 43.12 Altitude above mean sea level:- (Sca Fell) 3229.6 feet Position, latitude and longitude, degrees minutes decimal seconds (Sca Fell) 54 27 14.89 / 3 12 35.34 The altitude and position figures are given for 'Sca Fell'; it is not clear that this is this is Scawfell Pike. |
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| Water Crag, North Yorkshire |
WATER CRAG, 1852. This is a barren
mountain in the North Riding of Yorkshire. The station is a
boundary mark between Arkengarth Dale and Swale Dale, and is
situated 1.5 miles south-east of William Gill Houses, 5
miles west of Arkengarth Dale, and 7 miles north-by-east of
Muker. There is not an object on the hill from which
measurements could be taken, but the station is well known
to the inhabitants for miles around. The site of the station
is marked by a pile of stones 14 feet high, and 36 feet
circumference at base.
Altitude above mean sea level:- 2187.1 feet Position, latitude and longitude, degrees minutes decimal seconds 54 26 12.47 / 2 6 32.98 |
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| Wisp Hill, Scotland |
WISP, 1809, 1816. This station is on
the top of Wisp Hill, 2 miles south-west of Mosspaul Inn,
between the counties of Roxburgh and Dumfries. The centre is
covered with a turf pile.
Altitude above mean sea level:- 1950.1 feet Position, latitude and longitude, degrees minutes decimal seconds 55 17 3.50 / 2 57 56.78 |
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contemporary notes:- Trigonometrical Stations | ||
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Trigonometrical Stations Jottings for Cumbria about trig points, and the triangulation of Britain. |
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What's to See? The Lakes Guide project is not the place for a detail study of triangulation, which is beyond my competence anyway. The Old Cumbria Gazetteer of the project is about what there is to see; not about processes of surveying, mapping, projections, and so on. So: What is there to see? What you can see are the trig points, marked by pillars at the vertices of the triangulation network. The sides of the triangles, like the equator, are notional, invisible lines on the ground. Trig Points The triangulation stations were made permanent, marked by 4 foot high pillars of concrete or local stone, familar to any walker. They dot the tops of hills and are often far from a road or track. Think of the lorries, packhorses, and manual labour needed to get the materials on site for the more remote pillars.
 Loughrigg Fell NY3469505141 altitide 335.2m. The actual point is below ground, often fixed in the rock, protected and marked by the pillar. The pillar is a practical stand for a theodolite, whose three legs fit in the grooves on the bronze plate atop the pillar, and from which a plumb bob reaches to the point below: there is a fundamental mark even deeper down. The pillar often carries a bench mark, and some pillars have waymarks, topographs, and other additions.
 Loughrigg Fell NY3469505141 altitide 335.2m.
 Loughrigg Fell flush bracket benchmark.
 Thornyslack, Skelsmergh SD5271298306 altitude 214.2m; spider:- 'ORDNANCE SURVEY / TRIANGULATION STATION' The original survey stations we sometimes marked by cairns. When the new pillars were being made there was sometimes a local outcry about historic landmarks, these cairns, being destroyed. Which became quiet when all was explained. Some marks are more basic:-
 Selside Brow on Branstree, Longsleddale NY4780009970.
 Selside Brow on Branstree, Longsleddale NY4780009970. |
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Early Sightings of Sappers at Work |
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| Black Combe |
Jonathan Otley's guide book:-
BLACK COMBE, OR COOM, ... may be seen at a great distance; ... In 1808, it was made one of Colonel Mudge's stations, in the process of the Trigonometrical Survey. He calculated its height to be 1919 feet above the level of the sea. ... By the misprint of a single figure in the longitude of this mountain in the 3rd vol. of the Trigonometrical Survey, a great distortion has been caused in some maps lately constructed upon that basis. Otley 1823 (5th edn 1834) |
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| Black Combe |
William Wordsworth, 1813, wrote about a surveyor on Black
Combe:-
... on the summit whither thou art bound, A geographic Labourer pitched his tent, With books supplied and instruments of art, To measure height and distance; lonely task, Week after week pursued! - To him was given Full many a glimpse (but sparingly bestowed On timid man) of Nature's processes Upon the exalted hills. He made report That once, while there he plied his studious work, Within that canvas Dwelling, colours, lines, And the whole surface of the out-spread map. Became invisible: for all around Had darkness fallen - unthreatened, unproclaimed - As if the golden day itself had been Extiguished in a moment; total gloom In which he sate alone, with unclosed eyes, Upon the blinded mountain's silent top! |
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| Black Combe |
Harriet Martineau, 1855, comments about Colonel Mudge:-
... Col. Mudge's information that, when residing on Blackcombe for surveying purposes, he more than once saw Ireland before sunrise, would bring strangers to try their luck in seeing Scotland, Staffordshire, and Ireland, from the same point: but the mountain lies out of the ordinary track of tourists, and very few visit it. ... Martineau 1855 |
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| Great Gable |
Jonathan Otley complained to Sir George Airy, Asronomer
Royal, about the damage done by the Ordnance Survey
engineers to the cistern on the top of Great Gable. The
outcome is explained in the last letters of this
correspondence:-
Royal Observatory, Greenwich 1854. October 5th. Dear Sir,- Your complaints about the cistern on Great Gable have not fallen to the ground. Since I last wrote to you, I have consulted with Dr. Leitch, who at my request, was so kind as to undertake the practical management of the matter, and we have fairly shifted the man ten feet to the Magnetic West. I have given notice of this to the Ordnance Survey Office, so that no confusion will be produced in their bearings. As you probably remember very well the former state of the cistern, perhaps you will have the goodness to compare notes with Dr. Leitch, or with Mr. John Jackson, the postmaster at Rosthwaite, who went up with Dr. Leitch and directed the wallers in the work. I should be glad to know that the cistern had not suffered under the operations of the Sappers of the Survey. I am, dear Sir, Yours truly, G. B. Airy. and Jonathan Otley's reply:- October 10th, 1854 Yours of the 5th came duly to hand. Dr. Leitch called on me yesterday to say that they had built a nice little man on the Gable, according to your directions. If you had not distinctly mentioned magnetic West, I should have thought it would have been true west, as I presume the Ordnance maps are laid down from the true meridian. He says that he cannot perceive any damage that has been done to it ... Although I shall never see it, I am glad that it has been restored to its original state, so that if ever it was worth looking at as a natural curiosity, it may still contimue the same. ... |
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| Scawfell Pike |
Jonathan Otley's guide book:-
... Latterly however, it seems by common consent, the highest point is called Scawfell-Pikes; and since the erection of the large pile and staff upon it in 1826, there is no danger of mistaking the place. ... ... in towering majesty, the highest of the Pikes, rendered more conspicuous by an object lately erected in the prosecution of the Trigonometrical Survey. ... Otley 1823 (5th edn 1834) |
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| Scawfell Pike |
Harriet Martineau, 1855, notes that there is no longer any need to get lost:-
... The ascent of Scawfell ... ... The Ordnance surveyors set up a staff on a pile of stones on the highest peak; so that there need be no mistake henceforth. ... Martineau 1855 |
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| Skiddaw |
Jonathan Otley's guide book, an account of a trip up
Skiddaw in a a letter from a friend:-
... Proceeding along this ridge, we unexpectedly heard the sound of human voices, and presently descried some men engaged in building a large pile of stones around a structure of timber thirty feet high, upon the very summit. They proved to be a party of Royal Engineers and Artillerymen, who had been encamped here for several days, employed in erecting an object to be observed in the Trigonometrical Survey; as the Commanding Officer explained to us. Some philanthropic gentleman had caused a small cot to be constructed here for the accommodation of visitants, and on looking in we perceived that the men had spread their blankets on a little moss, and thus converted it into a temporary barrack. ... Otley 1823 (3rd edn 1827) |
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| Skiddaw |
Jonathan Otley's guide book:-
... the object of our journey, which is marked by a large pile of stones, with a central staff 30 feet high, erected in 1826 by a detachment of the ordnance surveyors. ... Otley 1823 (5th edn 1834) |
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| Old Man of Coniston |
Harriet Martineau, 1855, complains:-
... the summit of the Old Man is 2,632. On this rock, a "Man" formerly stood; but it was removed by the Ordnance Surveyors, who erected another, much inferior in convenience; for the first contained a chamber, welcome to shepherds and tourists overtaken by bad weather. ... Martineau 1855 |
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Principal Triangulation Accurate surveying for mapping depends on triangulation, the application of theorems clearly expressed in the geometries of Euclid, and given numerical form in the equations of trigonometry. The earliest description of triangulation for surveying - a measured base line, bearings measured from the ends of the base line - seems to have been given in Libellus de locorum by Gemma Frisius, 1533. He included the essay in the 2nd edn of Cosmographicus liber Petri Apiani. He describes a planimetrum, a circle with an alidade to take bearings, suggests the use of two tall towers, and a third to resolve difficult intersections of sight lines, and instructs on the measurement of the base line. The triangulation of Great Britain was begun at the end of the 18th century, aimed at establishing a conistent framework for surveying the whole country. The first base line was measured by William Roy on Hounslow Heath, 1784. From the ends of this line bearings were taken to a third point to make a triangle, each of whose new sides was a new base line. The process is repeated until a network of triangles covers the land from north to south. As errors accumulate the network is checked by measuring the length of a line at the end of the network, and adjusting as necessary. The principal triangulation was a network of stations about 30 to 50Km apart. The shortest sides of triangles were about 8Km, the longest about 135Km, usually those linking Briain to Ireland, and to France. Bearings were measured with Ramsden's 3 foot theodolite which could observe over 100Km and measure with errors less than 2 seconds of arc. Not all is straightforward; visibility is a problem, refraction is a problem, the curvature of the earth is a problem, ... Sadly this instrument was destroyed by bombing in World War II; but a second instrument made in 1791 is in the Science Museum collections, London. The Principal Triangulation by the Ordnance Survey used some measurements taken in 1790s and many more in the 1840s-50s. The whole was recalculated and published in 1858.
Retriangulation A Retriangulation was believed necessary by the 1930s, and was started in 1936. England and the south of Scotland had been covered by 1938, and the job finished after World War II, from 1948-52, published 1962. Secondary and Teriary Stations Between the primary stations was a network of secondary and stations 8 to 12Km apart, and tertiary stations as close a 1.5 to 2Km, particularly in built up areas. |
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notes from 1858:- Principal Triangulation, 1858 | ||
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Trig Point Data Data about the position of Ordnance Survey trig points can be downloaded in a .csv (comma separated value) file, free, from:-
http://benchmarks.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=111:13:18033203823611428938::NO:13::
Data has been used to create Place Records to go in the Old Cumbria Gazetteer; place identifiers on the pattern:-
trig point, [10 figure grid reference]
eg:-
trig point, NY0820745431
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References : 1967: History the Retriangulation of Great Britain: Ordnance Survey Clarke, A R: 1858: Account of the Observations of the Principal Triangulation: Ordnance Survey Close, Charles, Colonel Sir & Winterbotham, H StJ L, Colonel: 1925: Text Book of Topographical and Geographical Surveying: HMSO (London); how to do it all Frisius, Gemma: 1533: Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione::: British Library C113c3 (1-2) Harley, J B: 1975: Ordnance Survey: Ordnance Survey (Southampton, Hampshire) James, Henry: 1875: Account of the Methods and Processes... Ordnance Survey: HMSO (London) Keay, John: 2000: Great Arc, The: Harper Collins (London):: ISBN 0 00653123 7; describes what surveying can be like outside the comfort of Geat Britain. Owen, Tim & Pilbeam, Elaine: 1992: Ordnance Survey, Map Makers to Britain since 1791: Ordnance Survey (Southampton, Hampshire):: ISBN 0 319 00498 8 (pbk); includes desriptions of building trig points. |
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Pencils Miscellaneous notes about black lead and the pencil The most readable account of the discovery of black lead seems to be that of Molly Lefebure, 1970, where she sagely remarks:- Reading up wadd one discovers that most of the authorities are merely repeating the words of a previous writer; thus one digs one's way downwards through a slag-heap of endless (and sometimes erroneous) repetition. How true of so much research: go read her chapter on the topic. I am not attempting even so tempting a topic of research. The notes given are some of the quotable passages from a variety of texts; they are not a history of the pencil. |
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References
: 1693 (May): Some Observations Concerning the Substance Commonly Called Black Lead: Phil Trans (London) : 1777=1784 (2nd edn): Encyclopaedia Britannica : 1837: Complete Book of Trades: (London) : 1851 (about): Tallis's History and Description of the Crystal Palace : 1851 (22 February):: Illustrated London News : 1853 (17 December): History of Pencil Making in Keswick: Illustrated Magazine of Art:: reprinted and available at the Cumberland Pencil Museum, Keswick Aldrovandi, Ulisse: 1648 (posthumous edn with added material): Musaeum Metallicum Beckman, John & Johnson, William (trans): 1817 (3rd edn): History of Inventions and Discoveries: (London) Fleming, Clarence C & Guptill, Arthur L: 1936: Pencil, its History, Manufacture and Use: Koh-I-Nor Pencil Co (New York, United States) Gesner, Konrad: 1565: De Rerum Fossilium, Lapidum et Gemmarum Maxime, Figuris et Similitudinibus Liber: (Zurich, Switzerland) Hassell, Joseph: 1891 (16th edn)(?): Common Things and Elementary Science in the Form of Object Lessons: Blackie and Sons (London):: pp.42-43 Lefebure, Molly: 1970: Cumberland Heritage: Victor Gollancz (London):: chapter In Quest of Wad; (pbk edn by Arrow Boks 1974) Meder, Joseph: : Mastery of Drawing Otley, Jonathan: 1819: Account of the Black Lead Mine in Borrowdale: Manchester Literary and Scientific Society Petroski, Henry: 2003 (pbk) & 1989: Pencil, The: Faber and Faber (London and Boston, United States):: ISBN 0 571 21763 X (pbk) Robinson, Thomas: 1704: Essay towards a Natural History of Westmorland and Cumberland Thompson, Ruth & Fairclough, Chris (photographs): 1986: Making Pencils: Franklin Watts (London):: ISBN 0 86313 405 X; excellent description of the works Voice, Eric: 1950: History of the Manufacture of Pencils: Transactions of the Newcomen Society: 27 Ward, John Clifton: 1876: Geology of the Northern Part of the English Lake District: HMSO (London) |
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Discovery after a Storm
Molly Lefebure's account of the discovery of black lead was frustrated by lack of findable facts, and falls back on reporting a local legend:- The wadd, according to legend, was discovered originally by shepherds, after a large ash-tree on the fellside (an alternative version of the tales gives it as an oak) had been uprooted by a gale. The date of the discovery is unknown. When first found the substance was simply used by the local people for marking their sheep (continues the legend) ... The legend again, from a booklet about Koh-I-Nor pencils, with less restraint:- The uprooting of a large oak tree during a storm, led, it is said, to the discovery of the famous graphite mine of Borrowdale, England. This was in 1565, in the time of Queen Elizabeth. A wandering mountaineer, attracted by the particles of a strange black substance clinging to the roots of the fallen tree, soon had the people of the countryside discussing this mysterious mineral ... Lefebure, Molly: 1970: Cumberland Heritage: Victor Gollancz (London):: chapter In Quest of Wad Fleming, Clarence C & Guptill, Arthur L: 1936: Pencil, its History, Manufacture and Use: Koh-I-Nor Pencil Co (New York, United States) |
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Smit Marks and
Medicine
Thomas Robinson, 1704, wrote about the early uses of black lead:- Its natural Uses are both Medicinal and Mechanical. It's a present remedy for the Cholick; it easeth the Pain of Gravel, Stone, and Strangury; and for these and the like uses, it's much bought up by Apothecaries and Physicians ... The manner of the Country People's using it, is thus: First, they beat it small into Meal, and take as much of it in white Wine, or Ale, as will lie upon a Sixpence, or more, if the distemper require it. It operates by Urine, Sweat, and Vomting. At the first discovery of it, the Neighbourhood made no other use of it, but for marking their sheep; but it's now made use of to glazen and harden Crucibles, and other Vessels made of Earth and Clay, that are to endure the hottest Fire and rubbing it upon iron arms, as guns, pistols, and the like, and tinging them with its color, it preserves them from rusting ... Robinson, Thomas: 1704: Essay towards a Natural History of Westmorland and Cumberland |
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New Tool for
Writing
Early mentions of the new material for writing and drawing start from the mid 16th century. |
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| Johann Mathesius, 1564 |
I remember ... how one used to write
with silverpoint ... and now we write on paper with a new
unrefined mineral ...
Mathesius, Johann: 1564 |
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| Konrad Gesner, 1565 |
writing about fossils etc, includes the first known
illustration of a lead pencil along with his description of
this new sort of stylus. It looks like a tube holding a
pointed 'lead'.
The stylus shown below is made for writing, from a sort of lead (which I have heard some call English antimony), shaved to a point and inserted in a wooden handle. 
Gesner, Konrad: 1565: De Rerum Fossilium, Lapidum et Gemmarum Maxime, Figuris et Similitudinibus Liber: (Zurich, Switzerland) |
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| Ferrante Imperanti, 1599 |
The natural historian wrote about grafio piombino:-
... it is much more convenient for drawing than pen and ink, because the marks made with it appear not only on a white ground, but, in consequence of their brightness, show themselves also on black; because they can be preserved or rubbed out at pleasure; and because one can retrace them with a pen, which drawings made with lead or charcoal will not admit. Imperanti, Ferrante: 1599 |
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| Ben Jonson, 1609 |
in his play, Epicone, describes the contents of a box of
mathematical instruments:-
... his square, his compasses, his brass pens, and black-lead to draw maps ... Jonson, Ben: 1609: Epicone (play) |
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Black Lead Holder
How do you use a piece of black lead to draw with. Two ideas have been suggested: make a pointed piece and wrap it in a piece of cloth, or wind some string around, both methods protecting the hand from the black; or use a wooden handle with a chuck to hold a piece of black lead, a porte crayon. |
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What Is It?
Ulisse Aldrovandi et al, 1648, refers to black lead not as stimmi Anglicum but as lapis plumbarius, lead stone. An article in the Philosphical Transactions, London, 1693, is concerned with what it is and what it should be called:- ... The Mineral Substance, called, Black Lead (our common Lead being the true Black Lead, and so called in Opposition to Tin, which is White Lead) found only in Keswick and Cumberland, and there called Wadt or Kellow ... is certainly far from having any thing of Metal in it, that it has nothing of Fusion, much less Ductility; nor can it be reckoned amongst the Stones, for want of hardness; it remains therefore that it must have a Place amongst the Earths, tho'it dissolve not in water ... ... the most Proper Name that can be given it, perhaps, may be Ochra Nigra, or Black Ochre. Graphite is derived from the Greek, graphein - to write. THis was possibly suggested as a name for black lead by A G Werner about 1790s. Other terms include black cowke, kish, nigra fabrilis, wadd, etc etc etc. Joseph Meder lists names for black lead in German, Italian, Dutch, French, and English:- Bleistift, Blay-Erst, Wasserbley, Blei, Bleifeder, Englisch Bleyweiss, Reissbley Grafio piombino, Lapis piombino Potlot, Poyloykens Mine de plomb Angleterre, Crayon de Mine de plomb, Crayon de Mine, Crayon Black-lead pencil, Plumbago John Beckman explains plumbago as that which acts like lead, and also gives a variety of other names:- ... black lead, kellow or killow, wad or wadt, which words properly mean black. ... I allude here to pencils formed of that mineral called, in common, plumbago and molybdaena, though a distinction is made between these names by the mineralogists. The mineral used for black-lead pencils thay call, reissbley, plumbago, or graphites ... Plumbago contains no lead; and the names reissbley and bleystift have no other foundation than the lead-coloured traces which it leaves upon paper. ... : 1693 (May): Some Observations Concerning the Substance Commonly Called Black Lead: Phil Trans (London) Aldrovandi, Ulisse: 1648 (posthumous edn with added material): Musaeum Metallicum Meder, Joseph: : Mastery of Drawing Beckman, John & Johnson, William (trans): 1817 (3rd edn): History of Inventions and Discoveries: (London) |
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Sulphur and Black
Lead
The supply of good quality graphite from Cumberland was limited, and the material was expensive. Ways were found to use the chips and waste from cutting slips for pencils. A reconstituted black lead was used in Berlin, Germany, 18th century:- The lead cutter pounds the graphite in a mortar and by sifting two or three times, frees it from all earthen particles such as sand. In a crucible, to every pound of graphite a fourth or half a pound of sulphur is added, melted and thoroughly mixed. After cooling and before it is quite dry, the mass is placed on a board and kneaded just as one would knead bread. This must then become fully cooled before it can be further worked. With a fine saw, the pencil-maker divides this cake into small plates from which he saws the four cornered leads of desired size. The workman cuts the wood to the requisite size, and forms a groove for the lead either with a grooving plane or by burning it out with a red hot iron tool. The lead is glued in the groove and a piece of wood glued over it to complete the pencil. The end of the pencil showing the lead is shaped to a neat point with a file. The entire surface o the pencil is then carefully finished by scraping with glass. It is evident that the lead pencil-maker, to shew any profit, must complete the pencils in a short time, for a dozen costs but eight groschen. Note that the end with the lead showing is sharpened; the other end will be a stub without lead - you don't want to waste materials. Conté Crayon In the 1790s, France could not get black lead from England or Germany. The french Minister for War, Lazaree Canot, commissioned Nicolas-Jacques Conté, engineer and inventor, ex artist, to develop an alternative material. By about 1795 he had invented and patented a process: finely powdered graphite, potter's clay, and water, were molded into into strips and fired at a high temperature. The strips could then be fitted into a wood casing as usual. The wood strip was grooved deeply, the black lead fiited in, a narrow strip of wood closed the groove, and the outside shaped. The process was widely used in Europe; and is the basis of today's production method. Graphite Substitute William Brockedon developed a process to reconstitute graphite powder into blocks without using sulphur, as did an earlier process. He patented, 1843:- artificial plumbago for lead pencils purer than any that could then be obtained in consequence of the exhaustion of the mines in Cumberland. The graphite, perhaps waste and dust, was ground very fine in water, put in a vacuum (?), and compressed under a great pressure. The process was used by Mordan and Co, London? but when William Brockedon died, 1854, the [;ant was sold to a merchant in Keswick. The expensive process was little used after 1854, the Conté process being preferred. Another Graphite Substitute The Great Exhibition, 1851, included a new pencil material:- ... Messrs. Reeves and Sons, of Cheapside, contributed a case of some importance to artists, inasmuch as it contained the proofs of an efficient substitute for the far-famed black-lead mine of Cumberland, which is now throughly exhausted. It is well known, that, for all purposes having reference to art, this lead of Cumberland was unsurpassable; that no other could compare to it in quality of colour, absence of grit, nor was any so easy to erase; indeed, that no other yet found could be thus made use of in its natural state. ... There was part of a description of pencil making in the Illustrated London News, 22 February 1851. : 1851 (about): Tallis's History and Description of the Crystal Palace : 1851 (22 Feb):: Illustrated London News |
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*FILENAME pencil06.htm
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Dry Pencils
John Pettus, 1683, in his book on metalurgy:- There is also a MINERAL LEAD, which we call BLACK-LEAD, something like ANTIMONY, but not so shining or solid, of which sort I know of but one MINE in England, and this yields plenty, both for ourselves and other nations, and this mine is in Cumberland, which they open but once in seven years, (I suppose the reason is, least they should dig more than they can vend), this also is used by PAINTERS and CHYRURGEONS &, etc., with good success, especially being mixed with products of metals; and of late, it is curiously formed into cases of DEAL or CEDAR, and so sold as dry PENCILS, something more useful then PEN and INK. Pettus, John: 1683: (book on metalurgy) The term pencil formerly means a fine paint brush
Buy marking stones, marking stones buy, / Much profit in their use doth lie, / I've marking stones of colour red, / Passing good, or else black Lead. Voice, Eric: 1950: History of the Manufacture of Pencils: Transactions of the Newcomen Society: 27 Pencil Defined Encyclopaedia Britannica, the 2nd edn, 1777-84, at last describes the pencil. The 1st edn just described the paint brush called a pencil. PENCIL, is also an instrument used in drawing, writing, &c. made of long pieces of black-lead, or red-chalk, placed in a groove cut in a slip of cedar; on which another piece of cedar being glued, the whole is planed round, and one of the ends being cut to a point, it is fit for use. ... Reference is made to graphite reconstitued with sulphur, but:- The true English pencil ... one made of black-lead alone, ... the softest wood, as cedar, is made choice of, that the pencil may be the easier cut; and a part of one end, too short to be conveniently used after the rest has been worn and cut away, is left unfilled with the black-lead, that there may be no waste of so valuable a commodity ... Jane Austen refers to:- ... the end of an old pencil,- the part without any lead ... : 1777=1784 (2nd edn): Encyclopaedia Britannica Austen, Jane: : Emma Durable and Erasable John Beckman:- ... I allude here to pencils formed of that mineral called, in common, plumbago and molybdaena ... the lead-coloured traces which it leaves upon paper. These lines are durable, and do not readily fade; but when one chooses, they may be totally rubbed out. Black-lead, therefore, can be used with more convenience and speed than any coloured earth, charcoal, or even ink. Beckman, John & Johnson, William (trans): 1817 (3rd edn): History of Inventions and Discoveries: (London) Book of Trades ... plumbago, is a dark, shining material, found on the Malvern Hills, and in Cumberland, whence great quantities reach London; an the latter produce is sold by monthly exhibition, or vent, from the depot beneath the Chapel, Essex-street, at various prices. ... Formerly Mr. John Middleton was the most celebrated maker in this respect; but at present Messrs. Brookman and Langdon manufacture the most desirable surveyor's pencils; and these necessarily command high prices. Needless, perhaps, would be the task of pointing out the numerous impositions that are daily practised upon the public in this very necessary article; rank deceptions, which are also sought to be carried further home, by affixing to them the most respectable names - forged. A pencil of a penny price, and another value a shilling, have frequently the same appearace, externally. ... : 1837: Complete Book of Trades: (London) Pencil Makers, 1851 The Census 1851 listed 319 pencil makers, mostly in London and Keswick, Cumberland. |
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*FILENAME pr0004.htm
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*FILENAME pencil07.htm
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Today's Pencil
The raw materials for today's pencil leads are:- graphite - from Sri Lanka, Korea, or China; from 75 to 100 percent pure, in amorphous or crystalline form. clay - from Devon or Germany. gum - gum tragacanthe from Turkey, or cellulose sourced in the UK. wax - animal tallow, PEG ie polyethyleneglycol, or mineral waxes from Germany. filler - talc from Norway, or chalk or kaolin from Britain pigments for colour pencils are modern organic compounds. Cedar The cedar wood has come from different trees over the years:- up to 1938 - Juniperus virginiana, Florida cedar. 1938-62 - Juniperus procera, Kenya cedar. from 1962 - Libocedrus decurreus, California cedar, which is cropped sustainably, the standing volume of trees in the forests is actually increasing. Grades of Pencil Pencils are graded from 9H to 9B; H stands for Hard, B stands for Black. HB is a middle of the range grade. There is also a grade F, between HB and H; and there was a grade HH now called 2H. |
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*FILENAME pencil08.htm
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Common Things, Lesson 18
The pencil is described in lesson 18 of the Elements of Science in Object Lessons:- LESSON 18.- AN UNCUT LEAD PENCIL. I. Parts.- A lead-pencil is used for drawing and for writing, when what is written is not of much importance. What is called a lead-pencil is not made entirely of lead, and is not all in one piece, but consists of two parts; an outside part made of cedar-wood, and an inside part made of a substance called black-lead. It is not lead, however, but a mineral called plumbago. It is the lead which is used for making the marsks on the paper in drawing and writing. The pencil, when it is bought is of a long round form, the same thickness in all parts. It has three faces, one curved, and two flat: the flat faces are at the ends, and are circular. Such a shape is called a cylinder, and on this account the pencil is said to be cyclindrical. The wood of the pencil is of a brown colour. Being a part of a tree it can be sadi to be a vegetable substance. It is hard to the touch, but can be easily cut with a knife, and easily broken. When put into the fire it burns with a flame, and so it is said to be inflammable. It has a very pleasant odour. On the round face of the wood, which is polished, are stamped the name of the maker of the pencil, and certain letters which show the kind of lead which has been put in, as HH when it is very hard, HB when it is rather hard, B when it is black and rather soft, and BB when it is very soft and black. Along the middle of the wood runs a square strip of black-lead. It is of a dark gray colour, brittle, friable, and bright. As the thin strip of lead is brittle, it would break when pressed on the paper in being used to write with; and as a thick piece would be rather expensive, and would make the fingers dirty every time it was used, a thin piece is placed between two pieces of wood which are fastened together. When a little of the wood is cut away, or when the pencil is pointed, the lead can be used without breaking, or soiling the fingers. II. How made.- Very few children who use lead-pencils know how they are made. It is a very simple operation, and one which even little children can understand, so it will now be described. The pencil-maker buys the black-lead in large lumps, and the cedar-wood in thick strips. He cuts the black-lead into thin slices, and these are cut again into strips, each strip is as thick as it is broad. Then the man cuts the cedar-wood into strips of the length of the pencil he wishes to make. Two strips are required for each pencil, one a little thicker than the other. In the thicker of the two strips, a small groove is made, just deep and wide enough to hold the strip of lead. A small quantity of thin glue is spread in this groove, and then the strip of lead is placed in it. After this, the thinner of the two pieces of wood is glued on the thicker, so as to cover the strip of lead. When the glue is set, the wooden case is made round, smoothed and polished. After this the maker's name, and the letters H, HB, &c., are stamped on the wood, and the pencil is ready for use. Pencils are bought singly, by the dozen, or by the gross. A gross is twelve dozens. A common pencil costs a penny; one of the best drawing pencils costs as much as fourpence, or even sixpence. A very large number are made at Keswick in Cumberland. The reason for this is found in the fact, that this town is only a few miles distant from Borrowdale, the only spot in England where the plumbago is found. At the present day, however, very little of the mineral is obtained from the mines there, but it is brought into England from India, Ceylon, and from the United States of America. Much of the imported plumbago is in very smmall pieces - too small to be cut into strips; it is therefore ground, refined, formed into a pulpy mass, and then moulded into the requisite size. Hassell, Joseph: 1891 (16th edn)(?): Common Things and Elementary Science in the Form of Object Lessons: Blackie and Sons (London):: pp.42-43 |
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{ NGR SQUARES / LINEAR TRANSFORMATION }
*FILENAME mapsqsf.htm
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Overlaying the NGR Grid on an Old Map These notes describe the method used in the Lakes Guides Project, to overlay the National Grid on early printed maps. In the Old Hampshire Mapped project special software, OLDMAPS.exe, was written to position the national grid reference system on early printed maps. This method was very successful, but, perhaps, more clever than is needed for the Lakes Guides project. OLDMAPS.exe was written in Pascal to run in DOS and could easily be rewritten to run in Windows under the Delphi umbrella; MS Windows does not support MS DOS properly, and rather than rewrite the software in Delphi to run under Windows, the same thinking has been expressed in spreadsheet formulae. Strategy The strategy is as follows:- Base map
Create an image file containing an NGR grid at a suitable
size; the size chosen has 10Km squares 400x400 pixels.
(CumSqs.psd in Adobe Photoshop.)
Mark and label useful towns on this base map.
Old map
Copy an the best available image of the early printed map
into the base map. (The base map should have sufficient
blank area around it to accommodate an overlarge image.)
Town positions
On the old map, measure the positions of a number of
towns, preferable round the perimeter of the map, in x,y
pixel coordinates.
On the base map, measure the positions of the same towns
in x,y pixel coordinates.
Centroid
For each set of towns calculate the centroid; simple mean
of the x and y coordinates.
Scale
For each set of towns calculate the distance of the town
from the centroid, a simple application of Pythagoras's
Theorem.
For each set of towns find the mean distance of the towns
from the centroid; then divide BaseMeanDistance /
OldMeanDistance to find the scale factor to resize the old
map to fit the base map.
Angle
For each set of towns calculate the angle or heading of
the town from the centroid, using the trigonometric tangent
function (ignore towns that are very close to the
centroid).
For each town calculate the rotation of the old map that
is needed, subtracting BaseMapHeading - OldMapHeading.
Average the rotations, adjusting large angles, ie those
across the 0d/360d line, and avoiding reflex angles.
Transformations The transformations, translation, scaling, rotation, leave the old map evidence unaltered. This is a purer subset of the affine transformations than is used by GIS systems. The latter systems also scale differently in x and y axes, and can shear the image. These extra operations spoil the map. A few extra formulae provide the scale of the map, measured from the set of towns' positions. |
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Spreadsheet Formulae The maths used is simple sixth form stuff. And a spreadsheet can do the calculations. (See MapNgr.xls in MS Excel.) Averages are protected against the absence of data by COUNT; other calculations are protected by ISNUMBER; there is protection against division by zero, eg IF E4>0. Protection is not total, but is enough to prevent errors. x,y coordinate averages, centroid, eg:-
=IF(COUNT(C4:C28)>0,AVERAGE(C4:C28),'')
x,y shift, simple subtraction, eg:-
=G29-C29
=H29-D29
Distances from centroid, eg:-
=IF(ISNUMBER(C4),SQRT(POWER((C4-C$29),2)+POWER((D4-D$29),2)),'')
Scale factor for a town, ratio of distances, protected against division by zero, eg:-
=IF(AND(ISNUMBER(E4),E4>0),I4/E4,'')
Scale averages, eg:-
=IF(COUNT(L4:L28)>0,AVERAGE(L4:L28),'')
Presented as a percentage, eg:-
=IF(ISNUMBER(N29),N29*100,'')
Heading for a town, rejecting places close to the centroid, eg:-
=IF(AND(ISNUMBER(E4),E4>100),180-(ATAN2(D4-D$29,C4-C$29)*180/PI()),'')
There is some trickery in setting up this last formula. ATAN2(x,y) gives an angle from the positive x-axis, 0 to 180 anticlockwise and 0 to -180 clockwise, taking care of division by zero, and subtracting the angle from 180 gives results 0 to 360 from 'North', going clockwise to match the transformation needed in Adobe Photoshop. Note that the ATAN2 result has to be converted from radians to degrees. Rotation, subtraction, eg:-
=IF(AND(ISNUMBER(F28),ISNUMBER(J28)),J28-F28,'')
An extra step is needed to refine the calculation
=IF(ABS(L5))<180,L5,L5-SIGN(L5)*360)
Average rotation, eg:-
=IF(COUNT(N1:N25)>0,AVERAGE(N1:N25),'')
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Tactics Make a copy of the base map, CumSqs.psd. Name this using the filecode of the map to be processed, eg: MD10sqs.psd. Load the .tif master image of the old map, eg MORDEN10.tif, into a layer in the base map, and make a copy layer of the old map. Carry out the measurements and calculations described. Note: the difference of centroid positions cannot be used as x,y shift data in Photoshop because the rotation and scaling are made about undefined positions, which upset any shift values. Mark the centroid of the old map on the copy image, boldly. Carry out the scale and rotate transforms using the Photoshop Layer.Transform.Numeric facility. Now find the centroid on the old map image and read its new x,y position. Calulate the shift needed to move it onto the centroid calulated for the ngr image. Throw away the copy layer. Apply the numeric scale and rotate transforms to the old map layer, then apply the shift needed. And its all done. |
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Linear Transformations. | ||
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Linear Transformations Scanned images of maps can be transformed to fit to an existing projection and coordinate system, the process is called georeferencing. GIS systems use a variety of transformations, most of which distort the map and damage its credibility as a historical source. Processes that are confidently declared as 'affine', implied to be safe, are not safe. The Lakes Guides project uses a limited number of linear transformations which avoid distortion in matching scanned map images to the ngr cordinate system. The match is inexact, but quite sufficient to enable indexing of the old map in the modern grid space. The difference of projection between the old map and the new is ignored; for a county the errors are not significant for the scales of maps we are treating. The system used is described elsewhere, but some notes about linear transformations are needed. A convenient term for the safe transformations is:-
similarity transformations
explained below. |
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Linear Equations Linear transformations are made by changing the coordinates of a point with linear equations, 1st degree polynomials. Using general homogeneous coordinates, new point P1, (x1, y1, 1) is calculated from old point P0, (x0, y0, 1) as:-
x1 = a.x0 + b.y0 + c
y1 = d.x0 + e.y0 + f
z1 = z0
where coefficients a..f are real numbers. The equations can be represented in matrix form:- |
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| linear transformation |
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Types of Transformation A whole lot of terms are used, by various authors, to describe the quality of different linear transformations. These appear to be badly understood by many map librarians who quote 'affine' transformations as being the touchstone of safe georeferencing: it is not so. The following terms seem to be used frequently:- |
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| affine |
Colinearity and proportions are conserved.
In affine transformations, if points A0, B0, C0 are colinear then transformed points A1, B1, C1 are colinear, and the ratio of lengths AB:BC is unchanged. |
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congruent;
isometric; rigid |
In congruent transformations, triangle A1 B1 C1 is
congruent to triangle A0 B0 C0; it may have been translated
and rotated, but it is not scaled or reflected.
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| similarity |
In similarity transformations, triangle A1 B1 C1 is
similar to triangle A0 B0 C0; it may have been translated,
rotated, and/or scaled, but not reflected.
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Elementary Transformations Elementary transformations can be regarded as 'moves' in a game, and can be applied in sequence. The most basic elements in this game are:- |
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| translation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| x translation |
Each point is moved, translated, distance Tx parallel the
x-axis.
x1 = x0 + Tx y1 = y0 |
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| y translation |
Each point is moved, translated, distance Ty parallel the
y-axis.
x1 = x0 y1 = y0 + Ty |
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The translations can be combined:-
x1 = x0 + Ty y1 = y0 + Ty Tx and Ty may be any real number, negative or positive or zero. The transformation is congruent, similar, and affine. In homely terms all you have done is move the map left/right and/or up/down in front of your eye. |
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| rotation |
Rotation about the origin by angle A (positive is
anticlockwise):-
x1 = x0.cosA + y0.sinA y1 = -x0.sinA + y0.cosA The angle may be negative or positive. Rotation about another point in the plane is made by a sequence of three operations; translate to bring the point of rotation to the origin, rotate, translate back to place. Rotation about C (Xc, Yc) is x1 = (x0-Xc).cosA + (y0-Yc).sinA + Xc y1 = -(x0-Xc).sinA + (y0-Yc).cosA + Yc The transformation is congruent, similar, and affine. In homely terms all you have done is rotate the map in front of your eye. |
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| scaling |
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| x scaling |
The distance of each point from the y-axis is increased
by a constant factor Sx.
x1 = Sx.x0 y1 = y0 |
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| y scaling |
The distance of each point from the x-axis is increased
by a constant factor Sy.
x1 = x0 y1 = Sy.y0 |
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The transformations can be combined:-
x1 = Sx.x0 y1 = Sy.y0 Sx and Sy may be any real number, negative or positive or zero. In general the transformation is not congruent or similar, but is affine; the image is distorted. In homely terms you have stretched/shrunk the map unequally parallel the x-axis and y-axis. IFF the two scale factors are equal, Sx = Sy, just S say, then:- 
x1 = S.x0 y1 = S.y0 In this case the transformation is not congruent, it is similar and affine; the image is not distorted. In homely terms you just moved the map nearer to or further from your eye OR are using a [perfect] magnifying glass. |
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| shear | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| x shear |
Each point is translated parallel the x-axis proportional
to its distance from the x-axis.
x1 = x0 + Kx.y0 y1 = y0 |
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| y shear |
Each point is translated parallel the y-axis proportional
to its distance from the y-axis.
x1 = x0 y1 = Ky.x0 + y0 |
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Kx and Ky may be any real number, negative or positive or
zero.
The shears can be combined:- 
The transformation is not congruent or similar, but is affine; the image is distorted. In homely terms you have tried to stretch/shrink the map in ways that paper will not stand for. |
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| reflection |
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| reflection in x-axis |
Each point has the sign of its y coordinate reversed.
x1 = x0 y1 = -y0 |
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| reflection in y-axis |
Each point has the sign of its x coordinate reversed.
x1 = -x0 y1 = y0 |
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These reflections can be combined:-
and is equivalent to a rotation 180 degrees about the origin. |
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| reflection in a line |
Reflection in a line through the origin at B/2 degrees
is
x1 = x0.cosB + y0.sinB y1 = x0.sinB - y0.cosB |
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| reflection in a line at 45 degrees |
Reflection in a line through the origin at 45 degrees
is
x1 = y0 y1 = x0 |
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The transformations are not congruent or similar, but are
affine; the image is distorted. In homely terms you are
looking at the map in a mirror or mirrors.
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| identity |
For the sake of completeness, remember there is an
identity transformation
x1 = x0 y1 = y0 which does nothing. |
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Summary of Transformations
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Safe Transformations The only transformations that are 'safe' for historical maps are translation, rotation and scaling with equal x and y scaling. There are circumstances where distorting an old map can provide a useful way of looking at the map, and discovering relationships between places on the map. But, you are no longer presenting the map itself as good evidence. |
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Fitting old maps to the national grid. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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{ JOE AND THE GEOLOGIST }
*FILENAME gb03txtf.htm
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Gibson's Folk Speech of Cumberland, 1868 These stories are taken from The Folk Speech of Cumberland, by Alaxander Craig Gibson, published 1868 onwards. The edition used is the 4th edn 1891; in a private collection. source type: Gibson 1868 |
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JOE AND THE GEOLOGIST. YE het foorneun, when we war oa' gaily thrang at heam, an oald gentleman mak' of a fellow com' in tul ooar foald an' said, whyte nateral, 'at he wantit somebody to ga wid him on t' fells. We oa' stopt an' teuk a gud leuk at him afoor anybody spak. At last fadder said, middlin' sharp-like - (he ola's speaks that way when we're owte sa thrang, does fadder) - 'We've summat else to deu here nor to ga rakin' ower t'fells iv a fine day like this, wid neabody kens whoa.' T' Gentleman was a queerish like oald chap, wid a sharp luk oot, grey hair and a smo' feace - drist i' black, wid a white neckcloth like a parson, an' a par of specks on t' top of a gay lang nwose at wasn't set varra fair atween t' e'en on him, sooa at when he leuk't ebbem at yan through his specks he rayder turn't his feace to t'ya side. He leuk't that way at fadder, gev a lal chearful bit of a laugh an' said, iv his oan mak' o' toke, 'at he dudn't want to hinder wark, but he wad give anybody 'at ken't t'fells weel, a matter o' five shillin' to ga' wid him, an' carry two lal bags. 'Howay wid tha, Joe,' sez fadder to me, 'it's a croon mair nor iver thoo was wurth at heam!' I mead nea words aboot it, but ga' me-sel' a gud lump of a stick, an' away we set, t' oald lang nwos't man an' me, ebbem up t' deal. As we war' climmin' t'fell breist, he geh me two empty bags to carry, mead o' ledder. Thinks I to me-sel', 'I's gan to eddle me five shillin' middlin' cannily.' I niver thowte he wad finnd owte on t' fells to full his lal bags wid, but I was mistean. He turn't oot to be a far lisher oald chap nor a body wad ha' thowte, to leuk at his gray hair and his white hankecher an' his specks. He went lowpin owre wet spots an' gurt steans, an scarfflin across craggs an' screes, tul yan wad ha' sworn he was summat akin tul a Herdwick tip. Efter a while he begon leukin' hard at oa't' steans an' craggs we com' at, an' than he teuk till breckan lumps off them wid a queer lal hammer he hed wid him, an' stuffin t' bits intil t' bags 'at he geh me to carry. He fairly cap't me noo. I dudn't kem what to mak o' sec a customer as t'is! At last I cudn't help axin him what mead him cum sea far up on t'fell to lait bits o' steans when he may'd finnd sea many doon i't' deals? He laugh't a gay bit, an' than went on knappin away wid his lal hammer, an' said he was a jolly jist. Thinks I to me-sel, thou's a jolly jackass, but it maks nea matter to me if thou no'but pays me t' five shillin' thou promish't ma. Varra weel, he keep't on at this feckless wark tul gaily leat at on i't' efter-neun, an' be that time o' day he'd pang't beath o't' ledder pwokes as full as they wad hod wid bits o' stean. I've nit sea offen hed a harder darrak efter t' sheep, owther at clippin time or soavin' time, as I hed followin' that oald grey heidit chap an' carryin' his ledder bags. Bit hooiver, we gat back tul oor hoose afoor neeght. Mudder gev t' oald jolly jist, as he co't his-sel', some breid an' milk, an' efter he'd tean that an' toak't a lal bit wid fadder aboot sheep farming an' sec like, he pait ma me five shillin' like a man, an' than tel't ma he wad gi' ma udder five shillin' if I wad bring his pwokes full o' steans doon to Skeal-hill be nine o'clock i't' mwornin'. He set off to woak to Skeal-hill just as it was growin' dark; an' neist mwornin', as seun as I'd gitten me poddish, I teuk t' seam rwoad wid his ledder bags ower me shoolder, thinkin' tul me-sel' 'at yan may'd mak a lal fortume oot o' thur jolly jists if a lock mair on them wad no'but come oor way. It was anudder het mwornin', an' I hedn't woak't far tilll I begon to think that I was as gurt a feul as t'oald jolly jist to carry brocken steans o't' way to Skeal-hill, when I may'd finnd plenty iv any rwoad side, clwose to t' spot I was tackin' them tul. Sooa I shack't them oot o' t' pwokes, an' then stept on a gay bit leeter widout them. When I com nar to Skeal-hill, I fund oald Aberram Atchison sittin' on a steul breckan steans to mend rwoads wid, an' I ax't him if I med full my ledder pwokes frae his heap. Aberram was varra kaim't, an' el't ma to tak them 'at wasn't brocken if I wantit steans, sooa I tel't him hoo it was an' oa' aboot it. T' oald maizlin was like to toytle off his steul wid laughin', an' said me mudder sud tak gud care on ma, for I was ower sharp a chap to leeve varra lang i' this warld; but I'd better full my pwokes as I liked, an' mak' on wid them. T' jolly jist hed just gitten his breakfast when I gat to Skeal-hill, an' they teuk ma intil t' parlour tul him. He gurned oa' t' feace ower them when I went in wid his bags, an' tel't me to set them doon in a neuk, an' than ax't ma if I wad hev some breakfast. I said I'd gitten me poddish, but I dudn't mind; sooa he tel't them to bring in some mair coffee, an' eggs, an' ham, an twoastit breid an' stuff, an' I gat sec a breakfast as I niver seed i' my time, while t' oald gentleman was gittin' his-sel' ruddy to gang off in a carriage 'at was waitin' at t' dooar for him. When he com doon stairs he geh me t'udder five shillin' an pait for my breakfast an' what he'd gitten his-sel. Than he tel't me to put t' ledder bags wid t' steans in them on beside t' driver's feet, an' in he gat, an' laugh't an' noddit, an' away he went. I niver owder seed nor heard mair of t' jolly jist, but I've offen thowte ther mun be parlish few steans i' his country, when he was sooa pleas't at gittin' two lal ledder bags full for ten shillin', an' sec a breakfast as that an'. It wad be a faymish job if fadder could sell o' t' steans iv oor fell at five shillin' a pwokful - wadn't it? |
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T' REETS ON'T; BEING Another Supplement to 'Joe and the Geologist.' BY JOE HIS-SEL'. ... THAT Tommy Towman's a meast serious leear - an', like o' leears, he's a desper't feul. By jing! if I hed a dog hoaf as daft I wad hang't, that wad I! He gits doon aboot Cockermu'th an' Wurki'ton, noos an' thans; an' sum gentlemen theear, they tak' him inta t' Globe or t' Green Draggin, an just for nowte at o' else but acoase they think he kens me, they feed him wid drink an' they hod him i' toak till he can hardly tell whedder end on him's upbank; an' than they dro' on him to tell them o' mak's o' teals - o' mak's but true an's - aboot me; an' t' pooar lal gowk hesn't gumption aneuf to see 'at they're no'but makin' ghem on him. But, loavin' surs! if he'd hed t' sense of a gurse ga'n gezlin he wad niver ha' browte oot sec a lafter o' lees as he's gitten yan o' them Wurki'ton gentlemen (yan 'at kens weel hoo to write doon oor heamly toke) to put inta prent; an' what mak's yan madder nor o' t' rest,- to put them i' prent just as if I'd tel't them me-sel'. I's nut t' chap to try to cum ower an oald jolly jist wid whinin' oot 'Fadder's deid!' when ivery body kens 'at fadder whicker nor meast on us. My sarty! he's nin o' t' deein' mak' isn't fadder. We s' hev to wurry fadder when his time cums, for he'll niver dee of his-sel' sa lang as ther's any wark to hoond yan on tull. An' I needn't tell any body 'at knows me, 'at I was niver t' chap to tak' in owder a jolly jist or any udder feul; an' if I was, I's nut a likely fellow to be freeten't for what I'd done. But ther's m'appen sum as doesn't; an' mebbe ther's a lock 'at doesn't know what a leear Tommy Towman is, an' sooa, bee t' way o' settin' me-sel' reet wid beath maks. I'll tell ye what dud ga forret atween me an' t' jolly jist t' seckint time he com tul Skeal-hill. I said afooar 'at I'd niver seen mair o' t' oald jolly jist, an' when I said that, I hedn't; but ya donky neet last summer fadder hed been doon Lorton way, an' 'twas gaily leat when he gat heam. As he was sittin' iv his oan side o' t' fire, tryin' to lowse t' buttons of his spats, he says to me, 'Joe,' says he, 'I co't at Skeal-hill i' my rwoad heam.' Mudder was sittin' knittin' varra fast at hur side o' t' harth. She hedn't oppen't her mooth sen fadder co' heam,- nay, she hedn't sa much as leuk't at him efter t' ya hard glowre 'at she gev him at t'furst; but when he said he'd been at Skeal-hill, she gev a grunt, an' said, as if she spak till neabody but hur-sel', 'Ey! a blinnd body med see that.' 'I was speakin' till Joe,' says fadder. 'Joe,' says he, 'I was at Skeal-hill' - anudder grunt - 'an' they tel't me 'at thy oald frind t' jolly jist's back agean. I think thu'd better slip doon an' see if he wants to buy any mair brocken steans. Oald Aberram hes a fine heap or two liggin aside Kirgat. An' noo, 'at I've gitten them spats off, I's away to my bed.' Mudder tok a partin' shot at him as he stacker't off. She said, 'It wad be as weel for sum on us if ye wad bide theear, if ye mean to carry on i' t' way ye're shappin'!' Noo, this was hardly fair o' mudder, for it's no'but yance iv a way 'at fadder cu's heam leat an' stackery; but I wasn't sworry to see him git a lal snape, he's sae ruddy wid his snapes his-sel'. I ken't weel aneuf he was no'but mackin ghem o me aboot gittin mair brass oot o't' oald jolly jist. But I thowte to me-sel', thinks I, I've deun many a dafter thing nor tak' him at his wurd, whedder he meen't it or nut, an' sooa thowte, sooa deun; for neist mwornin' I woak't me-sel' off tull Skeal-hill. When I gat theear, an' as't if t' jolly jist was sturrin', they yan snurtit an' anudder gurn't, till I gat rayder maddish; but at last yan o' them skipjacks o' fellows 'at ye see weearin' a lal jacket like a lass's bedgoon, sed he wad see. He com back laughin', an' said, 'Cum this way, Joe.' Well, I follow't him till he stopp't at a room dooar, an' gev a lal knock, an' than oppen't it, an' says, 'Joe, sur,' says he. I wasn't ga'n to stand that, ye knows, an' says I, 'Joe, sur,' says I, 'hee'll ken it's Joe, sur,' says I, 'as seun as he sees t' feace o' me,' says I; an' if thoo doesn't git oot o' that wid thy 'Joe, sur,' says I, 'I'll fetch the' a clink under t' lug 'at 'll mak' the' laugh at t' wrang side o' that ugly mug o' thine, thoo gurnin' yap, thoo!' Wid that he skipt oot o' t' way gaily sharp, an' I step't whietly into t' room. Theear he was, sittin' at a teable writin' - t' grey hair, t' specks, t' lang nwose, t' white hankecher, an' t' black cleas, o' just as if he'd niver owder doff't his-sel' or donn't his-sel sen he went away. But afooar I cud put oot my hand or say a civil wurd tul him, he glentit up at me throo his specks, iv his oan oald sideways fashion - but varra feurce-like - an gruntit oot sum'at aboot wunderin' hoo I dar't to shew my feace theear. Well! this pot t' cap on t' top of o'. I'd chow't ower what fadder said, an' hoo he'd said it, i' my rwoad doon, till I fund me-sel' gittin rayder mad aboot that. T' way 'at they snurtit an' laugh't when I com to Skeal-hill mead me madder; an' t' bedgoon cwoatit fellow wid his 'Joe, sur,' mead me madder nor iver; but t' oald jolly jist, 'at I thowte wad be sa fain to see me agean, if 't hed no'but been for t' seak of oor sprogue on t' fells togidder - wunderin' 'at I dar't show my feace theear, fairly dreav me rantin' mad, an' I dud mak a brust. 'Show my feace!' says I, 'an' what sud I show than?' says I. 'If it cums to showin' feaces, I've a better feace to show nor iver belang't to yan o' your breed,' says I, 'if t' rest on them's owte like t' sample they've sent us; but if ye mun know, I's cum't of a stock 'at niver wad be freenen't to show a feace till a king, let alean an oald newdles wid a creuk't nwose, 'at co's his-sel' a jolly jist: an' I defy t' feace o' clay,' says I, 'to say 'at any on us iver dud owte we need sham on whoariver we show't oor feaces. Dar to show my feace, eh?' says I; 'my song! but this is a bonny welcome to give a fellow 'at's cum't sa far to see ye i' seckan a mwornin'!' I said a gay deal mair o' t' seam mak', an' o' t' while I was sayin' on't - or, I sud say, o' t' while I was shootin' on'y, for I dudn''t spar' t' noise - t' oald thief laid his-sel' back iv his girt chair, an' keept twiddlin' his thooms, an' glimin' up at me, wid a hoaf smurk iv his feace, as if he'd gitten sum'at funny afooar him. Efter a while I stopt, for I'd ron me-sel' varra nar oot o' winnd, an' I begon rayder to think sham o' shootin' an' bellerin' sooa at an oald man, an' him as whisht as a troot throo it o'; an' when I'd poo't in, he just said as whietly as iver, 'at I was a natteral cur'osity. I dudn't ken weel what this meen't, but I thowte it was soace, an' it hed like to set me off agean, but I beatt it doon as weel as I cud, an' I said, 'Hev ye gitten owte agean me?' says I. 'If ye hev, speak it oot like a man, an' divn't sit theear twiddlin' yer silly oald thooms an' coa'in fwoke oot o' the'r neams i' that rwoad!' Than it o' com oot plain aneuf. O' this illnater was just acoase I hedn't brong him t' steans 'at he'd gedder't on t' fells het day; an' he said changin' on them was ayder a varra durty trick or a varra clumsy jwoke. 'Trick!,' says I. 'Jwoke! dud ye say? It was rayder past a jwoke to expect me to carry a lead o' brocken steans o' t' way here, when ther' was plenty at t' spot. I's nut sec a feul as ye've tean me for.' He tok off his specks, an' he glower't at me adoot them; an' than he pot them on agean, an' gloweer't at me wid them; an' then he laugh't an' ax't me if I thowte ther' cud be nea difference i' steans. 'Whey,' says I, 'ye'll hardly hev t' feace to tell me 'at ya bag o' steans isn't as gud as anudder bag o' steans - an' suerlye to man, ye'll niver be sa consaitit as to say ye can break steans better nor oald Aberram 'at breaks them for his breid, an' breaks them o' day lang, an' ivery day?' Wid that he laugh't agean an' telt me to sit doon, an' than ax't me what I thowte mead him tak so mickle truble laitin' bits o' stean on t' fells if he cud git what he wantit at t' rwoad side. 'Well!' says I, 'if I mun tell ye t' truth, I thowte ye war rayder nick't i' t' heid; but it mead nea matter what I thowte sa lang as ye pait me sa weel for gan wid ye.' As I said this, it com into my heid 'at it's better to flaitch a feul nor to feight wid him; an' efter o', 'at ther' may'd be sum'at i't' oald man likin' steans o' his oam breakin' better nor udder fwoke's. I remember't t' fiddle 'at Dan Fisher mead, an' 'at he thowt, his-sel', was t' best fiddle 'at iver squeak't, for o' it mead ivery body else badly to hear't; an' wad bray oald Ben Wales at his dancin' scheul boal acoase Ben wadn't play t' heam mead fiddle asteed o' his oan. We o' think meast o' what we've hed a hand in oorsel's - it's no'but natteral; an' sooa as o' this ron throo my heid, I fund me-sel' gitten rayder sworry for t' oald man, an' I says, 'What wad ye gi' me to git ye o' yer oan bits o' stean back agean?' He cock't up his lugs at this, an' ax't me if his speciments, as he co't them, was seaf. 'Ey,' says I, 'they're seaf aneuf; neabody hereaboot 'ill think a lal lock o' steans worth meddlin' on, sa lang as they divn't lig i' the'r rwoad.' Wid that he jumpt up an' said I mud hev sum'at to drink. Thinks I to me-sel', 'Cum! we're gittin' back to oor oan menseful way agean at t' lang last, but I willn't stur a peg till I ken what I's to hev for gittin' him his rubbish back. I wad niver hear t' last on't if I went heam em'ty handit.' He mead it o' reet, hooiver, as I was tackin' my drink; an' he went up t' stair an' brong doon t' ledder bags I kent sa weel, an' geh me them to carry just as if nowte hed happen't, an' off we startit varra like as we dud afooar. T' Skeal-hill fwoke o' gedder't aboot t' dooar to leuk efter us, as if we'd been a show. We, nowder on us, mindit for that, hooiver, but stump't away togidder as thick as inkle weavers till we gat till t' feut of oor girt meedow, whoar t' steans was liggin, aside o' t' steel, just as I'd teem't them oot o' t' bags, only rayder grown ower wid gurse. As I pick't them up, yan by yan, an' handit them to t' oald jolly jist, it dud my heart gud to see hoo pleas't he leuk't, as he wiped them on his cwoat cuff, an' wettit them, an' glower't at them throo his specks - an' pack't them away into t' bags till they wer beath chock full agean' Well! t' bargin was, 'at I sud carry them to Skeal-hill. Sooa back we pot - t' jolly jist watchin' his bags o' t' way as if t' steans was guineas, an' I was a thief. When we gat theear, he mead me tak' them reet into t' parlour: an' t' furst thing he dud was to co' for sum reed wax an' a leet, an' clap a greet splatch of a seal on t' top of ayder bag; an' than he leuk't at me, an' gev a lal grunt of a laugh, an' a smartish wag of his heid, as much as to say, 'Dee it agean, if thoo can, Joe!' But efter that he says, 'Here, Joe,' says he, 'here five shillin' for restworin' my speciments, an' here anudder five shillin' for showin' me a speciment of human natur' 'at I didn't believe in till today.' Wid that, we shak't hands an' we partit; an' I went heam as pleas't as a dof wi' two tails, jinglin' my munny an' finndin' sum way as if I was hoaf a jolly jist me-sel'. When I gat theear, I says to fadder, 'Fadder,' says I, 'leuk ye here! if o' yer jibes turn't to sec as this, I divn't mind if ye jibe on till ye've jibed yer-sel' intul a tip's whorn,' says I; nut I reckon ye niver jibed to sec an end for yer-sel' as ye've jibed for me this time!' |
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Lakes Guides, topics
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Ironfounders
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This is not a complete list of ironfounders in Cumbria,
it only includes ironfounders that have been found in a
limited search of directories for Westmorland, Cumberland
and Lancashire north of the sands, where such directories
have been found in local libraries. There could be lots of
ironfounders missing. The range of directories is from 1938
backwards, with few searched before the 1850s.
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Altham --
Thomas Altham, ironfounder, Devonshire Square, Penrith,
Cumberland, 1858; 22 Devonshire Street, Penrith, 1869, 1873;
Thomas Altham and Son, Albert Iron Works, 22 Devonshire
Street, and 40-43 Burrowgate, Penrith, 1894, 1897;
Burrowgate, Penrith, 1906-07; Albert Iron Works, 22
Devonshire Street, and 40-43 Burrowgate, Penrith, 1910,
1914; Albert Iron Works, 40-43 Burrowgate, and 19 King
Street, Penrith, 1921, 1925, 1934; Albert Iron Works, 40-43
Burrowgate, Penrith, 1929, 1938; etc.
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Blaylock --
John Blaylock, ironfounder, Long Island Foundry,
Carlisle, Cumberland, 1858 etc.
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Bowerbank --
Joseph Bowerbank and Son, ironfounder, Victoria Road,
Penrith, Cumberland, 1925 to 1938 etc.
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Bowerbank --
Joseph Bowerbank, ironfounder, 2 and 3 Market Square and
Victoria Foundry, Penrith, Cumberland, 1894, 1897; Joseph
Bowerbank and Son, Market Square, Penrith, 1906-07; 2 and 3
Market Square and Victoria Road, Penrith, 1914; Victoria
Road, Penrith, 1925, 1929, 1934, 1938 etc.
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Bragg --
Murray --
Bragg and Murray, ironfounders, Scotch Street,
Whitehaven, Cumberland, 1869 etc.
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Braithwaite --
Isaac Braithwaite and Son, ironfounders, Kendal,
Westmorland, 1894, 1897; Castle Street, Kendal, 1906-07
etc.
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Briggs --
Joseph Briggs, ironfounder, Marsh Foundry,
Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire, 1869 etc.
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Brown --
Edward and Thomas Brown, ironfounders, 27 Victoria Road,
Penrith, Cumberland, 1869 etc.
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Brown --
R Brown and Sons, ironfounders, 27 Victoria Road,
Penrith, Cumberland, 1873 etc.
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Brown --
Richard and Edward Brown, ironfounders, New Road,
Penrith, Cumberland, 1858 etc.
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Clark --
Daniel Clark, ironfounder, Waterloo Foundry, Carlisle,
Cumberland, 1858; Waterloo Foundry, Wood Street, Carlisle,
1869; Waterloo Foundry, Water Street, Carlisle, 1873; his
executors, Waterloo Foundry, St Nicholas Street, Carlisle,
1894, 1897, 1910, 1914, 1921, 1925, 1929, 1934, 1938
etc.
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Corbett --
Thomas Corbett, ironfounder, 56 Lowther Street, Carlisle,
Cumberland, 1858 etc.
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Cowans --
Sheldon --
Cowans, Sheldon and Co, ironfounder, Woodbank Iron Works,
Woodbank, Carlisle, Cumberland, 1858; Woodbank Iron Works,
and St Nicholas Street, Carlisle, 1869; St Nicholas Works or
St Nicholas Engine and Iron Works, London Road, Carlisle,
1873, 1894, 1897, 1906-07, 1910, 1914, 1921, 1925 etc.
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Currie --
James Currie, ironfounder, Station Hill, Wigton,
Cumberland, 1858 etc.
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Day --
Harold Hill Day, ironfounder, Castle Foundry, Kendal,
Westmorland, 1894, 1897, 1906-07, 1910, 1914, 1921, 1925,
1929, 1934 etc.
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Dodds --
J Dodds, ironfounder, Nile Foundry, Workington,
Cumberland, 1858 etc.
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Etchell --
Etchel Bros, ironfounders, St Nicholas Street, Carlisle,
Cumberland, 1894, 1897 etc.
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Fletcher --
Jennings --
Fletcher, Jennings and Co, ironfounders, engineers, etc,
Lowca Engine Works, Lowca, Cumberland, 1858, 1869, 1873
etc.
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Fox --
Ellison --
Fox and Ellison, ironfounders, Newtown Foundry, New Town,
Whitehaven, Cumberland, 1858, 1869, 1873, etc.
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Freeman --
William Freeman, ironfounder, Glasson, Maryport,
Cumberland, 1869 etc.
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Gilkes --
Gilbert Gilkes and Co, ironfounder, Canal Iron Works,
Kendal, Westmorland, 1885, 1906-07 etc.
Possibly Gilkes and Gilbert and Co? | ||
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Haughton --
Thompson --
Haughton and Thompson, ironfounders, New Foundry and
Implement Works, 71-73 Botchergate, Carlisle, Cumberland,
1869 etc.
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Heathcote --
Heathcote and Son, ironfounders, Birks Road, Cleator
Moor, Cumberland, 1894, 1897, 1910 etc.
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Henderson --
A Hernderson, ironfounder, Solway Foundry, Maryport,
Cumberland, 1873 etc.
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Herbert --
William and Joseph Herbert, ironfounders, Derwent
Foundry, Cockermouth, Cumberland, 1873, 1894, 1897, 1910
etc.
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Hind --
Richard Hind, ironfounder, Botcher Gate Foundry,
Botchergate, Carlisle, Cumberland, 1858; J and R Hind,
Botchergate Foundry, Carlisle, 1869; J and R Hind, 8
Botchergate, Carlisle, 1873; etc.
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Kennedy --
Eastwood --
Kennedy and Eastwood, ironfounders, Hindpool Road,
Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire, 1869 etc.
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Kirk --
Kirk Bros and Co, ironfounder, Marsh Side and New Yard,
Workington, Cumberland, 1897; New Yard and Marsh Side
Rolling Mills, Workington, 1906-07 etc.
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Lees --
Graham --
Lees and Graham, ironfounders, Long Island Foundry or
Iron Works, Carlisle, Cumberland, 1869, 1873, etc.
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Lowca Engineering Co, ironfounder, engineer, etc, Lowca
Engineering Works, Lowca, Cumberland, 1894, 1897, etc.
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Matthews --
J and J Matthews, ironfounders, Byron Street, Carlisle,
Cumberland, 1894, 1897 etc.
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Milburn --
John Milburn, ironfounder, Stanley Street, Workington,
Cumberland, 1873, 1894, 1897; Quayside, Workington, 1906-07;
Stanley Street and Havelock Road, Workington, 1910, 1914;
Havelock Road, Workington, 1921, 1925, 1929 etc.
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Moore --
Henry Moore, ironfounder, 76 Market Place, Whitehaven,
Cumberland, 1894 etc.
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Mordaunt --
J Mordaunt, ironfounder, Quayside, Workington,
Cumberland, 1910 etc.
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Mordaunt --
Lawson --
Mordaunt, Lawson, and Co, ironfounders, Byron Street Iron
Foundry, Carlisle, Cumberland, 1906-07 etc.
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Musgrave --
J and T Musgrave, ironfounders, Victoria Foundry, New
Yard, Workington, Cumberland, 1869; Quayside, Workington,
1873; etc.
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Musgrave --
J Musgrave, ironfounder, Quayside, Workington,
Cumberland, 1925 etc.
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Musgrave --
Joseph Musgrave, ironfounder, Quayside, Workington,
Cumberland, 1894, 1897; Nile Foundry, Quayside, Workington,
1906-07; Quayside, Workington, 1910, 1914, 1921 etc.
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M'Donnell --
M'Donnell and Co, ironfounders, Cavendish Street,
Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire, 1869 etc.
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Noble Bros --
Noble Bros, ironfounders, Derwent Foundry, Cockermouth,
Cumberland, 1914 etc.
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Pearson --
William Pearson, ironfounder, Solway Foundry, Maryport,
Cumberland, 1858, 1869 etc.
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Porter --
Porter Bros and Co, ironfounders, Victoria Foundry,
Denton Street, Carlisle, Cumberland, 1894, 1897 etc.
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Porter --
Hinde --
Porter, Hinde and Porter, ironfounders, Old Foundry,
Blackfriars Street, Carlisle, Cumberland, 1858, 1869, 1873,
etc.
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Pratchitt --
Pratchitt Bros, ironfounder, Denton Iron Works, Denton
Street, Carlisle, Cumberland 1894, 1897; Denton Street,
Carlisle, 1906-07, 1910, 1914, 1921, 1925, 1929 etc.
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Pratchitt --
Blaylock --
Pratchitt, Blaylock and Pratchitt, ironfounders, Denton
Iron Works, Carlisle, Cumberland, 1869 etc.
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Ramsay --
Ramsay Bros, ironfounders, Albion Street, Whitehaven,
Cumberland, 1894, 1897; Phoenix Foundry, Albion Street,
Whitehaven, 1906-07 etc.
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Rishton --
H Rishton, ironfounder, Stricklandgate, Kendal,
Westmorland, 1925 to 1929 etc.
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Rishton --
Henry Rishton, ironfounder, Stricklandgate, Kendal,
Westmorland, 1885, 1910, 1914, 1921, 1925, 1929 etc.
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Robinson --
Nesfield (?) --
Robinson Nesfield, ironfounders, Market Square, Penrith,
Cumberland, 1869 etc.
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Salmon --
Edward Salmon and Co, ironfounder, Canal Head, Ulverston,
Lancashire, 1869 etc.
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Stalker --
Stalker Bros, ironfounder, Castlegate, Penrith,
Cumberland, 1894, 1914; Castle Foundry and Engine Works,
Penrith, 1938 etc.
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Stanfield --
G Stanfield, ironfounder, Phoenix Foundry, Maryport,
Cumberland, 1894, 1897 etc.
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Thomas --
Andrew Thomas, ironfounder, Lowther Street, Kendal,
Westmorland, 1858 etc.
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Thompson --
Edward Thompson, ironfounder, Lound Foundry, Kendal,
Westmorland, 1891 etc.
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Tickle --
John R Tickle or John Tickle, ironfounder, Valencia or
Valentia Foundry, Maryport, Cumberland, 1869, 1873, etc.
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Tickle --
Thomas Tickle, Valentia Foundry and Senhouse Street,
Maryport, Cumberland 1858 etc.
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Waddington --
Longbottom --
Waddington and Longbottom, ironfounders, Hindpool Road,
Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire, 1869 etc.
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Westray --
Forster --
Westray and Forster, ironfounders, Hindpool Road,
Barrow-in-Furness, and Burlington Street, Ulverston,
Lancashire, 1869 etc.
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Wharton --
J and J Wharton, ironfounders, Mary Street, Carlisle,
Cumberland, 1906-07 etc.
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Wharton --
Joseph Wharton and Son, ironfounders, South Quay and 3
and 5 King Street, Maryport, Cumberland, 1910, 1921 etc.
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Williamson Bros --
Williamson Bros, ironfounders, Canal Iron Works, Kendal,
Westmorland, 1869 etc.
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Winder --
Mrs Elizabeth Winder, The Lound, Kendal, 1858; The Lound
and Market Place, Kendal, Westmorland, 1873; Lound Foundry,
Kendal, 1885; etc.
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Winder --
Joseph Winder, ironfounder, Lound Foundry, and Rose and
Crown Yard, Stricklandgate, Kendal, Westmorland, 1858
etc.
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Yarr --
William John Yarr, ironfounder, Low Millom Foundry,
Millom, Cumberland, 1894, 1897, 1910, 1914 etc.
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Lakes Guides menu.
Rain|
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Rain in the Fells Extracts from A Complete Guide to the English Lakes, by Harriet Martineau, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, and by Whittaker and Co, London, 1855. source type: Martineau 1855 |
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Rain gauges, page 62:-
[Fairfield area] ... An old shepherd has the charge of four rain gauges which are set up on four ridges,- desolate, misty spots, sometimes below and often above the clouds. He visits each once a month, and notes down what these guages (sic) record; and when the tall old man, with his staff, passes out of sight into the cloud, or among the cresting rocks, it is a striking thought that science has set up a tabernacle in these wildernesses, and found a priest among the shepherds. That old man has seen and heard wonderful things:- has trod upon rainbows, and been waited upon by a dim retinue of spectral mists. He has seen the hail and the lightnings go forth as from under his hand, and has stood in the sunshine, listening to the thunder growling, and the tempest bursting beneath his feet. |
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Storm on the fells, page 128:-
... we remarked that while the wind still blew in our faces,- that is, from the north-east,- the mass of western clouds was evidently climbing the sky. The guide quietly observed that there would be rain by and by. Next, when we were in the middle of the wide fell, and we saw how puzzling the network of swampy paths must be at all times, we pointed out to one another how the light fleeces of cloud below the black mass swept round in a circle, following each other like streams in an eddy. Soon, the dark mass came driving up at such a rate that it was clear we should not finish our walk in good weather. The dense mist was presently upon us. On looking behind, to watch its rate of advance, we saw a few flashes of lightning burst from it. The thunder had for some time been growling afar, almost incessantly. The moment before the explosion of the storm was as like a dream as a waking state can be. We were walking on wild ground, now ascending, now descending; a deep tarn (Floutern Tarn) on our right hand, our feet treading on slippery rushes, or still more slippery grass: the air was dark, as during an eclipse; and heavy mists drove past from behind, just at the level of our heads, and sinking every moment; while before us, and far far below us - down as in a different world - lay Buttermere and the neighbouring vales Page 129:- sleeping in the calmest sunshine. The contrast was singular - of that warm picture, with its yellow lights and soft blue shadows, with the turbulence and chill and gloom of the station from which we viewed it. We had but a moment to look at it; for not only did the clouds sink before our eyes, but the wind scudded round to the opposite point of the compass, throwing one after another of us flat as it passed. Within a few minutes, one of us had six falls, from the force of the wind, and the treachery of the ground,- now, in a trice, a medley of small streams. It was impossible to stop the guide, for a moment's breath. In the roar of the blast, and crash of the thunder, and pelt of the hail, one might as well have spoken to the elements: so it was necessary for us all to keep up our pace, that he might not stride away from us entirely. Through stumblings and slidings innumerable, we did this,- the lightning playing about our faces the while, like a will-o'-the-wisp on the face of a bog. The hail and rain had drenched us to the skin in three minutes. The first hailstones reached the skin. They were driven in at every opening of our clothes; they cut our necks behind, and filled our shoes. Our hats and bonnets were immediately soaked through, and every body's hair wringing wet. The thunder seemed to roll on our very skulls. in this weather we went plunging on for four miles, through spungy (sic) bogs, turbid streams, whose bridges of stones were hidden in the rushing waters; or by narrow pathways, each one of which was converted by the storm into an impetuous brook. When we had descended into a region where we could hear ourselves speak, we congratulated one another on our prudence Page 130:- in having engaged a guide. Without him, how should we have known the path from the brook, or have guessed where we might ford the streams, when the bridges were out of sight? ... |
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Rainfall, page 177:-
WEATHER. The only remaining consideration is the weather. There is no need to observe that where there are many mountain tops, there must be much rain. The Lake District does receive a high average of rain, as is shown by the following set of observations, published by Dr. Miller of Whitehaven. FALL OF RAIN AT SEATHWAITE, BORROWDALE. : 1845. : 1846. : 1847. : 1848. : 1849. : 1850. : 1851. : 1852. : 1853. Inches : 152. : 143. : 129. : 162. : 115. : 144. : 140. : 157. : 114. AVERAGE OF TEN YEARS. At Keswick : 60 inches. Crummock : 85 inches Ambleside : 82 inches Kendal : 56 inches Bowness : 61 inches Troutbeck : 81 inches Greenwich : 25 inches Chiswick : 24 inches Much of the rich and verdant beauty of the region is derived from its frequent rains; but inexperienced tourists complain bitterly of them. For the guidance of strangers, it may be mentioned that, generally speaking, the worst months of the year in the Lake Page 178:- District are November and December for storms; March for spring gales; and July for summer rains. The driest season is usually for a month or more onwards from the middle of May. September and October are often very fine months. Those who come but once, and take only a very cursory view, cannot be too careful in choosing the most favourable season for their trip, though to those who are familiar with the characteristics of this paradise, there is no aspect or accident of earth or sky that has not its charm. |
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{ LIMEKILNS }
*FILENAME limkln01.htm
Limekilns in Cumbria|
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Limekilns in Cumbria These are just brief notes about limekilns, and the uses of lime in Cumbria. The limekilns, lime depots etc, listed in the Old Cumbria Gazetteer are NOT the result of careful searching, they are just the ones we have noticed and, perhaps, photographed. Our object is to understand what is in the countryside, driven by what we actually see. |
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Calcium Chemistry |
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calcium carbonate;
CaCO3; limestone |
The limestone that surrounds the Lake District is a
sedimentary rock laid down under water in the Carboniferous
period, the calcareous skeletons of various organisms: deep
marine bottom living organisms like gastropods, brachiopods,
etc; very deep marine sediments from floating organisms.
(There are other types of limestone.) The limestone in the
Coniston Limestone series which runs in a narrow strip
across The Lakes between the later Silurian sedimentary
rocks and the earlier Borrowdale Volcanic Group, was laid
down in marine conditions in the Ordovician period. The rock
is mostly calcium carbonate.
Calcium carbonate is almost insoluble. The limestone is quarried and broken into lumps. Calcium carbonate is used as a flux in smelting. |
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calcium oxide;
CaO; lime; quicklime |
Burned, or calcined, in a limekiln at 900-1000°C
calcium carbonate dissociates:-
CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 The product is calcium oxide, quicklime or just lime, a white amorphous powder, though from the kiln it is in lumps, lump lime. The CO2 emissions from the burning fuel and from the reaction, are considerable. |
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calcium hydroxide;
Ca2; lime; slaked lime |
Slaked with water the lime becomes slaked lime, calcium
hydroxide:-
CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2 and gives out great deal of heat in the process. This is a white powder, slightly soluble in water; the aqueous solution is lime water; with an excess of lime the suspension is called milk of lime. Slaked lime has numerous uses: liming sour land; making cements and mortars; manufacture of bleaching powder and in bleaching paper; manufacture of caustic soda; in glass manufacture; etc. |
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calcium bicarbonate;
Ca2 |
In the presence of carbon dioxide the almost insoluble
calcium carbonate, limestone, dissolves by forming calcium
bicarbonate:-
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 = Ca(HCO3)2 This is the process by which limestone buildings and carvings are dissolved by acid rain. And by which limestone is dissolved by rain to form caverns and the elegant shapes of limestone pavements. Thomas West describes the appearance of limestone pavement nicely, even if inaccurately as regards the soft stone:- Limestone has all the appearance of having been once in a soft state, and easily soluble in water. This principle will account for the scallops on the surface of limestone rocks, being made perhaps by the water draining off while the stone was soft; also for the chinks and crevices amongst them, made by their shrinking together when dried by the sun. The caves themselves proceed, most probably, from a great part of the rock being dissolved and washed down by the streams pervading the different strata. On standing the calcium bicarbonate solution decomposes, the reverse reaction:- Ca(HCO3)2 = CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 which is how stalactites and stalagmites form from the solution which washed away the holes to make the caves. One cause of hard water is dissolved calcium bicarbonate. If calcium hydroxide is added this is precipitated out as the carbonate:- Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 = 2 CaCO3 + 2 H2O and the water is softened. |
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Geology A simplified geological map shows the Carboniferous limestone nort, east and south of the Lake District, and the narrow strip of Coniston Limestone Series crossing roughly east to west between the BorowdaleVocanic Group and the Silurian sedimentary rocks.
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Methods of Limeburning |
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| flare kiln |
in a flare kiln the fuel and lime are kept separate, ie a
fire is lit under the lime, the lime burned, and extracted
from the kiln. This method was used in roman times, and the
lime used to make good quality mortars. Lime mortars have
been used since ancient times.
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intermittent kiln;
periodic kiln |
a mixed feed of fuel and lime is loaded into the kiln in
alternate layers, this is fired, left to burn for 4 or 5
days, allowed to cool, emptied; roughly a week's work. A
typical kiln took 2 tons of limestone in largish pieces, and
half a ton of coal.
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running kiln;
continuous kiln; perpetual kiln; draw kiln |
a mixed feed in the kiln is kept burning; fuel and lime
are added in layers at the top, quicklime is drawn off from
the eye hole at the bottom.
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The vertical limekiln cannot be too broad or the charge
of limestone and fuel would collapse on itself and put
itself out. It might be 6 to 9 feet diameter and perhaps
10-12 feet tall.
A Warning The limekiln is warm, the eye hole attracts vagrants as a place of shelter in cold weather. But carbon dioxide is a heavy gas, and there is a real danger of asphyxiation. One instance: two men died at Sandwell kiln near Ulverston in 1839. |
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Uses of Lime Among many uses of lime are:- |
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| lime dressing |
agricultural use to sweeten sour land.
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| lime mortar |
lime slaked with an excess of water produces a putty
which can be mixed with sand to make a mortar which sets
hard as it reverts to calcium carbonate.
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limewash;
whitewash |
to waterproof walls, plaster chimneys.
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| limewater |
a medicine
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| lime ... |
bleaching paper
preparation of hides for leather in glass manufacture making caustic soda etc |
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Agriculture W H Pyne's Microcosm, 1808, has:- Lime is an article of great consideration not only from its utility for various purposes, but from the employment which the manufactury of it affords to thousands. From the quantity used in building houses, walls, plastering, &c. it forms an important item in the national expenditure. The consumption of it has also of late greatly increased by its successful application to agricultural purposes, by our improving farmers. Liming the soil neutralises acidity; most plants require a slightly alkaline soil to grow well. It also opens out, breaks down heavy clay soils making them better drained and more easily worked. The soil also becomes a better environment for bacterial processes such as nitrogen fixing. Initially the soil might need a dressing of 3-5 tons per acre. The lime leaches out and has to be replaced, but only 1-2 tons per acre every 4-6 years will suffice to keep the soil sweet. Lump lime straight from the limekiln, in the rocky shapes that went into the kiln, can be spread over the land, covered with earth, left to slake, ploughed in when it has gone to powder: or, ready slaked lime can be bought to be spread on the land. Without the constant application of lime, and draining, the valley soils would revert to peaty 'moss' land. Calcium as chalk marl, dug from marl pits as least as early as the 15th century, has been used for soil improvement. Lime, burned with coal, was used at least as early as the 13th century. |
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Borrowdale Tales There is an unsinkable tradition of tales about Borrowdale, amongst which:- It is said that an old Borrowdale man was once sent a very long way for something very new, by some innovator who had found his way into the dale. The man was to go with horse and sacks (for there were no carts, because there was no road) to bring some lime from beyond Keswick. On his return, when he was near Grange, it began to rain; and the man was alarmed at seeing his sacks begin to smoke. He got a hatful of water from the river; but the smoke grew worse. Assured at length that the devil must be in any fire which was aggravated by water, he tossed the whole load over into the river. ... |
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References Barker, Paul F: 1997: Survey of Limekiln Sites in South Cumbria and North Lancashire: Holme and District Local History Society:: ISBN 0 9519773 3 2 Davey, Norman: 1961: History of Building Materials & Limes and Cements (chapter): (Phoenix, Arizona, United States) Davies-Shiel, M: 1972: Little Known Late Medieval Industry & Making of Potash for Soap in Lakeland (part 1): TransCWAAS: series 2 vol.72: pp.85-111 Davies-Shiel, M: 1974: Little Known Late Medieval Industry & Making of Potash for Soap in Lakeland (part 2): TransCWAAS: series 2 vol.74: pp.33-64 Dix, Brian: 1982: Manufacture of Lime and its Uses in Western Roman Provinces: Oxford Journal of Archaeology: vol.1 no.3: pp.331-345 Garside, James & Phillips, R F: 1953: Textbook of Pure and Applied Chemistry: Pitman and Sons (London) Hamilton, W R & Woolley, A R & Bishop, A C: 1974: Hamlyn Guide to Minerals, Rocks and Fossils: Hamlyn (London):: ISBN 0 600 34398 7 Hewlett, P C (ed): 1998 (4th edn): Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete: Arnold:: ISBN 0 340 56589 6 Hopkins, Tony: 2000 (?): Lime Kilns in the Lake District: Lake District National Park Authority: Kendal (Cumbria):: leaflet with sketch map of accessible kilns. Hudson, Kenneth: 1972: Building Materials: Longman Marshall, J D & Davies-Shiel, M: 1969 & 1971 (2nd edn): Industrial Archaeology in the Lake Counties: Moon, Michael Martineau, Harriet: 1855: Complete Guide to the English Lakes:: the Borrowdale tale Pearsall, W H & Pennington, Winifred: 1973: Lake District, a Landscape History (Collins New Naturalist series): Bloomsbury Books (London):: ISBN 1 870630 58 0 Pyne, W H: 1808: Micrososm West, Thomas: 1778: Guide to the Lakes White, A J: 2000: Limekilns in North Lancashire and South Cumbria: Lancaster City Museums (Lancaster, Lancashire):: leaflet Williams, Richard: 1989: Limekilns and Limeburning: Shire Publications:: ISBN 0 7478 0037 5 This is not a carefully constructed bibliography, just the books I happen to have found, and perhaps consulted. |
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*FILENAME CumGeo.htm
Lakes Guides menu.
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{ PINFOLDS / POUNDS }
*FILENAME PINFOLDS.htm
Notes about Pinfolds|
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Notes about Pinfolds
So far I have found little descriptive evidence about
pinfolds except Mr Dobbie's; to which I owe gratitude in the
following notes.
Scattered in the landscape you will find pinfolds, sometimes called pounds; in villages, near villages, and on the wildest moors. These remain as a reminder of laws of England which have their origins before the Norman Conquest, almost before England was England. Sir Henry Maine, 1875:- There is no more ancient institution in our history than the village pound: it is far older than the King's Bench, and probably older than the Kingdom. A landowner could impound trespassing beasts, in damage feasant, for:- ... doing injury by breaking hedges, feeding, or even trampling the ground. This is an example of the practice of Taking Distress, distraining upon another man's property to recompense a debt. It is not done without recourse to a court of law. You can impound the beasts, but must do this in the appointed pound ie pinfold, and submit to the ruling of the relevant court, perhaps a local manor court. Halsbury 1971 describes some early statutes. The Statute of Marlborough 1265, states that: No one can take distress on his own account but must defer to the king's court: he may seize and impound property but must submit to legal judgement. Halsbury again, referring to the Statutes of the Exchequer, a little later in history, say that: The owner of impounded beasts may feed them; beasts may not be sold within 15 days; beasts that work the land may not be taken; the value of distress taken must be reasonable as judged by neighbours not strangers. The law acknowledging commonsense. Further clarification is given in the Distress Act 1554. Damage Feasant was abolished by the Animals Act 1971. The only remaining function of a pinfold seems to be in taking distress for rent owed, or for impounding an animal removed from a public highway (not over common land) under the Highways Act 1959. |
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The pinfold can be anywhere. It might be a walled or
hedged enclosure, or just a field where beasts can be
tethered.
The word pound derives from AngloSaxon pund, enclosure. Pinfold, via pundfald, from pund and fald, enclosure. The man in charge of the pinfold or pound was a pounder or pinder, usually paid by the manor court or perhaps by the neighbours. Pinfolds disappear by neglect, by road building and other development, without a by your leave. But: it is still an offence to damage a pinfold; the fine might be ~20.00; so I am told. |
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Two questions arose in my mind when considering pinfolds
in Cumbria.
How did the Border Law interrelate to laws dealing with
Taking Distress, and thus pinfolds?
How do the arrangements made by shepherds meetings, as
described in Shepherds Guides from the early 19th century,
relates to the same laws?
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References Dobbie, B M Willmott: 1979: Pounds or Pinfolds, and Lockups: Bath University Library:: ISBN 0 900843 34 9 Halsbury: 1971 (3rd edn): Statutes of England Maine, Henry, Sir: 1875: Early History of Institutions |
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Lakes Guides, topics
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Lakes Guides menu. |
